Spaced training facilitates long-term retention of place navigation in adult but not in adolescent rats

Young and adult Long Evans rats were tested in the water maze according to two different procedures: half of the subjects were given one session of four trials a day for 6 days, whereas the other subjects had the same amount of training massed in 1 day. For both conditions, a 14-day retention interval was then introduced to test long-term memory. This was followed by a four-trial reversal session. All groups showed a significant learning curve, but escape latencies were shorter for the adult than for the young rats, without differential effect of the training procedure. A first probe trial (PT1) confirmed similar accurate short-term retention in all the groups. But unimpaired long-term memory was only seen in the adult rats trained with the spaced procedure. The young rats trained over 1 day also showed some retention of the platform location after 14 days, but not the other two groups. Reversal acquisition of the new platform location was rapid in the four groups. These results indicate that although accurate short-term spatial memory in the water maze is seen after a 1-day massed training in both age groups, unimpaired long-term retention is only observed in adult rats trained with 24-h inter-session intervals.

Investigaciones científico-pesqueras en las aguas del Océano Pacífico adyacentes a la costa del Perú durante el invierno de 1972. Expedición del BEC Profesor Mesyatsev en los meses de agosto-setiembre de 1972

Brinda información acerca del relieve del fondo, condiciones hidrológicas, dinámica de las aguas correspondientes a la parte norte de la corriente peruana durante el invierno y características hidroquímicas de las aguas frente a la costa del Perú durante el invierno de 1972.

Acute ischemic stroke in children versus young adults.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare children and young adults with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in 2 large registries.Methods: We compared clinical characteristics, stroke etiology, workup, and outcome (modified Rankin scale score [mRS] at 3-6 months) in children (1 month-16 years) and young adults (16.1-45 years) with AIS. Data of children were collected prospectively in the nationwide Swiss NeuroPediatric Stroke Registry, young adults in the Bernese stroke database. Outcome (mRS) and stroke severity (pediatric adaptation of the National Institutes of Health stroke scale [PedNIHSS]) in children were calculated retrospectively.Results: From January 2000 to December 2008, 128 children and 199 young adults suffered from an AIS. Children were more likely to be male than young adults (62%/49%, p = 0.023) and less frequently had hypertension (p = 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.003), and a family history of stroke (p = 0.048). Stroke severity was similar in children and young adults (median PedNIHSS/NIHSS 5/6; p = 0.102). Stroke etiology (original TOAST classification) was more likely to be "other determined cause" in children than in young adults (51%/29%; p < .001). Cervicocerebral artery dissections were less frequent in children than in young adults (10%/23%; p = 0.005). Outcome at 3 to 6 months did not differ between children and young adults (p = 0.907); 59% of children and 60% of young adults had a favorable outcome (mRS 0-1). Mortality was similar among children and young adults (4%/6%; p = 0.436). In multivariate analysis, low PedNIHSS/NIHSS was the most important predictor of favorable outcome (p < 0.001).Interpretation: Although stroke etiology and risk factors in children and young adults are different, stroke severity and clinical outcome were similar in both groups. ANN NEUROL 2011;70:245-254

Población de la "concha navaja" Ensis macha (Molina, 1782) en el litoral de la Región Ancash, Perú. Inicios del Otoño 2006

El estudio se llevó a cabo del 25 de marzo al 2 de abril del 2006, entre los paralelos 9"25'5 y 10"19'5, que limitan cinco áreas litorales de las provincias Huarmey y Casma: Bernardino, Punta Gorda, Punta Huaro, Punta Cruz del Cabo y Las Zorras. Se realizaron 128 estaciones biológicas y 53 estaciones oceanográficas, distribuidas en tres estratos de profundidad, según el área; las densidades y biomasas se evaluaron con el método del área barrida. Las tallas estuvieron comprendidas de 6 a 144 mm de longitud valvar; las tallas medias variaron según la localidad; los ejemplares >110 mm tuvieron mínima representatividad (O,O a 9,1%). Los cálculos de biomasa y densidad media fueron: 3,4 t y 30,53 ind./m2 para Bernardino; 0,9 t y 2,43 ind./m2 para el área Punta Gorda - Punta Huaro; 73,3 t y 66,44 ind./m2 para Punta Cruz del Cabo y 63,8 t y 101,51 ind./ m2 para Las Zorras. No existen registros de la explotación de los bancos evaluados.

"La Beauté sur la terre" de Charles Ferdinand Ramuz

Ecrire, au milieu des années 1920, un éloge de la beauté, sans quitter les rives du Léman ; s'inspirer des figures et des mythes de l'Antiquité classique, mais adopter une forme de narration résolument moderne ; déjouer les attentes des amateurs de « récits romands » en exploitant un décor et des situations en apparence sans surprise : autant de gageures que Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz s'emploie à soutenir dans La Beauté sur la terre. Avec cette oeuvre atypique, l'écrivain poursuit le travail de renouvellement du genre romanesque et d'invention stylistique auquel il s'est attelé depuis ses débuts. L'histoire de Juliette, jeune Créole débarquée en terre vaudoise, devient ainsi, sous sa plume, une fable sur les rapports entre l'art et la vie, sur la difficile cohabitation de la nature et de la culture

The yield of high-density electric source imaging in focal epilepsy

Background: EEG is the cornerstone of epilepsy diagnostics and mandatory to determine the underlying epilepsy syndrome (e.g. focal vs idiopathic generalized). However, its potential as imaging tool is still underrecognized. In the present study, we aim to determine the prerequisites of maximal benefit of electric source imaging (ESI) to localize the irritative zone in patients with focal epilepsy. Methods: 150 patients suffering from focal epilepsy and with minimum 1 year post-operative follow-up were studied prospectively by reviewers blinded to the underlying diagnosis and outcome. We evaluated the influence of two important factors on sensitivity and specificity of ESI: the number of electrodes (low resolution, LR-ESI: \30 vs. high resolution, HR-ESI: 128-256 electrodes), and the use of individual MRI (i-MRI) vs. template MRI (t-MRI) as head model.Results: ESI had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 87% when HR-ESI with i-MRI was used. Using LR-ESI, sensitivity decreased to 68%, or even 57% when only t-MRI was available. The sensitivity of HR-ESI/i-MRI compared favorably with those of MRI (76%), PET (69%) and ictal/interictal SPECT (64%).Interpretation: This study on a large patient group shows excellent sensitivity and specificity of ESI if 128 EEG channels or more are used for ESI and if the results are co-registered to the patient's individual MRI. Localization precision is as high as or even higher than established brain imaging techniques, providing excellent costeffectiveness in epilepsy evaluation. HR-ESI appears to be a valuable additional imaging tool, given that larger electrode arrays are easily and rapidly applied with modern EEG equipment and that structural MRI is nearly always available for these patients.

New reference tables and user-friendly Internet application for predicted heart weights.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of normal heart weight ranges is important information for pathologists. Comparing the measured heart weight to reference values is one of the key elements used to determine if the heart is pathological, as heart weight increases in many cardiac pathologies. The current reference tables are old and in need of an update. AIMS: The purposes of this study are to establish new reference tables for normal heart weights in the local population and to determine the best predictive factor for normal heart weight. We also aim to provide technical support to calculate the predictive normal heart weight. METHODS: The reference values are based on retrospective analysis of adult Caucasian autopsy cases without any obvious pathology that were collected at the University Centre of Legal Medicine in Lausanne from 2007 to 2011. We selected 288 cases. The mean age was 39.2 years. There were 118 men and 170 women. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship of heart weight to body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS: The heart weight increased along with an increase in all the parameters studied. The mean heart weight was greater in men than in women at a similar body weight. BSA was determined to be the best predictor for normal heart weight. New reference tables for predicted heart weights are presented as a web application that enable the comparison of heart weights observed at autopsy with the reference values. CONCLUSIONS: The reference tables for heart weight and other organs should be systematically updated and adapted for the local population. Web access and smartphone applications for the predicted heart weight represent important investigational tools.

Registre des professions faites au monastère de Notre-Dame et Saint-Pierre de Faremoutier. (1611-1789).

Ce registre contient en outre (fol. 96-128) des notes sur les décès des religieuses de 1605 à 1801, sur les professions des soeurs converses (fol. 160-165) et sur les événements qui se sont produits au couvent, pendant le XVIIe siècle (fol. 170 v°-178). — Images de saints et de saintes à l'intérieur des couvertures.

Fatal metformin overdose: case report and postmortem biochemistry contribution.

Metformin is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lactic acidosis from metformin overdose is a rare complication of metformin therapy and occurs infrequently with therapeutic use. Fatal cases, both accidental and intentional, are extremely rare in clinical practice. Metformin is eliminated by the kidneys, and impaired renal function can result in an increased plasma concentration of the drug. In this report, we describe an autopsy case involving a 70-year-old woman suffering from diabetes mellitus and impaired renal function who received metformin treatment. Metformin concentrations in the peripheral blood collected during hospitalization and femoral blood collected during autopsy were 42 and 47.3 µg/ml, respectively. Lactic acidosis (29.10 mmol/l) was objectified during hospitalization. Furthermore, postmortem biochemistry allowed ketoacidosis to be diagnosed (blood β-hydroxybutyrate, 10,500 µmol/l). Death was attributed to lactic acidosis due to metformin intoxication. Increased plasma concentrations of the drug were attributed to severely impaired renal function. The case emphasizes the usefulness of performing exhaustive toxicology and postmortem biochemistry towards the more complete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that may be involved in the death process.

Níveis críticos de fósforo no solo e na planta para gramíneas forrageiras tropicais, em diferentes idades

Dois experimentos foram realizados simultaneamente, em casa de vegetação, para avaliar os efeitos da idade das plantas e de períodos de rebrotação sobre os valores dos níveis críticos de fósforo no solo e na planta para duas gramíneas forrageiras tropicais. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos arranjos fatoriais 2x5x5, no estudo de crescimento inicial, e 2x2x5, no estudo de rebrotação. Os fatoriais consistiram de duas espécies (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk e Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça); cinco idades (14, 28, 42, 56 e 70dias após a emergência), durante o crescimento inicial e em dois períodos do estudo da rebrotação (28 e 42dias) após um crescimento inicial de 42dias, e cinco doses de fósforo (0, 64, 128, 320 e 640mgdm-3). Os tratamentos, com três repetições, foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso. Nos ensaios, utilizou-se amostra de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Para determinação dos teores de fósforo disponível no solo, foi utilizado o extrator Mehlich-1. Os níveis críticos (NíCrí) de fósforo no solo para B. decumbens foram maiores do que para P. maximum Os NíCrí no solo decresceram exponencialmente com a idade das plantas de 95,1 e 75,6mgdm-3, aos 14dias, para 38,1 e 28,4mgdm-3, aos 70dias, com relação a B. decumbens e P. maximum, respectivamente. Na fase de rebrotação, os NíCrí no solo foram semelhantes nos dois períodos, com valores próximos aos estimados para as plantas aos 70dias. Os NíCrí de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas decresceram exponencialmente de 0,57 e 0,60dagkg-1, aos 14dias, para 0,08 e 0,07dagkg-1, aos 70 dias, com relação a B. decumbens e P. maximum, respectivamente. B. decumbens apresentou maiores valores de NíCrí de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas, exceto na idade de 14dias. Na fase de rebrotação, os NíCrí na parte aérea foram maiores aos 28dias, diminuindo, aos 42dias, para valores similares aos estimados nas idades de 56 e 70dias, no crescimento inicial. Assim, para avaliação criteriosa do estado nutricional da planta em termos de fósforo e recomendação de fertilização, recomenda-se considerar a idade das plantas após o plantio da forrageira e a cada ciclo de crescimento.