La naturaleza del método del hijo previo

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Las remesas de los migrantes latinoamericanos y caribeños en los Estados Unidos

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Maternidad sin matrimonio en América Latina: análisis comparativo a partir de datos censales

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Bovine herpesvirus-5 infection in a rabbit experimental model: Immunohistochemical study of the cellular response in the CNS

Since little information is available regarding cellular antigen mapping and the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection, it were determined the BHV-5 distribution, the astrocytic reactivity, the involvement of lymphocytes and the presence of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the brain of rabbits experimentally infected with BHV-5. Twelve New Zealand rabbits that were seronegative for BHV-5 were used for virus inoculation, and five rabbits were used as mock-infected controls. The rabbits were kept in separate areas and were inoculated intranasally with 500 μl of virus suspension (EVI 88 Brazilian isolate) into each nostril (virus titer, 107.5 TCID50). Control rabbits were inoculated with the same volume of minimum essential medium. Five days before virus inoculation, the rabbits were submitted to daily administration of dexamethasone. After virus inoculation, the rabbits were monitored clinically on a daily basis. Seven rabbits showed respiratory symptoms and four animals exhibited neurological symptoms. Tissue sections were collected for histological examination and immunohistochemistry to examine BHV-5 antigens, astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes and MMP-9. By means of immunohistochemical and PCR methods, BHV-5 was detected in the entire brain of the animals which presented with neurological symptoms, especially in the trigeminal ganglion and cerebral cortices. Furthermore, BHV-5 antigens were detected in neurons and/or other non-neural cells. In addition to the neurons, most infiltrating CD3 T lymphocytes observed in these areas were positive for MMP-9 and also for BHV-5 antigen. These infected cells might contribute to the spread of the virus to the rabbit brain along the trigeminal ganglia and olfactory nerve pathways. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Phenological Changes in the Southern Hemisphere

Current evidence of phenological responses to recent climate change is substantially biased towards northern hemisphere temperate regions. Given regional differences in climate change, shifts in phenology will not be uniform across the globe, and conclusions drawn from temperate systems in the northern hemisphere might not be applicable to other regions on the planet. We conduct the largest meta-analysis to date of phenological drivers and trends among southern hemisphere species, assessing 1208 long-term datasets from 89 studies on 347 species. Data were mostly from Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), South America and the Antarctic/subantarctic, and focused primarily on plants and birds. This meta-analysis shows an advance in the timing of spring events (with a strong Australian data bias), although substantial differences in trends were apparent among taxonomic groups and regions. When only statistically significant trends were considered, 82% of terrestrial datasets and 42% of marine datasets demonstrated an advance in phenology. Temperature was most frequently identified as the primary driver of phenological changes; however, in many studies it was the only climate variable considered. When precipitation was examined, it often played a key role but, in contrast with temperature, the direction of phenological shifts in response to precipitation variation was difficult to predict a priori. We discuss how phenological information can inform the adaptive capacity of species, their resilience, and constraints on autonomous adaptation. We also highlight serious weaknesses in past and current data collection and analyses at large regional scales (with very few studies in the tropics or from Africa) and dramatic taxonomic biases. If accurate predictions regarding the general effects of climate change on the biology of organisms are to be made, data collection policies focussing on targeting data-deficient regions and taxa need to be financially and logistically supported. © 2013 Chambers et al.

La mortalidad en los primeros años de la vida, Guatemala 1968-1969

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Avance en la estimacion de la emigracion internacional con base en la informacion sobre residencia de hijos sobrevivientes; trabajo final de investigacion

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Estudio de los diferenciales de la mortalidad en tres regiones de desigual grado de desarrollo: Peru, 1976-1977

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Republica Dominicana: la mortalidad segun regiones de planificacion, periodo 1960-1980; tesis de grado

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Lima: estimación de la mortalidad adulta, por sexo a partir de información sobre orfandad recogida en expedientes matrimoniales de siete parroquias entre 1869 y 1871

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Costa Rica: niveles y tendencias de la mortalidad infantil, según zona de residencia y nivel de instrucción de las mujeres, períodos 1962-1969; trabajo de investigacion

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Costa Rica: factores asociados a la mortalidad infantil y a la fecundidad, 1973

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Analisis alternativo de la tendencia futura de la mortalidad de Costa Rica a partir del empleo de tablas de vida modelos

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Método del hijo previo: experiencia del hospital rural de Junin de Los Andes

La aplicación del método del hijo previo se inicia en el hospital regional de Junin de Los Andes en 1986 y el referente empírico del presente estudio lo constituyen 966 madres, 67 por ciento de las cuales eran residentes urbanas (p.3). Los niveles educacionales son bajos y el analfabetismo funcional es del 32.1 por ciento (p.4). La edad media de las madres aumenta a medida que se hace mayor el orden de nacimiento, de 20,7 anos para el orden 1 hasta 39,5 anos para el orden 10 o mas (p.6). El intervalo intergenesico medio tiene una duracion de 3,12 meses (p.7). La tasa de mortalidad infantil obtenida como cuociente entre el numero de hijos previos fallecidos con menos de un ano y el total de hijos previos es de 38,62 por mil (p.8) y la probabilidad de morir entre los 0 y 2 anos es de 47,03 por mil (p.11).