Optimization of magnetoelectric composites based on electroactive polymers for energy harvesting and sensor application

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia de Materiais.

Modelação, simulação e implementação de agitação acústica para aplicações em microfluídica

Tese de Doutoramento (Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Biomédica)

Satisfação dos pacientes com os serviços de saúde mental: a percepção de mudanças como preditora

OBJETIVOS: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as variáveis preditoras da satisfação dos pacientes com os serviços de saúde mental. Como objetivo secundário, avaliaram-se os níveis de mudança percebida e de satisfação dos pacientes. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, do tipo correlacional, com 110 pacientes psiquiátricos atendidos em três serviços públicos de saúde mental. Os pacientes foram entrevistados para aplicação da Escala de Mudança Percebida (EMP) e da Escala de Satisfação dos Pacientes com os Serviços de Saúde Mental (SATIS-BR). RESULTADOS: O principal resultado encontrado foi que a percepção de mudança pelos pacientes constituiu a variável preditora mais importante da satisfação e, em segundo lugar, a maior idade. Foi detectada alta satisfação dos pacientes com os serviços e escores de percepção de mudança diferenciados em relação aos diferentes aspectos dos serviços avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo revela a importância da percepção dos próprios pacientes sobre os resultados do tratamento como preditora da satisfação com os serviços. Os construtos de satisfação e percepção de mudança se revelaram importantes na avaliação dos serviços de saúde mental. Estudos longitudinais e com amostras maiores e aleatórias poderão fornecer dados adicionais para a reavaliação desses resultados.

Escala de Satisfação dos Pacientes com os Serviços de Saúde Mental (SATIS-BR): estudo de validação

OBJETIVO: Fazer um estudo da validade de construto, validade convergente e consistência interna da Escala de Satisfação dos Pacientes com os Serviços de Saúde Mental (SATIS-BR). MÉTODO: Participaram da pesquisa 110 pacientes psiquiátricos, atendidos em cinco serviços públicos de saúde mental do interior de Minas Gerais. A escala foi aplicada em entrevistas individuais estruturadas. A escala possui 12 itens que avaliam a satisfação dos pacientes, com alternativas de resposta dispostas em escala Likert de 5 pontos. Foi também aplicada a Escala de Mudança Percebida (EMP) para a análise de validade convergente da SATIS-BR. RESULTADOS: A análise fatorial pelo método Principal Axis Factoring revelou uma estrutura fatorial de três fatores, que avaliam a satisfação dos pacientes em relação às dimensões: 1. Competência e compreensão da equipe; 2. Ajuda e acolhida; 3. Condições físicas do serviço. A análise pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach mostrou boa consistência interna (alfa = 0,88). A análise da validade convergente foi adequada, tendo sido obtida uma correlação de Pearson positiva significativa com a escala EMP, que avalia um construto teoricamente relacionado ao de satisfação (r = 0,41; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A escala SATIS-BR apresenta qualidades psicométricas adequadas de validade de construto, validade convergente e fidedignidade.

Oxygen mass transfer impact on citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica from crude glycerol

Production of citric acid from crude glycerol from biodiesel industry, in batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica W29 was performed in a lab-scale stirred tank bioreactor in order to assess the effect of oxygen mass transfer rate in this bioprocess. An empirical correlation was proposed to describe oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) as a function of operating conditions (stirring speed and specific air flow rate) and cellular density. kLa increased according with a power function with specific power input and superficial gas velocity, and slightly decreased with cellular density. The increase of initial kLa from 7 h-1 to 55 h-1 led to 7.8-fold increase of citric acid final concentration. Experiments were also performed at controlled dissolved oxygen (DO) and citric acid concentration increased with DO up to 60% of saturation. Thus, due to the simpler operation setting an optimal kLa than at controlled DO, it can be concluded that kLa is an adequate parameter for the optimization of citric acid production from crude glycerol by Y. lipolytica and to be considered in bioprocess scale-up. Our empirical correlation, considering the operating conditions and cellular density, will be a valid tool for this purpose.

A study of risk-aware program transformation

In the trend towards tolerating hardware unreliability, accuracy is exchanged for cost savings. Running on less reliable machines, functionally correct code becomes risky and one needs to know how risk propagates so as to mitigate it. Risk estimation, however, seems to live outside the average programmer’s technical competence and core practice. In this paper we propose that program design by source-to-source transformation be risk-aware in the sense of making probabilistic faults visible and supporting equational reasoning on the probabilistic behaviour of programs caused by faults. This reasoning is carried out in a linear algebra extension to the standard, `a la Bird-Moor algebra of programming. This paper studies, in particular, the propagation of faults across standard program transformation techniques known as tupling and fusion, enabling the fault of the whole to be expressed in terms of the faults of its parts.

Combined bioremediation and enzyme production by Aspergillus sp. in olive mill and winery wastewaters

Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) and vinasses (VS) are effluents produced respectively by olive mills and wineries, both sectors are of great economic importance in Mediterranean countries. These effluents cause a large environmental impact, when not properly processed, due to their high concentration of phenolic compounds, COD and colour. OMW may be treated by biological processes but, in this case, a dilution is necessary, increasing water consumption. The approach here in proposed consists on the bioremediation of OMW and VS by filamentous fungi. In a screening stage, three fungi (Aspergillus ibericus, Aspergillus uvarum, Aspergillus niger) were selected to bioremediate undiluted OMW, two-fold diluted OMW supplemented with nutrients, and a mixture of OMW and VS in the proportion 1:1 (v/v). Higher reductions of phenolic compounds, colour and COD were achieved mixing both residues; with A. uvarum providing the best results. In addition, the production of enzymes was also evaluated during this bioremediation process, detecting in all cases lipolytic, proteolytic and tannase activities. A. ibericus, A. uvarum and A. niger achieved the highest value of lipase (1253.7 ± 161.2 U/L), protease (3700 ± 124.3 U/L) and tannase (284.4 ± 12.1 U/L) activities, respectively. Consequently, this process is an interesting alternative to traditional processes to manage these residues, providing simultaneously high economic products, which can be employed in the same industries.

Indicadores de risco para tentativa de suicídio por envenenamento: um estudo caso-controle

RESUMO Objetivo Considerando o envenenamento como o método mais utilizado para a tentativa de suicídio e a escassez de evidências nacionais sobre o tema, investigamos alguns possíveis indicadores de risco nesse tipo de tentativa. Métodos Estudo do tipo caso-controle em uma emergência geral de um hospital público, na cidade do Recife com 220 indivíduos, distribuídos em dois grupos de 110 pacientes cada, que estavam em tratamento, sendo o grupo casos os sobreviventes de tentativa de suicídio por envenenamento e os controles, sem história de intoxicação/envenenamento nem tentativa de suicídio, pareados por gênero e idade. Resultados O gênero feminino predominou na amostra (70,9%), com idade média de 29 anos; 73% declararam etnia branca ou morena; menos da metade vivia em convívio marital; a maioria tinha religião; ambos tinham poucos anos de estudo. Houve diferença significativa (p = 0,003) para dependência financeira entre os grupos, com chance 2,25 vezes maior para tentar suicídio entre os casos. Ter sofrido fatos traumáticos e abuso sexual na infância revelou diferença significativa. Conclusões Foram considerados indicadores de risco no grupo caso: estar em dependência financeira de terceiros, ter sofrido abuso sexual na infância, ideação suicida, histórico de transtorno mental na família, possuir algum transtorno mental e, principalmente, comorbidade(s) psiquiátrica(s). No modelo de regressão, foi possível estimar uma chance de tentativa de suicídio por envenenamento de até 94,0% na presença conjunta de quatro fatores. A pesquisa representa uma das primeiras iniciativas para ampliação das discussões sobre os fatores de risco para tentativa de suicídio em âmbito nacional.

Differential predictors of acute post-surgical pain intensity after abdominal hysterectomy and major joint arthroplasty

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Valor diagnóstico do teste ergométrico na detecção da isquemia miocárdica silenciosa no paciente idoso com hipertensão sistólica

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor diagnóstico do teste ergométrico (TE) na detecção da isquemia silenciosa no idoso com hipertensão sistólica isolada. MÉTODOS: Foram comparados, 110 pacientes com hipertensão sistólica (grupo A), com 104 pacientes sem hipertensão (grupo B). Eles foram submetidos a TE, conforme protocolo de Bruce, entre janeiro/91 a dezembro/94. O esforço era interrompido se a freqüência máxima fosse alcançada ou se desenvolvessem fadiga, dispnéia, arritmia severa, hipotensão e depressão significativa do segmento ST >2mm (0,2mV). RESULTADOS: O TE mostrou depressão isquêmica de ST em 22 (20%) dos pacientes idosos com hipertensão sistólica e em 12 (11,5%) dos idosos-controle. O tempo de esforço foi mais curto nos hipertensos: 7,1±2,9min vs 8,8±2,5min. A depressão de ST foi maior nos hipertensos do que no grupo controle: 2,5±0,8mm vs 1,9±0,4mm. A duração isquêmica do ST foi também mais prolongada no grupo hipertenso do que no controle: 5,4±2,8min vs 3,4±1,9min. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes idosos com hipertensão sistólica isolada têm mais isquemia miocárdica silenciosa do que idosos normotensos. Entre idosos hipertensos houve uma prevalência de isquemia silenciosa 1,7 vezes mais freqüente que idosos normotensos, de mesma faixa etária (20% vs 11,5%, p<0,003).

Encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive compounds in lactoferrin-glycomacropeptide nanohydrogels : curcumin and caffeine as model compounds

Curcumin and caffeine (used as lipophilic and hydrophilic model compounds, respectively) were successfully encapsulated in lactoferrin-glycomacropeptide (Lf-GMP) nanohydrogels by thermal gelation showing high encapsulation efficiencies (>90 %). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the encapsulation of bioactive compounds in Lf-GMP nanohydrogels and revealed that according to the encapsulated compound different interactions occur with the nanohydrogel matrix. The successful encapsulation of bioactive compounds in Lf-GMP nanohydrogels was also confirmed by fluorescence measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy. TEM images showed that loaded nanohydrogels maintain their spherical shape with sizes of 112 and 126 nm for curcumin and caffeine encapsulated in Lf-GMP nanohydrogels, respectively; in both cases a polydispersity of 0.2 was obtained. The release mechanisms of bioactive compounds through Lf-GMP nanohydrogels were evaluated at pH 2 and pH 7, by fitting the Linear Superimposition Model to the experimental data. The bioactive compounds release was found to be pH-dependent: at pH 2, relaxation is the governing phenomenon for curcumin and caffeine compounds and at pH 7 Ficks diffusion is the main mechanism of caffeine release while curcumin was not released through Lf-GMP nanohydrogels.

Comparative study for the identification of myocardial ischemia by contrast ventriculography under the effect of isosorbide mononitrate and by perfusional myocardial scintigraphy in patients with ischemic heart disease

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the usefulness of cineventriculographies, before and after nitrate use, to technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy for the identification of myocardial ischemia. METHODS: Twenty-six patients were studied at basal conditions and 5 minutes after intravenous administration of isosorbide mononitrate (0.3mg/kg), to evaluate the performance and regional wall motion of the left ventricle (LV). The results were compared to those obtained with technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. RESULTS: Before nitrate, contrast ventriculography identified 30 normal segments, 62 hypokinetic segments, 28 dyskinetic segments, and 14 akinetic segments. After drug administration, 99 segments were normal, 11 hypokinetic, 11 dyskinetic, and 13 akinetic. Myocardial scintigraphy revealed 110 ischemic segments and 18 fibrotic segments (p<0.005). After drug administration, the ventriculography showed increase in the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (p=0.0142), the ejection fraction (p=0.0462), decrease in the end-systolic volume (p=0.0031) and no change in end-diastolic volume. CONCLUSION: Contrast ventriculography using nitrate proved to be similar to perfusional myocardial scintigraphy in the identification of myocardial ischemia.

Percutaneous handling of coronary lesions >20mm through stents. Is there a first choice strategy?

OBJECTIVE - This study compared the early and late results of the use of one single stent with those of the use of multiple stents in patients with lesions longer than 20mm. METHODS - Prospective assessment of patients electively treated with stents, with optimal stent deployment and followed-up for more than 3 months. From February '94 to January '98, 215 patients with lesions >20mm were treated. These patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: Group A - 105 patients (49%) with one stent implanted; Group B - 110 patients (51%) with multiple stents implanted. RESULTS - The mean length of the lesions was 26mm in group A (21-48mm) versus 29mm in group B (21-52mm) (p=0.01). Major complications occurred in one patient (0.9%) in group A (subacute thrombosis, myocardial infarctionand death) and in 2 patients (1.8%) in group B (one emergency surgery and one myocardial infarction) (p=NS). The results of the late follow-up period (>6 months) were similar for both groups (group A = 82% vs group B = 76%; p=NS), and we observed an event-free survical in 89% of the patients in group A and in 91% of the patients in group B (p=NS). Angina (group A = 11% vs group B = 7%) and lesion revascularization (group A = 5% vs group B = 6%; p=NS) also occurred in a similar percentage. No infarction or death was observed in the late follow-up period; restenosis was identified in 33% and 29% of the patients in groups A and B, respectively (p=NS). CONCLUSION - The results obtained using one stent and using multiple stents were similar; the greater cost-effectiveness of one stent implantation, however, seems to make this strategy the first choice.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and microalbuminuria in normotensive subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between microalbuminuria with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients underwent determination of the rate of urinary excretion of albumin through radioimmunoassay and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Their mean age was 26.5±6.7 years, and the mean duration of their disease was 8 (1-34) years. Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary excretion of albumin > or = 20 and <200µg/min in at least 2 out of 3 urine samples. RESULTS: Nine (24.3%) patients were microalbuminuric. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the microalbuminuric patients had higher mean pressure values, mainly the systolic pressure, during sleep as compared with that in the normoalbuminuric patients (120.1±8.3 vs 110.8±7.1 mmHg; p=0.007). The pressure load was higher in the microalbuminuric individuals, mainly the systolic pressure load during wakefulness [6.3 (2.9-45.9) vs 1.6 (0-16%); p=0.001]. This was the variable that better correlated with the urinary excretion of albumin (rS=0.61; p<0.001). Systolic pressure load >50% and diastolic pressure load > 30% during sleep was associated with microalbuminuria (p=0.008). The pressure drop during sleep did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Microalbuminuric normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic patients show greater mean pressure value and pressure load during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and these variables correlate with urinary excretion of albumin.

Distribution of cardiac geometric patterns on echocardiography in essential hypertension. Impact of two criteria of stratification

PURPOSE: To evaluate 2 left ventricular mass index (LVMI) normality criteria for the prevalence of left ventricular geometric patterns in a hypertensive population ( HT ) . METHODS: 544 essential hypertensive patients, were evaluated by echocardiography, and different left ventricular hypertrophy criteria were applied: 1 - classic : men - 134 g/m² and women - 110 g/m² ; 2- obtained from the 95th percentil of LVMI from a normotensive population (NT). RESULTS: The prevalence of 4 left ventricular geometric patterns, respectively for criteria 1 and 2, were: normal geometry - 47.7% and 39.3%; concentric remodelying - 25.4% and 14.3%; concentric hypertrophy - 18.4% and 27.7% and excentric hypertrophy - 8.8% and 16.7%, which confered abnormal geometry to 52.6% and 60.7% of hypertensive. The comparative analysis between NT and normal geometry hypertensive group according to criteria 1, detected significative stuctural differences,"( *p < 0.05):LVMI- 78.4 ± 1.50 vs 85.9 ±0.95 g/m² *; posterior wall thickness -8.5 ± 0.1 vs 8.9 ± 0.05 mm*; left atrium - 33.3 ± 0.41 vs 34.7 ± 0.30 mm *. With criteria 2, significative structural differences between the 2 groups were not observed. CONCLUSION: The use of a reference population based criteria, increased the abnormal left ventricular geometry prevalence in hypertensive patients and seemed more appropriate for left ventricular hypertrophy detection and risk stratification.