Pollen records of five sediment cores from northern Germany

Within a larger program research work is being done on the history of settlement and landscape of the 'Siedlungskammer' Flögeln and the adjacent area. The 'Siedlungskammer' consists of an isolated pleistocene sand ground (Geest-island) surroundet by bogs. Starting from the edge of the Geest, near which large-scale archaeological excavations are carried out, three raised bog profiles were taken at 300, 500 and 4000 m off the prehistoric settlement. They were investigated by means of pollen analysis, and reflect in a decreasing way the activities of man on the Geestisland. Another pollen diagram from the nearby fen peat was worked out for comparison. At the same time it helped to date back a prehistoric sand path to the Roman period. The pollen diagrams cover the vegetational history without gaps from the early Atlantic period to modern times. The vegetation was decisively determined by the poor soils of this area. T'he pollen diagrams give evidence of the activity of settlers since the Neolithic age, with some gaps in the beginning, but later continuously from the middle of the Bronze age until the early migration period. The influence of the nearby settlement, which existed from the Birth of Christ to the 4/5th century, comes out distinctly. Among the cereals which were then cultivated here, there also was rye, at least in the 4/5th century, but most probably already during the Roman period. Besides that people cultivated barley, oats, and flax. The settlement break during the so-called dark ages between the 4/5th century and the time about 800 A.D. was confirmed by pollen analysis. During this time the area was once more covered by forests. The fluctuations of man's activities during the late Middle Ages and modern times, as they are made visible by pollen analysis, correspond to historically wellknown developments.

Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows

Planted meadows are increasingly used to improve the biodiversity and aesthetic amenity value of urban areas. Although many ‘pollinator-friendly’ seed mixes are available, the floral resources these provide to flower-visiting insects, and how these change through time, are largely unknown. Such data are necessary to compare the resources provided by alternative meadow seed mixes to each other and to other flowering habitats. We used quantitative surveys of over 2 million flowers to estimate the nectar and pollen resources offered by two exemplar commercial seed mixes (one annual, one perennial) and associated weeds grown as 300m2 meadows across four UK cities, sampled at six time points between May and September 2013. Nectar sugar and pollen rewards per flower varied widely across 65 species surveyed, with native British weed species (including dandelion, Taraxacum agg.) contributing the top five nectar producers and two of the top ten pollen producers. Seed mix species yielding the highest rewards per flower included Leontodon hispidus, Centaurea cyanus and C. nigra for nectar, and Papaver rhoeas, Eschscholzia californica and Malva moschata for pollen. Perennial meadows produced up to 20x more nectar and up to 6x more pollen than annual meadows, which in turn produced far more than amenity grassland controls. Perennial meadows produced resources earlier in the year than annual meadows, but both seed mixes delivered very low resource levels early in the year and these were provided almost entirely by native weeds. Pollen volume per flower is well predicted statistically by floral morphology, and nectar sugar mass and pollen volume per unit area are correlated with flower counts, raising the possibility that resource levels can be estimated for species or habitats where they cannot be measured directly. Our approach does not incorporate resource quality information (for example, pollen protein or essential amino acid content), but can easily do so when suitable data exist. Our approach should inform the design of new seed mixes to ensure continuity in floral resource availability throughout the year, and to identify suitable species to fill resource gaps in established mixes.

Limiting glutamate transmission in a Vglut2-expressing subpopulation of the subthalamic nucleus is sufficient to cause hyperlocomotion

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key area of the basal ganglia circuitry regulating movement. We identified a subpopulation of neurons within this structure that coexpresses Vglut2 and Pitx2, and by conditional targeting of this subpopulation we reduced Vglut2 expression levels in the STN by 40%, leaving Pitx2 expression intact. This reduction diminished, yet did not eliminate, glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus, two major targets of the STN. The knock-out mice displayed hyperlocomotion and decreased latency in the initiation of movement while preserving normal gait and balance. Spatial cognition, social function, and level of impulsive choice also remained undisturbed. Furthermore, these mice showed reduced dopamine transporter binding and slower dopamine clearance in vivo, suggesting that Vglut2-expressing cells in the STN regulate dopaminergic transmission. Our results demonstrate that altering the contribution of a limited population within the STN is sufficient to achieve results similar to STN lesions and high-frequency stimulation, but with fewer side effects.

Reacções adversas a fármacos com manifestações na mucosa oral

Existe uma grande quantidade de fármacos que provocam reacções adversas na mucosa oral. Os efeitos que causam são variados, nomeadamente angioedema, língua pilosa nigra, bruxismo, síndrome da boca ardente, candidose, queilite, xerostomia, eritema multiforme, hiperplasia gengival, glossite, halitose, hiperpigmentação das mucosas, hipersalivação, reações liquenóides, lupóides, penfigóides e tipo pênfigo, osteonecrose, tumefação das glandulas salivares, alterações do paladar, ulcerações, mucosite e lesões potencialmente malignas, entre outras. Com o presente trabalho pretende-se criar uma base de dados que facilite a pesquisa dos diferentes efeitos adversos e relação com a terapêutica prescrita ao paciente, de modo a auxiliar a vida ao Médico Dentista no contexto da prestação de serviços aos seus Utentes.

“Opciones alimenticias para mitigar problemas de inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional en familias pobres de comunidades rurales del municipio de Tisma, Masaya Nicaragua en el año 2014”

El estudio valor a el estado nutricional de las familias en las siguientes comunidades: Santa Cruz, Tisma Grande y la Montañita N o 2, pertenecientes al municipio de Masaya. Se inició con el análisis de sus patro nes de consumo, dando valor al aporte nut ricional de las plantas locales . En esta investigación cualit ativa se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos : Entrevistas y recorr idos de fincas . De estos se derivan dos estudios de casos. El primero reflejó que los 9 patr ones de consumo poseen suficiencia en cuanto al acceso a alimentos nutritivos superando el 110%. El índice de di versidad de la dieta ( suficiencia ) en la semana, alcanza un rango de 0.89 en Tisma Grande, con valoración deficiente, en Santa Cruz de 0.92 con valoración aceptable y l a Montañita N o 2 de 1.08, con valoración adecuad a . En el aspecto de la diversidad de l a dieta en la semana , los resultados fuer on rangos promedios entre 9.3 y 9.7 significando la existencia de una diver sidad de dieta aceptable. El segundo estudio de caso refleja info rmac ión sobre los tipos de plantas locales con valor nutritivo y las formas de consumo diario determina n do así las siguientes plantas: Espinaca ( Spinacia oleracea ), Quelite ( Amaranthus hybridus ), Espadillo ( Yucca elephantipes ), Verdolaga ( Portulaca olerac ea ), Mora ( Morus nigra), Cojombro (Sicana odorífera), Batata (Ipomoea batatas), Piñuela (Bromelia baratas), Panamá (Sterculia apetala, Tempisque (Sideroxylon capiri), Caimito (Chrysophyllum cainito) entre otras . Definitivamente , podemos detallar que las f amilias consumen alimentos con mayo r aporte calórico que proteínico, ya que consumen alimentos derivados de los lácteos, car nes y dulces. Sin embargo, es importante mencion ar que esto no indica que exista una mala calidad nu tricional en las familias, puest o que el consumo de proteínas no es tan defi ci ente, por eso hace necesario incluir a limentos que permitan compleme ntar el consumo de proteínas al organismo de las familias, logrando así un a dieta balanceada que les permita a las familias mejorar sus condic iones de salud y de vida satisfaciendo así sus necesidades nutricionales diarias en relación al tr ab ajo que realizan día a día en sus pequeñas parcelas productivas.

Tinha do couro cabeludo – importância do tratamento atempado para prevenção da alopécia cicatricial

Introdução: A tinha do couro cabeludo é a infeção fúngica superficial mais frequente nas crianças. O Microsporum spp e o Trichophyton spp são os principais agentes etiológicos envolvidos. Caso clínico: Descrevemos o caso clínico de um menino de cinco anos com diagnóstico de tinha do couro cabeludo complicada por querion com posterior desenvolvimento de alopécia cicatricial de grandes dimensões apesar do tratamento com griseofulvina oral. Conclusão: O tratamento da tinha do couro cabeludo é simples e eficaz. É essencial a sua identificação precoce e um tratamento atempado para prevenir uma alopécia cicatricial frequentemente perturbadora para o doente.

Limiting glutamate transmission in a Vglut2-expressing subpopulation of the subthalamic nucleus is sufficient to cause hyperlocomotion

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key area of the basal ganglia circuitry regulating movement. We identified a subpopulation of neurons within this structure that coexpresses Vglut2 and Pitx2, and by conditional targeting of this subpopulation we reduced Vglut2 expression levels in the STN by 40%, leaving Pitx2 expression intact. This reduction diminished, yet did not eliminate, glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus, two major targets of the STN. The knock-out mice displayed hyperlocomotion and decreased latency in the initiation of movement while preserving normal gait and balance. Spatial cognition, social function, and level of impulsive choice also remained undisturbed. Furthermore, these mice showed reduced dopamine transporter binding and slower dopamine clearance in vivo, suggesting that Vglut2-expressing cells in the STN regulate dopaminergic transmission. Our results demonstrate that altering the contribution of a limited population within the STN is sufficient to achieve results similar to STN lesions and high-frequency stimulation, but with fewer side effects.

Estudo da vegetação arbórea e arbustiva adequada a projetos de engenharia natural em Portugal

Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Positive biocompatibility of nanocrystalline glass-like carbon thin films

The interest in carbon nanomaterials with high transparency and electrical conductivity has grown within the last decade in view of a wide variety of applications, including biocompatible sensors, diagnostic devices and bioelectronic implants. The aim of this work is to test the biocompatibility of particular nanometer-thin nanocrystalline glass-like carbon films (NGLC), a disordered structure of graphene flakes joined by carbon matrix (Romero et al., 2016). We used a cell line (SN4741) from substantia nigra dopaminergic cells derived from transgenic mouse embryo cells (Son et al., 1999). Some cells were cultured on top of NGLC films (5, 20 and 80 nm) and other with NGLC nanoflakes (approx. 5-10 mm2) in increasing concentrations: 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg/ml, during 24 h, 3 days and 7 days. Cells growing in normal conditions were defined under culture with DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, Glucose (0,6%), penicillin-streptomycin (50U/ml) and L-glutamine (2mM) at 5%CO2 humidified atmosphere. Nanoflakes were resuspended in DMEM at the stock concentration (2 g/l). The experiments were conducted in 96 well plates (Corning) using 2500 cells per well. For MTT analysis, the manufacturer recommendations were followed (Roche, MTT kit assay): a positive control with a 10% Triton X-100 treatments (15 minutes) and a negative control without neither Triton X-100 nor NGLC. As apoptosis/necrosis assay we used LIVE/DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity Assay Kit (Invitrogen). In a separate experiment, cells were cultured on top of the NGLC films for 7 days. Primary antibodies: anti-synaptophysin (SYP, clone SY38, Chemicon) and goat anti-GIRK2 (G-protein-regulated inward-rectifier potassium channel 2 protein) (Abcom) following protocol for immunofluorescence. WB for proteins detection performed with a polyclonal anti-rabbit proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results demonstrated the biocompatibility with different concentration of NGLC varying the degree of survival from a low concentration (1 mg/ml) in the first 24 h to high concentrations (20-50 g/ml) after 7 days as it is corroborated by the PCNA analysis. Cells cultured on top of the film showed after 7 days axonal-like alignment and edge orientation as well as net-like images. Neuronal functionality was demonstrated to a certain extent through the analysis of coexistence between SYP and GIRK2. In conclusion, this nanomaterial could offer a powerful platform for biomedical applications such as neural tissue engineering

ROLE OF THE FRONTAL EYE FIELD, SUPERIOR COLLICULUS, AND BASAL GANGLIA IN FLEXIBLE SACCADE BEHAVIOR

A distributed network of cortical and subcortical brain regions mediates the control of voluntary behavior, but it is unclear how this complex system may flexibly shift between different behavioral events. This thesis describes the neurophysiological changes in several key nuclei across the brain during flexible behavior, using saccadic eye movements in rhesus macaque monkeys. We examined five nuclei critical for saccade initiation and modulation: the frontal eye field (FEF) in the cerebral cortex, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), caudate nucleus (CD), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in the basal ganglia (BG), and the superior colliculus (SC) in the midbrain. The first study tested whether a ‘threshold’ theory of how neuronal activity cues saccade initiation is consistent with the flexible control of behavior. The theory suggests there is a fixed level of FEF and SC neuronal activation at which saccades are initiated. Our results provide strong evidence against a fixed saccade threshold in either structure during flexible behavior, and indicate that threshold variability might depend on the level of inhibitory signals applied to the FEF or SC. The next two studies investigated the BG network as a likely candidate to modulate a saccade initiation mechanism, based on strong inhibitory output signals from the BG to the FEF and SC. We investigated the STN and CD (BG input), and the SNr (BG oculomotor output) to examine changes across the BG network. This revealed robust task-contingent shifts in BG signaling (Chapter 3), which uniquely impacted saccade initiation according to behavioral condition (Chapters 3 and 4). The thesis concludes with a published short review of the mechanistic effects of BG deep brain stimulation (Chapter 5), and a general discussion including proof of concept saccade behavioral changes in an MPTP-induced Parkinsonian model (Chapter 6). The studies presented here demonstrate that the conditions for saccade initiation by the FEF and SC vary according to behavioral condition, while simultaneously, large-scale task dependent shifts occur in BG signaling consistent with the observed modulation of FEF and SC activity. Taken together, these describe a mechanistic framework by which the cortico-BG loop may contribute to the flexible control of behavior.

A água na paisagem natural e antrópica

O crescimento da população gerou a ocupação de grandes áreas da superfície terrestre que provocaram alterações nas paisagens naturais. A apropriação desordenada do território, tendo em conta os espaços urbanos e rurais, trouxe vários impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. As linhas de água são os ecossistemas mais utilizados pelo homem ao longo da história, pela água, pesca, transporte, … e que simultaneamente vai modelando a paisagem pelas alterações do estado físico e modificações nas superfícies por onde corre. O sistema ribeirinho é constituído por vários ecossistemas, relacionados entre si e que são identificados transversalmente. Ao longo do ano é possível identificar, numa linha de água, três níveis: o de cheia durante o escoamento máximo anual no período das chuvas, o médio ao longo do ano e o de estiagem com o escoamento mínimo no pico do verão. Nas margens, a zonagem das espécies ripárias, está relacionada com a altitude, a unidade bioclimática, a distância do “eixo de humidade”, a geomorfologia, o tipo de solos e a matéria orgânica, entre outros fatores. Nas galerias ripícolas do Alentejo são frequentes cinco comunidades vegetais com grande diversidade de espécies, cujas presenças estão relacionadas com os níveis de água ao longo do ano e o tipo de solo: a) Choupais (Populus nigra), em solos sujeitos a prolongados encharcamentos. b) Salgueirais de borrazeiras pretas (Salix atrocinerea), em ribeiras com regime torrencial. c) Amiais (Alnus glutinosa), em solos com toalha freática à superfície. d) Freixiais (Fraxinus angustifolia) em solos húmidos, a comunidade mais comum no Alentejo. A vegetação marginal constitui um sistema elástico importante na proteção mecânica das margens contra o desgaste normal das águas, porque as mantêm seguras, protege o leito, favorece a riqueza piscícola e purifica as águas. Na proteção com sistemas rígidos e impermeáveis, verifica-se um elevado custo e estabilidade ameaçada nos pontos de contacto com as margens naturais, impede a comunicação natural entre a água que corre no leito do rio e a que se desloca em toda a largura do vale, provocando alterações no lençol freático. São vários, os valores associados à paisagem ribeirinha e, a titulo de exemplo, destacam-se: a) Simbólico: o Taj Mahal nas margens do rio Yamuna em Agra – Índia, classificado como Património da Humanidade pela UNESCO (1980) e a ponte Hintze Ribeiro destinada a unir as margens de Entre-os-Rios, em Penafiel e Castelo de Paiva, sobre o rio Douro e que colapsou em 4 de março de 2001, num acidente que provou 59 mortes. b) Histórico: a ponte medieval de San Martín (séc. XIV.) em Toledo – Espanha; o açude e termas romanas do séc. I a IV a.C., na Herdade de Almagrassa (Pisões) – Portugal e a villa romana da Tourega (séc. I a IV) que pertenceu ao senador Julius Maximus (Ivlivs Maximvs), como consta da lapide funerária encontrada na N. Sra. da Tourega (Évora) – Portugal. c) Mítico: a ponte romana em Cangas de Onís com a Cruz de la Victoria no principado de Astúrias – Espanha. d) Cultural: a atividade diária nas margens do rio Kottayam no distrito de Kerala – Índia; um fim de semana na margem do rio Danúbio na cidade de Viena – Aústria; as várzeas de rios goeses: Loutulim (Rio Zuari), Benaulim (represa de Komollam Tollem) e Betul (rio Sal) (Goa) – Índia e várzeas de rios cingaleses (região de Kandy) – Sri Lanka. e) Turístico: o palácio real de verão mandado construir pelo marajá Jagat Singh II (1734-1751) na ilha de Jag Niwas (1,5 ha) no lago Pichola. No fim da década de 60, tornou-se num dos mais famosos hotéis românticos do mundo, o Lake Palace Hotel – Índia e a queda de água de Karpuzkaldiran próximo da cidade de Antalya, cujo acesso é feito por escadas ou de barco – Turquia.

Levantamento e distribuição das espécies de Dalbergia L.f. para o estado do Pará.

O gênero Dalbergia L.f., pertencente à família Leguminosae-papilionoideae, compreende cerca de 250 espécies. Muitas são cultivadas por variadas finalidades, como Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. (Jacarandá-cabiúna) e Dalbergia spruceana Benth. (Jacarandá) para produção de madeira; Dalbergia subcymosa Ducke (Verônica) pelo uso medicinal e Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub (Rabo-de-bugio) para produção de própolis vermelha. Dessa forma, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento das espécies de Dalbergia para o estado do Pará. Para tanto, as informações foram extraídas do acervo do Herbário IAN utilizando o sistema BRAHMS (Botanical Research And Herbarium Management System) e da plataforma online SpeciesLink filtrando os registros para o estado do Pará e para o gênero Dalbergia. O mapa de distribuição foi feito através da ferramenta mapCRIA da plataforma SpeciesLink utilizando as coordenadas geográficas de coleta. A partir do levantamento constatou-se a presença predominante de Dalbergia monetaria L.f. (Verônica) e Dalbergia inundata Spruce ex Benth (Cabiúna-de-estribo) no acervo das bases de dados. Em relação aos locais de coleta, Santarém apresentou maior número de registros, seguido de Oriximiná e Bragança. Outro fator relacionado é o adensamento de espécies em áreas de influência fluvial. Logo, foi possível demonstrar a biodiversidade das espécies no estado, a qual poderá contribuir com estudos botânicos e revisões taxonômicas do referido gênero na região.