Foreign Policy as Ethics: Toward a Re-Evaluation of Values

This article notes that while ethics is increasingly talked of in foreign policy, it remains a blind-spot for FPA. It argues that this must be rectified through a critical approach which conceptualises foreign policy as ethics. The first section examines how even constructivist approaches, which are highly attuned to the intersubjective sphere, still generally avoid dealing with morality. The second section looks at the possibilities and limits of one piece of constructivist theorizing that explores the translation of morality into foreign policy via ‘norms’. This demonstrates the problems that a constructivist account, with its tendency toward explanatory description without evaluation, will always face. The final section argues, through an examination of EU foreign policy (from 1999-2004) and its innovative use of ‘hospitality’, that FPA must critically reassess the value of the norms and principles by which foreign policy operates in order to suggest potentially more ethical modes of encounter.

Temperament test for re-homed dogs validated through direct behavioral observation in shelter and home environment

This study was the first attempt to carry out a validation of a temperament test (TT) for shelter dogs that addressed the topics of inter- and intra-raters agreements, test-retest reliability, and validity. The TT consisted of 22 subtests. Each dog was approached and handled by an unfamiliar person and made to interact with a same- and an opposite-gender conspecific. Dogs were tested twice in the shelter and once in their new homes 4 months after adoption to evaluate consistency in behavioral assessment. Playfulness, trainability, problem solving abilities, food possessiveness, and reactivity to sudden stimuli were also evaluated. Testers scored dogs' responses in terms of confidence, fearfulness, and aggressiveness. Results highlighted strengths and limits of this TT that was devised to help shelter staff in matching dogs' personality and owners' expectations. Methodological constraints when working with sheltered dogs are unavoidable; however, the test proved to be overall feasible, reliable, and valid although further studies are needed to address the critical issues that emerged. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.

Intentions Toward Physical Activity and Resting Behavior in Pregnant Women: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior Framework in a Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are recommended to 1) perform daily moderate-intensity physical activity and 2) limit the amount of sedentary time. Many women do not meet these recommendations. Reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behavior may result from women actively intending to rest during pregnancy. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been used to assess attitudes (e.g., positive/negative beliefs), subjective norms (e.g., perception of others' views), perceived behavioral control (PBC) (e.g., self-efficacy), and intention toward exercising while pregnant but has not been applied to aspects pertaining to resting during pregnancy.

METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 345) completed a cross-sectional questionnaire that included two TPB Questionnaires where the target behaviors were 1) being physically active and 2) resting. Bootstrapped paired t tests, ANOVA, and linear hierarchal regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of intentions and whether intentions toward the two behaviors varied at different stages of pregnancy.

RESULTS: As women progressed in their pregnancy, their attitude, PBC, and intention toward being physically active all significantly declined. A positive attitude, subjective norms, and intention toward resting all significantly increased with the advancing trimester. Self-reported health conditions predicted lower intention for physical activity but not for resting.

DISCUSSION: The significantly inverse relationship between physical activity and resting across time suggests that women feel they should focus on one behavior at the expense of the other. Finding that women generally do not perceive these behaviors as mutually compatible has implications in strategizing as to how to encourage women to be active during pregnancy.

Recurrent Convolutional Network for Video-based Person Re-Identification

In this paper we propose a novel recurrent neural networkarchitecture for video-based person re-identification.Given the video sequence of a person, features are extracted from each frame using a convolutional neural network that incorporates a recurrent final layer, which allows information to flow between time-steps. The features from all time steps are then combined using temporal pooling to give an overall appearance feature for the complete sequence. The convolutional network, recurrent layer, and temporal pooling layer, are jointly trained to act as a feature extractor for video-based re-identification using a Siamese network architecture.Our approach makes use of colour and optical flow information in order to capture appearance and motion information which is useful for video re-identification. Experiments are conduced on the iLIDS-VID and PRID-2011 datasets to show that this approach outperforms existing methods of video-based re-identification.

https://github.com/niallmcl/Recurrent-Convolutional-Video-ReID
Project Source Code

Re-Reading the Riots: Counter-Conduct in London 2011

The riots that took place in England in August 2011 have widely been described as destructive, senseless and without purpose. This article, taking inspiration from Michel Foucault’s later work on revolt as counter-conduct, argues for a new understanding of how to read political expression and thereby calls for the riots to be thought differently, as a form of counter-conduct. This demands a new appreciation for the possibilities of revolt where spontaneous, impulsive, mundane and non-spectacular events like riots can be construed as political rather than purely criminal. It also opens up possibilities for how we might understand the ethos of the ‘revolting subject’.

Off-Duty Resilience: Re-orienting Tourism, Leisure and Recreation in the US Army BOSS program

Understanding how US imperial strategy is sustained by tourism and militarism requires an account of how American soldiers learn to understand themselves in relation to a variety of marginalized others. This paper explores how the US Army’s ‘Ready and Resilient’ (R2) campaign constructs soldier / other relations by mobilizing off-duty time through the ‘Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers’ (BOSS) program. BOSS’s first two platforms of ‘Well-Being’ and ‘Community Service’ feed into the R2 agenda by producing highly-skilled leaders (who govern a disengaged rank and file) and benevolent humanitarians (who provide charity for abject civilians). When these dispositions are transposed into BOSS’s third platform of ‘Recreation and Leisure’, soldiers turn away from the goals of leadership and humanitarianism to reveal the privileged narcissism underscoring the R2 agenda. This self-focus is intensified by familiar power relations in the tourism industry as soldiers pursue self-improvement by commodifying, distancing and effacing local tourist workers. Using the BOSS program as a case study, this paper critically interrogates how the US Army is assimilating off-duty practices of tourism, leisure and recreation into the wider program of resilience training.

Peace by Piece: (Re) imagining Division in Belfast’s Contested Spaces through Memory

This paper investigates processes and actions of diversifying memories of division in Northern Ireland’s political conflict known as the Troubles. Societal division is manifested in its built fabric and territories that have been adopted by predominant discourses of a fragmented society in Belfast; the unionist east and the nationalist west. The aim of the paper is to explore current approaches in planning contested spaces that have changed over time, leading to success in many cases. The argument is that divided cities, like Belfast, feature spatial images and memories of division that range from physical, clear-cut segregation to manifested actions of violence and have become influential representations in the community’s associative memory. While promoting notions of ‘re-imaging’ by current councils demonstrates a total erasure of the Troubles through cleansing its local collective memory, there yet remains an attempt to communicate a different tale of the city’s socio-economic past, to elaborate its supremacy for shaping future lived memories. Yet, planning Belfast’s contested areas is still suffering from a poor understanding of the context and its complexity against overambitious visions. 

(Re)examining the relationship between children's subjective wellbeing and their perceptions of participation rights

In recent years wellbeing has been linked increasingly with children’s rights, often characterised as central to their realisation. Indeed it has been suggested that the two concepts are so intertwined that their pairing has become something of a mantra in the literature on childhood. This paper seeks to explore the nature of the relationship between wellbeing and participation rights, using a recently developed ‘rights-based’ measure of children’s participation in school and community, the Children’s Participation Rights Questionnaire (CPRQ), and an established measure of subjective wellbeing – KIDSCREEN-10. The data for the study came from the Kids’ Life and Times (KLT) which is an annual online survey of Primary 7 children carried out in Northern Ireland. In 2013 approximately 3,800 children (51% girls; 49% boys) from 212 schools participated in KLT. The findings showed a statistically significant positive correlation between children’s overall scores on the KIDSCREEN-10 subjective wellbeing measure and their perceptions that their participation rights are respected in school and community settings. Further, the results indicated that it is the social relations/autonomy questions on KIDSCREEN-10 which are most strongly related to children’s perceptions that their participation rights are respected. Exploration of the findings by gender showed that there were no significant differences in overall wellbeing; however girls had higher scores than boys on the social relations/autonomy domain of KIDSCREEN-10. Girls were also more positive than boys about their participation in school and community. In light of the findings from this study, it is suggested that what lies at the heart of the relationship between child wellbeing and children’s participation rights is the social/relational aspects of both participation and wellbeing.

Experiencing Youth Justice and Penality

Much of the recent literature on youth justice has focused on administrative aspects of the system and the socio-political contexts that have led to the ‘production’ of the youthful offender as a subject and locus of intervention. This has largely been driven by the extent to which youth justice has been crafted as a distinct penal sphere, evident in its unyoking from universal children’s services (Muncie and Goldson, 2013) and the establishment of separate agencies to administer and govern this ‘system’ (Souhami, 2014). Driven by policy hyperactivity and a plethora of legislation expanding the reach of the system, for much of the 1990s and 2000s increasing numbers of young people were brought under its gaze.

Particular attention has been paid to the impact of neo-liberal governance on the discourses, rationales and philosophies underpinning contemporary youth justice policy and practice. Writing specifically in the English and Welsh context, several authors have identified that the resulting ‘system’ embodies multiple, contradictory and competing discourses (Muncie, 2006; Fergusson, 2007; Gray, 2013). Within this ‘melting pot’ Fergusson (2007) notes the disjuncture between policy rhetoric, implementation and lived experience and Phoenix (2015) argues that systems-based analyses, much in favour amongst academics, foreclose a wider consideration of questions of what ‘justice’ actually means.

Recent attention towards the perspectives of practitioners working in this sphere has pointed to greater nuances than broader penal narratives suggest (see: Field, 2007; Briggs, 2013; Gray, 2013; Kelly and Armitage, 2015). Yet similar attention has not been given to experiences of youth justice (for an exception see – Phoenix and Kelly, 2013). However, it is precisely young people’s experiences, which would add significantly to current knowledge and potentially bridge the gap between discussions about penal philosophies, how youth justice policies are framed, how they are enacted and how they are experienced.

This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in the field of youth justice and penality in the United Kingdom. The chapter argues that a theoretical focus on macro-level trends (Hannah-Moffat and Lynch, 2012), alongside a narrowly defined research agenda, have largely excluded young people’s experiences of justice and punishment from contemporary analysis. Drawing on young people experiences of different aspects of youth justice in Northern Ireland and beyond, the chapter illuminates what a close understanding of lived experience can add to knowledge. In particular it demonstrates that the effects of interventions can be different to their aims and intentions; and that re-instating the youth experience can add support to calls for greater attention to wider issues of social justice.

Formação contínua de professores dos 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico: (re)qualificação de competências

Este estudo insere-se na Rede de Cooperação Científica Novos Saberes Básicos de todos os cidadãos no Século XXI e novos desafios à Formação de Professores, da Universidade de Aveiro. Sendo as sociedades entidades dinâmicas no caminho desejável de progresso e de desenvolvimento humano, verifica-se que os sistemas mediadores desse desenvolvimento, tais como a Educação (com os seus sistemas e os seus agentes) não acompanham suficientemente este movimento transformador, observando-se um assinalável desajuste entre as expectativas e as necessidades dos cidadãos e a natureza e o alcance das sociedades educativas. Este estudo procura identificar, para as sociedades contemporâneas, quais as novas exigências e quais os novos saberes dos cidadãos para que possam agir responsavelmente, dando o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento pessoal e social. De forma concomitante, procura também compreender como será possível (re)qualificar as competências dos professores em exercício para que possam operar como transformadores dos seus contextos de trabalho e de vida e, desse modo, se constituam como elementos vitais do mesmo desenvolvimento em todas as dimensões. Trata-se, por isso, de um estudo no âmbito da formação contínua de professores que se propõe analisar as representações que estes profissionais têm acerca da sua natureza e da qualidade da oferta actual, bem como dos desenvolvimentos possíveis com vista à sua melhoria e aprofundamento continuados, percebidos como contributo para o sucesso pessoal e educativo dos seus alunos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo inscreve-se numa perspectiva metodológica inter-paradigmática, configurando uma abordagem de tipo complexo, que considera indispensável a participação activa do sujeito na construção do conhecimento próprio, bem como o carácter de imprevisibilidade e de recursividade das condições e subsistemas em que tal ocorre. Foram desenvolvidos procedimentos técnicos específicos, numa lógica mixedmethods, nomeadamente análise documental, inquirição por questionário e entrevista semi-estruturada. O questionário foi aplicado a uma amostra constituída por 2282 professores dos 2.º e 3.º Ciclos do Ensino Básico, integrados na Carreira Docente, com funções lectivas em 90 agrupamentos verticais dos seis Centros de Área Educativa da DREC. A entrevista foi realizada junto de quatro Directores de Centros de Formação de Associação de Escolas pertencentes à mesma direcção regional, cujas funções de liderança lhes permitem ter uma perspectiva mais global das problemáticas/temáticas inerentes ao estudo. Os documentos complementares de análise (legislação, publicações dos Centros de Formação de Associação de Escolas e do Conselho Científico-Pedagógico de Formação Contínua) constituíram-se, assim, como voz, não pessoalizada, dos organismos oficiais, assumindo-se como terceira fonte da informação recolhida no estudo empírico. Os resultados do estudo podem ler-se em função de três níveis de implicação da formação contínua (conceptual, organizacional e funcional) e segundo as duas incidências já referidas: um olhar dos inquiridos sobre a oferta actual e, também, uma visão prospectiva sobre possíveis contributos para a sua requalificação face a um referencial teórico que procura sintetizar as grandes tendências de desenvolvimento pessoal, social e humano. Relativamente à caracterização do modelo de formação, e relativamente a estudos anteriores mais distanciados no tempo, emergem sinais de mudança nas representações dos professores, que se traduzem sobretudo numa visão diferenciada, na qual se distinguem dois tipos de opinião que, embora com valores percentuais muito próximos, dão ainda maior expressão à opinião negativa relativamente a algumas das características da oferta formativa. Esta constatação parece corroborar os contributos advindos de estudos mais recentes sobre a formação contínua, que salientam uma apreciação mais detalhada e mais precisa das representações dos professores, quer quanto ao próprio modelo, quer ao modo como este responde, ou não, às suas expectativas e necessidades pessoais e profissionais. Neste estudo os factores de diferenciação nas representações encontram-se relacionados com as variáveis tempo de serviço, nível de escolaridade no qual exercem as suas funções e cargos que desempenham. Com efeito, os resultados tornam claras as diferenças entre as opiniões manifestadas pelos professores inquiridos e pelos directores dos Centros de Formação entrevistados, tornando evidentes necessidades de formação específicas, que decorrem do perfil de competência dos professores em cada fase da respectiva carreira e das especificidades curriculares próprias de cada ciclo de escolaridade. Como padrão de homogeneidade constata-se que estas diferenças não se encontram relacionadas com os Centros de Formação aos quais estão vinculados, apresentando-se assim transversais à amostra. Um primeiro sinal dessa mudança surge na motivação intrínseca para a frequência das acções de formação, nos diferentes significados que lhes atribuem em função das necessidades pessoais e profissionais, no seu impacto nas práticas e no seu desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional e, ainda, numa concepção de profissionalidade docente que vai muito para além do simples saber, exigindo competências acrescidas comprometidas com o saber-fazer reflexivo e crítico e, desse modo, mais ajustado às condições incertas de cada contexto, em cada momento e em cada circunstância. Um segundo (e preocupante) sinal, tendo como referente o contributo do referencial teórico que sustenta o estudo e a sua lógica de construção de conhecimento, surge na reduzida expressão nas representações dos professores da dimensão saber-ser, ou seja, às questões que mais directamente se relacionam com competências de cidadania e com a pessoalidade de professores e alunos na configuração de práticas curriculares mais implicadas com os comportamentos sociais e com um perfil de competência mais qualificado não apenas em termos profissionais e curriculares, mas também pessoais e humanos. No que se refere à visão prospectiva, a diferenciação que se constata nas representações indicia que o modelo subjacente à oferta formativa actual pode ser melhorado quer do ponto de vista dos princípios que o informam, quer da sua organização, conteúdos e funcionalidade. Assim, e relativamente ao nível organizacional, a maioria dos professores participantes aponta, inequivocamente, para o papel preponderante dos órgãos de gestão intermédia na definição dos objectivos e das modalidades de formação e os directores entrevistados declaram uma perspectiva e uma vontade comuns em contextualizar a oferta nas necessidades dos professores e das escolas associadas, considerando todas as potencialidades das modalidades de formação on-line como novas soluções de gestão e de enriquecimento em termos de conteúdos disponíveis. Do ponto de vista funcional, os resultados apontam para as vantagens de uma maior descentralização da oferta formativa, com maior proximidade aos contextos de trabalho, melhor gestão do tempo de formação e mais elevados índices de implicação dos próprios professores, considerando que as escolas se podem constituir como centros de formação em colaboração estratégica com outras entidades também suas promotoras. Em síntese, e do ponto de vista conceptual, trata-se de desenvolver o modelo de formação para que possa responder a estes desafios, reconfigurando as finalidades da escola em termos de compromisso com a cidadania responsável e das competências dos professores face a esses mesmos desafios e que pressupõe um conjunto de princípios, já enunciados em outros estudos e aqui corroborados. Princípios, que se traduzem em maior flexibilidade da oferta formativa para responder adequadamente às diferentes necessidades; diversificação e enriquecimento dos conteúdos com abordagem às competências transcurriculares, aos novos saberes, às modalidades de formação e a dimensões específicas dos processos reais de ensino e de aprendizagem; à contextualização espacial e temporal das acções e, ainda, à reflexividade nas e sobre as práticas profissionais e sobre o desenvolvimento humano como processo contínuo e inacabado, cuja matriz é de forma concomitante pessoal, institucional e social.