Power transmission network simulation for fault diagnosis

The authors discuss an implementation of an object oriented (OO) fault simulator and its use within an adaptive fault diagnostic system. The simulator models the flow of faults around a power network, reporting switchgear indications and protection messages that would be expected in a real fault scenario. The simulator has been used to train an adaptive fault diagnostic system; results and implications are discussed.

A general basis for quarter-power scaling in animals

It has been known for decades that the metabolic rate of animals scales with body mass with an exponent that is almost always <1, >2/3, and often very close to 3/4. The 3/4 exponent emerges naturally from two models of resource distribution networks, radial explosion and hierarchically branched, which incorporate a minimum of specific details. Both models show that the exponent is 2/3 if velocity of flow remains constant, but can attain a maximum value of 3/4 if velocity scales with its maximum exponent, 1/12. Quarterpower scaling can arise even when there is no underlying fractality. The canonical “fourth dimension” in biological scaling relations can result from matching the velocity of flow through the network to the linear dimension of the terminal “service volume” where resources are consumed. These models have broad applicability for the optimal design of biological and engineered systems where energy, materials, or information are distributed from a single source.