Viva@Matemática project: a different way to see math

Viva@Mat is a project developed by four Math teachers from the School of Industrial Studies and Management (ESEIG) that was born with the fundamental objective of engaging ESEIG students with different math backgrounds in Math challenging activities. Some of these activities were transformed into real palpable materials and others into small interactive ones, being the great majority of them proposed by ESEIG’ students themselves. This small project rapidly grew into something we didn’t expect – it did flow over the walls of our institution to the general involving community – specifically to pre-university schools through the Viva@Math Exhibits – Orange, Blue and Green (the fourth, the Purple one is still in development). Nowadays, Viva@Math Exhibits – the public face of the Project – are itinerant and have been travelling between several, and different institutions (pre-university schools, preparatory schools, libraries, among others), around ESEIG and IPP area of influence and having registered visitors/participants of all ages. In this article we will describe the Viva@Math Project, its different activities that are categorized in some “great groups” like Numerical Trivia, Logic Activities and Mental Calculation, Puzzles, Geometric Curiosities, Magic Tricks, among others, designed to challenge students to use the underlying logical-mathematical reasoning to any ordinary and everyday activity. We will give specific and concrete examples of some of the activities developed and, also, reproduce of the general stimulating feedback the Project receives from the enrolled “actors” (teachers, students and their relatives, institutions, among others). We feel that this Project has become a small “bridge” between the pre-university schools and Higher Education Institutions (HEI), in trying to shorten the “gap” between the institutions of different levels of education and bring them to work together.

NMR assignment of the apo-form of a Desulfovibrio gigas protein containing a novel Mo–Cu cluster

Biomol NMR Assign (2007) 1:81–83 DOI 10.1007/s12104-007-9022-3

Evaluation of chemotherapeutic potential of natural extracts using 3D models of colon cancer

Dissertation to obtain master degree in Biotechnology

Vitamin A Deficiency and Training to Farmers: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Mozambique

Vitamin A deficiency is a widespread public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper analyzes the impact of a food-based intervention to fight vitamin A deficiency using orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP). We conducted a randomized evaluation of OFSP-related training to female farmers in Mozambique, in which the treatment group was taught basic concepts of nutrition, and OFSP-planting and cooking skills. We found encouraging evidence of changes in behavior and attitudes towards OFSP consumption and planting, and considerable increases in nutrition-related knowledge, as well as knowledge on cooking and planting OFSP.

Vitamin A deficiency and training to farmers: Evidence from a field experiment in Mozambique

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Estudos cinéticos em reacções de hidrólise enzimática de proteínas acelerada por ultrasons

No decorrer do trabalho experimental que originou esta dissertação efectuaram-se vários estudos com o intuito de estudar cineticamente a reacção de hidrólise enzimática de proteínas acelerada por ultrasons. Utilizaram-se quatro proteínas diferentes: albumina sérica bovina (BSA), anidrase carbónica, ovalbumina e α-lactoalbumina que foram digeridas com tripsina. No sentido de monitorizar em tempo real a reacção de hidrólise recorreu-se a espectrofotometria ultravioleta-visivel, utilizando tecnologia NanoDrop® ND-1000, com base nas características físico-químicas das cadeias polipeptídicas, bem como à incorporação de um corante extrínseco através do ensaio de Bradford. Efectuaram-se igualmente estudos de espectrofotometria de fluorescência, também através da tecnologia NanoDrop® ND-3300, por incorporação de um fluoróforo extrínseco, SYPRO® Orange, à estrutura proteica. Para além dos ensaios espectrofotométricos, recorreu-se a uma nova metodologia de quantificação proteica através da marcação isotópica com oxigénio 18O acoplada a jusante com espectrometria de massa MALDI-TOF-MS. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que através do protocolo testado de digestão enzimática de proteínas acelerada por ultrasons não foi possível monitorizar em tempo real a reacção, quer por espectrofotometria de UV-Vis, quer por espectrofotometria de fluorescência através do fluoróforo SYPRO® Orange. No que diz respeito à marcação isotópica por 18O também não foi possível efectuar qualquer estudo cinético, uma vez que esta metodologia apenas permite a quantificação relativa das amostras proteicas.

Genetic breeding on the bee Melipona scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponinae)

A selection of queens of Melipona scutellaris through the most productive colonies were carried out during eight months in an orange honeyflow. Each of the colonies was evaluated by its production, that is, the gross weight production ( pollen, brood, geopropolis and wax of each hive). With this data a coefficient of repeatability was estimated by the intraclass correlation method, obtained r = 0.835 ± 0.071. The repeatibility is very high showing that the analysed data (production) is repeatable. Selection was then carried out using the regression coefficient of each colony and the respective production gain. Using these data the colonies were divided into three groups according to the method Vencovsky and Kerr (1982): a with the colonies of highest productivity, b of least productivity, and c of intermediary productivity. Colonies with the highest production (Group a) gave their queens to those of the lowest production (Group b) after their queens were taken out and killed; while those of intermediate (Group c) stayed with the same queens during the entire experiment both before and after the selection. The modifications in weight, that is, the genetic response was (R)= 7.98 gr per day which indicated a selection gain. The estimate of the realized herdability is twice the rate of the response to selection (R) by the selection differential (S2). That is then h²R=2(R/S2) then h²R= 0.166

Determinação dos elementos-traço (Zn, Co e Ni) em sedimentos da Plataforma Continental Amazônica sob influência da descarga do rio Amazonas

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Plataforma Continental Amazônica (PCA) no trecho compreendido entre os cabos Orange (AP) e Maguari (PA), para determinar os teores de Zn, Co e Ni nos sedimentos superficiais, identificando o papel dos sedimentos como fonte ou reserva de elementos-traço. A concentração dos elementos metálicos apresentou a seguinte associação: Zn > Ni > Co. Os sedimentos localizados na PCA podem ser considerados como sítio de ocorrência natural dos elementos metálicos, não havendo influência de fontes poluidoras na liberação destes para o sistema.

Toxicity and repellency of essential oils to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Phaseolus vulgaris L

The effects of tangerine (Phaseolus vulgaris Blanco), lemon (Citrus medica limonum Lush), pear orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), red copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.), rosemary (Baccharis dracunculifolia De Candole), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière and E. citriodora Hook), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and citronella (Cimbopogon nardus Linnaeus) oils at several concentrations on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) were studied. In toxicity tests, grains of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Rajadinho were impregnated with oils and infested with adults of Z. subfasciatus up to 24 hours old. All tested oils were effective in reducing the viable egg-laying and adult emergence of this pest, in function of the concentrations used, highlighting E. citriodora and E. globulus oils which caused 100% effectiveness from 0.5 mL Kg-1 concentration. In repellency tests, two arenas consisting of plastic containers, connected symmetrically to a central box by two plastic tubes were used. In one of the boxes, untreated beans were placed and on the other ones beans treated with each oil concentration were used. In the central box, five couples of Z. subfasciatus were released. Grains of P. vulgaris treated with oils of E. citriodora, C. citratus and C. oleifera reduced the attraction percentage of Z. subfasciatus adults, while the E. globulus increased this percentage. The percentages of reduced viable eggs ranged from 17.9% (C. medica limonum) to 93.3% (C. nardus), while the reduction on the number of emerged insects was 23.9% and 95.9%, respectively for these same oils.

Carbon materials as new generation of new electron shuttles for the anaerobic degradation of environmental xenobiotics

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Química e Biológica

Estudio de las afecciones causadas por el virus MRDV, agente del Mal de Río Cuarto, en plantas de gramínea

El Mal de Río Cuarto es una enfermedad virósica causada por el Maize Rorgh Dwarf Virus (MRDV), el cual es transmitido por el insecto vector Delphacodes kuscheli. Esta enfermedad provoca cuantiosas pérdidas económicas sobre todo en maíz, afectando la producción de granos y forraje. El presente proyecto, empleando plantas de maíz cuya infección será provocada y plantas de sorgo y avena con síntomas visibles de la enfermedad, recolectadas a campo, se propone a lo largo de tres años: realizar un estudio anatómico, comparativo entre variedades susceptibles y ligeramente resistentes de maíz para determinar en qué etapa fenológica de la planta se observan las primeras anomalías; localizar partículas virales y estudiar los cambios celulares en orgánulos y pared celular por microscopía electrónica de transmisión y analizar la relación de auxina (IAA) endógena/IAA-oxidasa en enaciones de diferentes estadíos de su desarrollo, a fin de establecer correlaciones hormonales y enzimáticas con la proliferación de tejidos vasculares observada en estas agallas foliares. El conocimiento de las interrelaciones huésped-patógeno, en este caso particular gramínea-virus, brindará la posibilidad de obtener un modelo que en el futuro pueda servir de base a la Biología Molecular a fin de incorporar caracteres de resistencia a enfermedades en cultivos agrícolas de importancia económica en la región donde el proyecto se inserta así como en el país. Objetivo General: Dada la significación económica del Mal de Río Cuarto en la zona maicera de nuestro país, en la cual se cultiva asimismo sorgo y avena, el presente proyecto intenta aportar conocimientos sobre las afecciones producidas por el virus causal de esta enfermedad.

Transmisión experimental del virus del Mal de Río Cuarto mediante insectos (D. kuschelli) criados en laboratorio

El Mal de Río Cuarto es la enfermedad más importante en el cultivo de maíz, ya que produce severos daños y está muy difundida: en la actualidad ocupa una superficie cercana a 1.000.000 de has. Se han evaluado las pérdidas en plantas severamente afectadas en la zona endémica de la virosis determinándose niveles que oscilaron entre un 20 a un 40% según el período agrícola. El virus afecta otros cultivos tales como sorgo, trigo, avena, mijo, moha de Hungría y centeno además de numerosas malezas pertenecientes a las familias de las Poáceas y Cyperáceas. La morfología de la partícula observada en cortes ultra finos permitió modular la hipótesis de similitud o parentesco con la enfermedad llamada Maize Rough Dwarf (MRDV) presente en el Mediterráneo; trabajos posteriores evidenciaron que tanto MRDV como el virus del Mal de Río Cuarto mostraron 10 bandas típicas de los Fijivirus. La enfermedad se transmite en la naturaleza en forma persistente mediante la especie Dephacodes kuschelli Fennah. Dada la importancia económica de la enfermedad se consideró prioritario lograr la cría y transmisión experimental de la virosis con insectos criados en laboratorio, ya que hasta el momento las transmisiones se llevaban a cabo con insectos provenientes de campo. El cumplimiento de este objetivo de trabajo permitirá el desarrollo de otras actividades tales como multiplicación del inóculo y su mantenimiento para la realización de estudios de caracterización biológica y molecular, purificación del virus, determinación de hospedantes diferenciales que permitirán establecer similitud o diferencias entre aislamientos locales y/o extranjeros, determinación de cultivares tolerantes o resistentes entre otras ventajas.

ETIOLOGÍA E IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE UNA NUEVA ENFERMEDAD VIRAL DE BATATA EN LA PROVINCIA DE CÓRDOBA

La batata se ubica en el séptimo lugar como cultivo destinado a la alimentación humana, y en el quinto luego de arroz, trigo, maíz y mandioca. Globalmente, existen 8 millones de hectáreas plantadas con batata y, aproximadamente el 95% de esa superficie se ubica en más de un centenar de países en desarrollo. En Argentina, la región pampeana (Buenos Aires, Córdoba y Santa Fe) y el NEA representan el 83% de la superficie plantada. Córdoba y Buenos Aires constituyen las principales provincias productoras. A pesar de su importancia potencial en la alimentación humana y animal, como producto exportable y para industrialización, se viene registrando una marcada reducción en el área cultivada con esta hortícola y, entre las causas más relevantes que determinan este fenómeno, se encuentran las enfermedades virales. Históricamente estas patologías han sido la principal limitante en la producción de este cultivo en Argentina y, especialmente en Córdoba. Recientemente y, tras brindar solución al grave problema ocasionado por el “enanismo clorótico” (Sweet potato chlorotic dwarf disease), virosis que afectó al cv Morada INTA en la década del 90, se observó, en nuestra provincia, la aparición de una severa sintomatología viral en lotes de producción implantados con el cv Arapey INIA, genotipo de creciente difusión en el cultivo por sus buenas características agronómicas. En virtud de dicha sintomatología, se sugiere que en la nueva patología viral se halla involucrado más de un agente etiológico y que la misma produce daños económicos en la producción de Arapey INIA. Por otra parte, la identificación de el/los virus presentes en la nueva patología es el primer eslabón para la búsqueda de resistencia a los mismos. Se supone, además, que, en germoplasma selecto de batata existen fuentes de resistencia a el/los virus involucrados y, que, al menos uno de los agentes patógenos de esta virosis de Arapey INIA, es transmitido por moscas blancas. Se propone, como paso inicial para el control de la nueva etiología: caracterizar biológica, serológica y molecularmente a el/los virus involucrados en ella; preparar reactivos de diagnóstico para los mismos y evaluar la gravedad de esta virosis a través de la estimación de su incidencia, prevalencia y severidad y de los daños que provoca sobre los componentes de rendimiento, en zonas productoras de la provincia de Córdoba. Por otra parte y, debido a que una de las principales formas de control de estas enfermedades es a través del empleo de germoplasma resistente y, considerando que la mayoría de los cultivares comerciales de batata, incluído Arapey INIA poseen escasa variabilidad genética por ser monoclonales, se pretende explorar molecularmente para genes de resistencia en aproximadamente 30 genotipos (clones) promisorios procedentes de la EEA INTA San Pedro ( Bs.As.), empleados como parentales en policruzamientos, además de hacerlo en el genotipo bajo estudio (Arapey INIA).

Approved Drug Products with Theurapeutic Equivalence Evaluation - 34th edition

The publication, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the List, commonly known as the Orange Book), identifies drug products approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act). Drugs on the market approved only on the basis of safety (covered by the ongoing Drug Efficacy Study Implementation [DESI] review [e.g., Donnatal® Tablets and Librax® Capsules] or pre-1938 drugs [e.g., Phenobarbital Tablets]) are not included in this publication. The main criterion for the inclusion of any product is that the product is the subject of an application with an effective approval that has not been withdrawn for safety or efficacy reasons. Inclusion of products on the List is independent of any current regulatory action through administrative or judicial means against a drug product. In addition, the List contains therapeutic equivalence evaluations for approved multisource prescription drug products. These evaluations have been prepared to serve as public information and advice to state health agencies, prescribers, and pharmacists to promote public education in the area of drug product selection and to foster containment of health care costs. Therapeutic equivalence evaluations in this publication are not official FDA actions affecting the legal status of products under the Act.

Estudos experimentais sôbre a origem do milho

1) It may seem rather strange that, in spite of the efforts of a considerable number of scientists, the problem of the origin of indian corn or maize still has remained an open question. There are no fossil remains or archaeological relics except those which are quite identical with types still existing. (Fig. 1). The main difficulty in finding the wild ancestor- which may still exist - results from the fact that it has been somewhat difficult to decide what it should be like and also where to look for it. 2) There is no need to discuss the literature since an excellent review has recently been published by MANGELSDORF and REEVES (1939). It may be sufficient to state that there are basically two hypotheses, that of ST. HILAIRE (1829) who considered Brazilian pod corn as the nearest relative of wild corn still existing, and that of ASCHERSON (1875) who considered Euchlaena from Central America as the wild ancestor of corn. Later hypotheses represent or variants of these two hypotheses or of other concepts, howewer generally with neither disproving their predecessors nor showing why the new hypotheses were better than the older ones. Since nearly all possible combinations of ideas have thus been put forward, it har- dly seems possible to find something theoretically new, while it is essential first to produce new facts. 3) The studies about the origin of maize received a new impulse from MANGELSDORF and REEVES'S experimental work on both Zea-Tripsacum and Zea-Euchlaena hybrids. Independently I started experiments in 1937 with the hope that new results might be obtained when using South American material. Having lost priority in some respects I decided to withold publication untill now, when I can put forward more concise ideas about the origin of maize, based on a new experimental reconstruction of the "wild type". 4) The two main aspects of MANGELSDORF and REEVES hypothesis are discussed. We agree with the authors that ST. HILAIRE's theory is probably correct in so far as the tunicata gene is a wild type relic gene, but cannot accept the reconstruction of wild corn as a homozygous pod corn with a hermaphroditic tassel. As shown experimentally (Fig. 2-3) these tassels have their central spike transformed into a terminal, many rowed ear with a flexible rachis, while possessing at the same time the lateral ear. Thus no explanation is given of the origin of the corn ear, which is the main feature of cultivated corn (BRIEGER, 1943). The second part of the hypothesis referring to the origin of Euchlaena from corn, inverting thus ASCHERSON's theory, cannot be accepted for several reasons, stated in some detail. The data at hand justify only the conclusion that both genera, Euchlaena and Zea, are related, and there is as little proof for considering the former as ancestor of the latter as there is for the new inverse theory. 5) The analysis of indigenous corn, which will be published in detail by BRIEGER and CUTLER, showed several very primitive characters, but no type was found which was in all characters sufficiently primitive. A genetical analysis of Paulista Pod Corn showed that it contains the same gene as other tunicates, in the IV chromosome, the segregation being complicated by a new gametophyte factor Ga3. The full results of this analysis shall be published elsewhere. (BRIEGER). Selection experiments with Paulista Pod Corn showed that no approximation to a wild ancestor may be obtained when limiting the studies to pure corn. Thus it seemed necessary to substitute "domesticated" by "wild type" modifiers, and the only means for achieving this substitution are hybridizations with Euchlaena. These hybrids have now been analysed init fourth generation, including backcrosses, and, again, the full data will be published elsewhere, by BRIEGER and ADDISON. In one present publication three forms obtained will be described only, which represent an approximation to wild type corn. 6) Before entering howewer into detail, some arguments against ST. HILAIRE's theory must be mentioned. The premendelian argument, referring to the instability of this character, is explained by the fact that all fertile pod corn plants are heterozygous for the dominant Tu factor. But the sterility of the homozygous TuTu, which phenotypically cannot be identified, is still unexplained. The most important argument against the acceptance of the Tunicata faetor as wild type relic gene was removed recently by CUTLER (not yet published) who showed that this type has been preserved for centuries by the Bolivian indians as a mystical "medicine". 7) The main botanical requirements for transforming the corn ear into a wild type structure are stated, and alternative solutions given. One series of these characters are found in Tripsacum and Euchlaena : 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachis, protection of the grains by scales, fragility of the rachis. There remains the other alternative : 4 rows, possibly forming double rows of female and male spikelets, protection of kernels by their glumes, separation of grains at their base from the cob which is thin and flexible. 8) Three successive stages in the reconstruction of wild corn, obtained experimentally, are discussed and illustrated, all characterized by the presence of the Tu gene. a) The structure of the Fl hybrids has already been described in 1943. The main features of the Tunicata hybrids (Fig. -8), when compared with non-tunicate hybrids (Fig. 5-6), consist in the absence of scaly protections, the fragility of the rachis and finally the differentiation of the double rows into one male and one female spikelet. As has been pointed out, these characters represent new phenotypic effects of the tunicate factor which do not appear in the presence of pure maize modifiers. b) The next step was observed among the first backcross to teosinte (Fig. 9). As shown in the photography, Fig. 9D, the features are essencially those of the Fl plants, except that the rachis is more teosinte like, with longer internodes, irregular four-row-arrangement and a complete fragility on the nodes. c) In the next generation a completely new type appeared (Fig. 10) which resembles neither corn nor teosinte, mainly in consequence of one character: the rachis is thin and flexible and not fragile, while the grains have an abscission layer at the base, The medium sized, pointed, brownish and hard granis are protected by their well developed corneous glumes. This last form may not yet be the nearest approach to a wild grass, and I shall try in further experiments to introduce other changes such as an increase of fertile flowers per spikelet, the reduction of difference between terminal and lateral inflorescences, etc.. But the nature of the atavistic reversion is alveadwy such that it alters considerably our expectation when looking for a still existing wild ancestor of corn. 9) The next step in our deductions must now consist in an reversion of our question. We must now explain how we may obtain domesticated corn, starting from a hypothetical wild plant, similar to type c. Of the several changes which must have been necessary to attract the attention of the Indians, the following two seem to me the most important: the disappearance of all abscission layers and the reduction of the glumes. This may have been brought about by an accumulation of mutations. But it seems much more probable to assume that some crossing with a tripsacoid grass or even with Tripsacum australe may have been responsible. In such a cross, the two types of abscission layer would be counterbalanced as shown by the Flhybrids of corn, Tripsacum and Euchlaena. Furthermore in later generations a.tu-allele of Tripsacum may become homozygous and substitute the wild tunicate factor of corn. The hypothesis of a hybrid origin of cultivated corn is not completely new, but has been discussed already by HARSHBERGER and COLLINS. Our hypothesis differs from that of MANGELSDORF and REEVES who assume that crosses with Tripsacum are responsible only for some features of Central and North American corn. 10) The following arguments give indirects evidence in support of our hypothesis: a) Several characters have been observed in indigenous corn from the central region of South America, which may be interpreted as "tripsacoid". b) Equally "zeoid" characters seem to be present in Tripsacum australe of central South-America. c) A system of unbalanced factors, combined by the in-tergeneric cross, may be responsible for the sterility of the wild type tunicata factor when homozygous, a result of the action of modifiers, brought in from Tripsacum together with the tuallele. d) The hybrid theory may explain satisfactorily the presence of so many lethals and semilethals, responsible for the phenomenon of inbreeding in cultivated corn. It must be emphasized that corn does not possess any efficient mechanism to prevent crossing and which could explain the accumulation of these mutants during the evolutionary process. Teosinte which'has about the same mechanism of sexual reproduction has not accumulated such genes, nor self-sterile plants in spite of their pronounced preference for crossing. 11) The second most important step in domestication must have consisted in transforming a four rowed ear into an ear with many rows. The fusion theory, recently revived byLANGHAM is rejected. What happened evidently, just as in succulent pXants (Cactus) or in cones os Gymnosperms, is that there has been a change in phyllotaxy and a symmetry of longitudinal rows superimposed on the original spiral arrangement. 12) The geographical distribution of indigenous corn in South America has been discussed. So far, we may distinguish three zones. The most primitive corn appears in the central lowlands of what I call the Central Triangle of South America: east of the Andies, south of the Amazone-Basin, Northwest of a line formed by the rivers São Prancisco-Paraná and including the Paraguay-Basin. The uniformity of the types found in this extremely large zone is astonishing (BRIEGER and CUTLER). To the west, there is the well known Andian region, characterized by a large number of extremely diverse types from small pop corn to large Cuszco, from soft starch to modified sweet corn, from large cylindrical ears to small round ears, etc.. The third region extends along the atlantic coast in the east, from the Caribean Sea to the Argentine, and is characterized by Cateto, an orange hard flint corn. The Andean types must have been obtained very early, and undoubtedly are the result of the intense Inca agriculture. The Cateto type may be obtained easily by crosses, for instance, of "São Paulo Pointed Pop" to some orange soft corn of the central region. The relation of these three South American zones to Central and North America are not discussed, and it seems essential first to study the intermediate region of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The geograprical distribution of chromosome knobs is rapidly discussed; but it seems that no conclusions can be drawn before a large number of Tripsacum species has been analysed.