Double Jeopardy Without Parameters: Re-characterization in International Criminal Law

Olusanya, O. (2004). Double Jeopardy Without Parameters: Re-characterization in International Criminal Law. Series Supranational Criminal Law: Capita Selecta, volume 2. Antwerp: Intersentia. RAE2008

'Possession is nine tenths of the law': Britain and the boundaries of Eastern Europe since 1945

Hughes, R. G., ''Possession is nine tenths of the law': Britain and the boundaries of Eastern Europe since 1945', Diplomacy and Statecraft, (2005) 16(4) pp.723-747 RAE2008

The law and custom of slavery in British India : in a series of letters to Thomas Fowell Buxton, Esq. by William Adam; Thomas Fowell Buxton, Sir

http://books.google.com/books?id=plhkPFrJ1QUC&dq=law+and+custom+of+slavery+in+British+India

Legislative policy, law and competitiveness: a mysterious and difficult relationship in the EU

The Lisbon Agenda places Europe in a uniquely difficult position globally, most particularly as an example of a social and regulatory experiment which many consider to be doomed to failure. The drive towards economic competitiveness has led to a focus on regulation and its effect on entrepreneurship, productivity and business growth but assessing this relationship is complex for a number of reasons. First, not all regulatory effects can be predicted precisely in relation to behavioural outcomes. Path-dependency scholars have also demonstrated that the regulation will have varying effects depending on context. Second, theoretically it is clear that many non-regulatory factors may contribute to economic and competitive success. Third, there is evidence of internal conflict within the Commission as to the relative importance of the Lisbon goals. Finally, the experience of distinct Member States presents challenges both for assessment and prescriptive remedies. The Commission has estimated that the cost of regulatory compliance obligations on businesses in the EU is between 4% and 6% of gross domestic product and that 15% of this figure is avoidable 'red tape' (the term used specifically to signify unnecessary compliance burdens). This article proposes to assess the likely outcomes of de-regulation as we rapidly approach 2010, the year for attainment of the Lisbon goals.

The corporate social responsibility movement and law's empire: Is there a conflict?

At the heart of corporate governance and social responsibility discourse is recognition of the fact that the modern corporation is primarily governed by the profit maximisation imperative coupled with moral and ethical concerns that such a limited imperative drives the actions of large and wealthy corporations which have the ability to act in influential and significant ways, shaping how our social world is experienced. The actions of the corporation and its management will have a wide sphere of impact over all of its stakeholders whether these are employees, shareholders, consumers or the community in which the corporation is located. As globalisation has become central to the way we think it is also clear that ‘community’ has an ever expanding meaning which may include workers and communities living very far away from Corporate HQ. In recent years academic commentators have become increasingly concerned about the emphasis on what can be called short-term profit maximisation and the perception that this extremist interpretation of the profit imperative results in morally and ethically unacceptable outcomes.1 Hence demands for more corporate social responsibility. Following Cadbury’s2 classification of corporate social responsibility into three distinct areas, this paper will argue that once the legally regulated tier is left aside corporate responsibility can become so nebulous as to be relatively meaningless. The argument is not that corporations should not be required to act in socially responsible ways but that unless supported by regulation, which either demands high standards, or at the very least incentivises the attainment of such standards such initiatives are doomed to failure. The paper will illustrate by reference to various chosen cases that law’s discourse has already signposted ways to consider and resolve corporate governance problems in the broader social responsibility context.3 It will also illustrate how corporate responsibility can and must be supported by legal measures. Secondly, this paper will consider the potential conflict between an emphasis on corporate social responsibility and the regulatory approach.4 Finally, this paper will place the current interest in corporate social responsibility within the broader debate on the relationship between law and non-legally enforceable norms and will present some reflections on the norm debate arising from this consideration of the CSR movement.

Max Stirner's relevance to contemporary philosophy: a critical analysis

The aim of this dissertation is to revive the 19th-century thinker Max Stirner’s thought through a critical reexamination of his mistaken legacy as a ‘political’ thinker. The reading of Stirner that I present is one of an ontological thinker, spurred on as much—if not more—by the contents of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit as it is the radical roots that Hegel unintentionally planted. In the first chapter, the role of language in Stirner’s thought is examined, and the problems to which his conception of language seem to give rise are addressed. The second chapter looks at Stirner’s purportedly ‘anarchistic’ politics and finds the ‘anarchist’ reading of Stirner misguided. Rather than being a ‘political’ anarchist, it is argued that we ought to understand Stirner as advocating a sort of ‘ontological’ anarchism in which the very existence of authority is questioned. In the third chapter, I look at the political ramifications of Stirner’s ontology as well as the critique of liberalism contained within it, and argue that the politics implicit in his philosophy shares more in common with the tradition of political realism than it does anarchism. The fourth chapter is dedicated to an examination of Stirner’s anti-humanism, which is concluded to be much different than the ‘anti-humanisms’ associated with other, more famous thinkers, such as Foucault and Heidegger. In the fifth and final chapter, I provide an answer to the question(s) of how, if, and to what extent Friedrich Nietzsche was influenced by Stirner. It is concluded that the complete lack of evidence that Nietzsche ever read Stirner is proof enough to dismiss accusations of plagiarism on Nietzsche’s part, thus emphasizing the originality and singularity of both thinkers.

Non-product related environmental process and production methods (NPR-PPMs): a view from international trade law and international environmental governance

The primary aim of this thesis is to analyse legal and governance issues in the use of Environmental NPR-PPMs, particularly those aiming to promote sustainable practices or to protect natural resources. NPR-PPMs have traditionally been thought of as being incompatible with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the issue remains untouched by WTO adjudicatory bodies. One can suggest that WTO adjudicatory bodies may want to leave this issue to the Members, but the analysis of the case law also seems to indicate that the question of legality of NPR-PPMs has not been brought ‘as such’ in dispute settlement. This thesis advances the argument that despite the fact that the legal status of NPR-PPMs remains unsettled, during the last decades adjudicatory bodies have been scrutinising environmental measures based on NPR-PPMs just as another expression of the regulatory autonomy of the Members. Though NPR-PPMs are regulatory choices associated with a wide range of environmental concerns, trade disputes giving rise to questions related to the legality of process-based measures have been mainly associated with the protection of marine wildlife (i.e., fishing techniques threatening or affecting animal species). This thesis argues that environmental objectives articulated as NPR-PPMs can indeed qualify as legitimate objectives both under the GATT and the TBT Agreement. However, an important challenge for the their compatibility with WTO law relate to aspects associated with arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination. In the assessment of discrimination procedural issues play an important role. This thesis also elucidates other important dimensions to the issue from the perspective of global governance. One of the arguments advanced in this thesis is that a comprehensive analysis of environmental NPR-PPMs should consider not only their role in what is regarded as trade barriers (governmental and market-driven), but also their significance in global objectives such as the transition towards a green economy and sustainable patterns of consumption and production.

A study of the extent to which Irish law, policy and practice allow for Ireland's application of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 to pre-natal children

The central research question of this thesis asks the extent to which Irish law, policy and practice allow for the application of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) to pre-natal children. First, it is demonstrated that pre-natal children can fall within the definition of ‘child’ under the Convention and so the possibility of applying the Convention to children before birth is opened. Many State Parties to the CRC have interpreted it as applicable to pre-natal children, while others have expressed that it only applies from birth. Ireland has not clarified whether or not it interprets it as being applicable from conception, birth, or some other point. The remainder of the thesis examines the extent to which Ireland interprets the CRC as applicable to the pre-natal child. First, the question of whether Ireland affords to the pre-natal child the right to life under Article 6(1) of the Convention is analysed. Given the importance of the indivisibility of rights under the Convention, the extent to which Ireland applies other CRC rights to pre-natal children is examined. The rights analysed are the right to protection from harm, the right to the provision of health care and the procedural right to representation. It is concluded that Ireland’s laws, policies and practices require urgent clarification on the issue of the extent to which rights such as protection, health care and representation apply to children before birth. In general, there are mixed and ad hoc approaches to these issues in Ireland and there exists a great deal of confusion amongst those working on the frontline with such children, such as health care professionals and social workers. The thesis calls for significant reform in this area in terms of law and policy, which will inform practice.

Narratives in early Irish law tracts

This thesis presents a study of the 112 narratives collected from the Corpus Iuris Hibernici. The selection of narratives is based on criteria informed by modern narratological theories. The significant presence of narratives in early Irish law tracts appears at odds with the normal conception of law texts as consisting solely of provisions, and therefore needs to be accounted for. Since no systematic study has been conducted of these legal narratives, this thesis serves as an introduction by giving firstly an index of narratives and secondly a categorisation of them in terms of distribution, dates and functions. It then carries out a general analysis of the relationship between legal narratives and early Irish literature, and a selected case study of the relationship between legal narratives and the legal institutions in the context of which the narratives are located. It has become clearer, with the progress of argument, that the use of narratives was an integral part of legal writing in medieval Ireland; and the narratives, though having many idiosyncratic features of themselves, are profoundly connected with the learned tradition at large. The legal narratives reveal the intellectual background and compositional concerns of medieval Irish jurists, and they formed a crucial part of the effort to accommodate law tracts into the dynamic tradition of senchas. Two appendices are included at the end: one consists of translations of 34 narratives from the index, and the other is a critical edition of one of the narratives discussed in detail, together with translations of some relevant passages.

The accountability of transnational armed groups under international law

Terrorist attacks by transnational armed groups cause on average 15,000 deaths every year worldwide, with the law enforcement agencies of some states facing many challenges in bringing those responsible to justice. Despite various attempts to codify the law on transnational terrorism since the 1930s, a crime of transnational terrorism under International Law remains contested, reflecting concerns regarding the relative importance of prosecuting members of transnational armed groups before the International Criminal Court. However, a study of the emerging jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court suggests that terrorist attacks cannot be classified as a war crime or a crime against humanity. Therefore, using organisational network theory, this thesis will probe the limits of international criminal law in bringing members of transnational armed groups to justice in the context of changing methods of warfare. Determining the organisational structure of transnational armed groups, provides a powerful analytical framework for examining the challenges in holding members of transnational armed groups accountable before the International Criminal Court, in the context of the relationship between the commanders and the subordinate members of the group.

Patent litigation in Europe

We compare patent litigation cases across four European jurisdictions – Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the UK – covering cases filed during the period 2000-2008. For our analysis, we assemble a new dataset that contains detailed information at the case, litigant, and patent level for patent cases filed at the major courts in the four jurisdictions. We find substantial differences across jurisdictions in terms of case loads. Courts in Germany hear by far the largest number of cases in absolute terms, but also when taking country size into account. We also find important between-country differences in terms of outcomes, the share of cases that is appealed, as well as the characteristics of litigants and litigated patents. A considerable number of patents are litigated in multiple jurisdictions, but the majority of patents are subject to litigation only in one of the four jurisdictions.

Eficiencia transpiratoria como atributo de tolerancia al déficit hídrico en soja (Glycine max (L) Merril) : variabilidad intraespecífica y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento

Las principales zonas sojeras en el mundo están expuestas a situaciones de déficit hídrico (DH) que ocasionan importantes pérdidas de rendimiento. La eficiencia transpiratoria (ET) ha sido propuesta como criterio de selección asociado con tolerancia al DH. Sin embargo, en soja no existen antecedentes donde se haya estudiado dicho atributo y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue generar las primeras bases fisiológicas que permitan conocer si la ET puede ser utilizada como criterio de selección secundario en programas de mejoramiento genético de soja enfocados en la identificación de genotipos (G) con tolerancia al DH. Se realizaron dos experimentos en macetas en condiciones de campo. Experimento 1, evaluó, durante la fase vegetativa, 36 G expuestos a dos regímenes hídricos (RH) : control sin limitantes hídricas (C) y déficit hídrico (DH; 30 por ciento del consumo de controles). Experimento 2, evaluó durante la fase reproductiva, 6 G seleccionados en función de su comportamiento contrastante en la transpiración y ET durante la fase vegetativa en el Experimento 1, exponiéndolos a dos RH contrastantes (C y DH) durante el período crítico de determinación del número de semillas (NS) en soja. En soja, la ET durante la fase vegetativa es un atributo de naturaleza constitutiva que tiene variabilidad intraespecífica y que aumenta ante DH independientemente del G. Si bien la conductancia estomática fue diferente entre G, estas diferencias no explicaron la variabilidad intraespecífica encontrada en la ET. Durante la fase reproductiva, existen diferencias entre G en la ET, encontrándose diferencias en la respuesta genotípica ante DH durante el período de determinación del NS. Es posible en soja, identificar G con mayor estabilidad de rendimiento ante DH durante el período de determinación del NS, utilizando la ET como carácter de selección. A partir del análisis de los cambios de la ET durante la ontogenie del cultivo, se demostró además que evaluando la ET durante la fase vegetativa en condiciones sin limitantes hídricas, es posible identificar G de mayor ET en términos de biomasa reproductiva, rendimiento y estabilidad de rendimiento antes condiciones hídricas limitantes durante el período de determinación del NS. Esta tesis representa el primer estudio en soja de la ET durante diferentes fases de crecimiento y su asociación con la estabilidad del rendimiento, demostrándose que es posible utilizar la ET como carácter de selección secundario para identificar G con tolerancia al DH.

Estrés térmico por alta temperatura en soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) : análisis de la dinámica de producción y fijación de vainas y su efecto sobre la determinación del rendimiento

En Argentina, y debido al amplio contexto geográfico donde crece, el cultivo de soja está expuesto frecuentemente a episodios de alta temperatura combinados con baja disponibilidad hídrica. Cuando ocurren durante etapas críticas, estas condiciones ambientales disminuyen el rendimiento del cultivo. Sin embargo, son escasos o inexistentes los estudios que evalúan los mecanismos ecofisiológicos que determinan la partición reproductiva y la generación del rendimiento en respuesta a la combinación de estos estreses abióticos. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron estudiar la generación del rendimiento en soja, enfatizando el estudio de la dinámica de producción de estructuras reproductivas, la estabilidad de la partición reproductiva y de los mecanismos de compensación entre número y peso de granos en respuesta a la interacción de altas temperaturas y distintos niveles hídricos en suelo. Para ello, durante dos campañas, dos genotipos (DM 4200 y DM 4870) fueron evaluados ante la combinación de dos niveles de temperatura (impuestos como episodios estrés térmico de corta duración) y agua edáfica (riego y secano) durante la etapa crítica de generación de vainas. Se cuantificaron la evolución de la biomasa aérea, la eficiencia de uso de radiación, la dinámica de producción y fijación de vainas, el rendimiento y sus componentes (número y peso de granos) y las relaciones fuente/destino durante las etapas de determinación del número y del peso de los granos. La temperatura máxima promedio durante los episodios de estrés térmico superó en 5,6 ºC a la registrada en tratamientos control. La tasa de fijación de vainas fue 38 por ciento inferior en condiciones de alta temperatura combinada con secano con respecto a los controles regados. El estrés térmico en fructificación redujo el número de granos en ambas condiciones hídricas, aunque en distinta magnitud (17 por ciento riego; 42 por ciento secano). En contraste con los controles, el componente peso de granos no logró compensar la reducción del número de granos en la combinación de estrés térmico y secano. En consecuencia, la alta temperatura con secano redujo la partición reproductiva (15 por ciento p menor a 0,05) y el rendimiento fue consistentemente afectado (45 por ciento inferior a los controles regados). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la caída en partición reproductiva y, por ende, en rendimiento final no obedeció a fallas reproductivas ya que el número de vainas iniciadas fue similar en todos los tratamientos. La supervivencia de vainas se asoció con las condiciones ambientales durante las etapas tempranas de su desarrollo, alteradas por el episodio de estrés térmico. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de discriminar los efectos del estrés abiótico según el patrón temporal de fijación de vainas.

Alteración de la relación fuente / destino en etapas tardías del desarrollo reproductivo y su influencia en el rendimiento de la soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr)

En el cultivo de soja, una vez que el número de vainas quedó fijado, la ocurrencia de defoliaciones puede disminuir el rendimiento al afectar el peso de las semillas; sin embargo, la magnitud del efecto de las defoliaciones tardías sobre el rendimiento es altamente variable. El objetivo general de la tesis fue obtener una aproximación cuantitativa para estimar las pérdidas del rendimiento en genotipos de soja con número y peso potencial de semillas contratantes ante defoliaciones tardías, basada en el entendimiento de las bases funcionales que definen el crecimiento de las semillas. Se realizaron tres experimentos en parcelas con manipulaciones de la fuente (0, 33, 67 y 100 por ciento de defoliación) y los destinos (desvainado de 0 y 40 por ciento de vainas) 15 y 20 días después de R5. El índice de área foliar (IAF) y el porcentaje de radiación fotosintéticamente activa interceptada (porcentaje RFAi), medidos luego de los tratamientos, se usaron como estimadores de la fuente remanente y para calcular la relación Fuente/Destino (F/D) establecida. Estos atributos permitieron cuantificar adecuadamente las mermas en rendimiento y los cambios en el peso de las semillas, siendo el nivel de destinos sólo importante bajo nula o leve defoliación. La respuesta a la disponibilidad de fuente se manifestó principalmente en posiciones distales del tallo principal, y se debió a cambios en la tasa de crecimiento de la semilla más que a la duración del llenado efectivo. Las defoliaciones no alteraron el patrón de desecamiento de las semillas, a excepción de la defoliación total, que lo aceleró. El contenido máximo de agua se asoció con el peso final de los granos en cada uno de los tratamientos de defoliación. La removilización aparente de reservas no se incrementó ante la reducción de la relación F/D y se redujo con una defoliación total. No se encontraron evidencias que sugieran un rol moderador de las reservas para sostener el peso de las semillas, sin embargo existió una respuesta diferencial de los genotipos y entre años en el nivel de removilización. Puede concluirse que defoliaciones tardías reducen el rendimiento de soja debido a reducciones en la tasa de crecimiento de las semillas, que no fueron compensadas por removilización, por lo que podría estimarse la caída del rendimiento mediante la cuantificación de la fuente remanente luego de una defoliación.