Metodologia de trabalho de projeto: visão e participação

Uma metodologia de trabalho de projeto prima pelas pedagogias dinâmicas, fomentadas pela criatividade e baseadas nas necessidades da criança. Surge por intermédio das mesmas, com o intuito de enriquecer as práticas no jardim-de-infância e oferecer ao grupo de crianças, experiências que proporcionem aprendizagens significativas (Vasconcelos (org), Rocha, Loureiro, Castro, Menau, Sousa, Hortas, Ramos, Ferreira, Melo, Rodrigues, Mil-Homens, Rosado e Alves, 2012). O enriquecimento existe quando observamos interação escola/família, tornando-se o desenvolvimento das próprias crianças mais coerente, na medida em que compreende os quatro pilares da educação. Relembrando Delors (1996): (i) aprender a fazer, (ii) aprender a conhecer, (iii) aprender a viver com os outros e (iv) aprender a ser. O presente estudo pretende abordar qual o impacto da metodologia de trabalho de projeto em contexto de jardim-de-infância, dando a conhecer o impacto desta nos comportamentos das crianças, passando pela perceção dos pais relativamente às mesmas. Optou-se por um estudo de carácter qualitativo, recorrendo para isso, à voz de duas educadoras, à opinião dos pais e à observação dos comportamentos das crianças. Os dados recolhidos, evidenciam-nos que a metodologia de trabalho de projeto beneficia não só o dia-a-dia das crianças inseridas num jardim-deinfância, como desencadeia um conjunto de comportamentos, através dos quais, conseguimos entender quão primordial pode tornar-se para o desenvolvimento das mesmas. Este estudo sugere a avaliação pormenorizada de vários projetos, desenvolvidos por diferentes educadoras, em diferentes contextos.

ANÁLISE DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE OPERAÇÕES DE CAPITALIZAÇÃO DE PRIVATE EQUITY E VENTURE CAPITAL NO DESEMPENHO DE EMPRESAS COM AÇÕES NA BOVESPA

A vantagem competitiva e o desempenho organizacional são conceitos administrativos estreitamente ligados à competitividade das empresas e sua permanência no mercado a longo prazo. Para que alcancem tal objetivo, de acordo com os fundamentos da RBV, as capacidades organizacionais dessas empresas devem ser dinâmicas, o que significa estar à frente das mudanças ambientais, mantendo, criando e desenvolvendo novas capacidades. Um dos caminhos para que isso se realize é a aposta na sua capitalização, que pode ocorrer com a captação de recursos de terceiros ou recursos próprios, com maior ou menor grau de risco. A captação de recursos com capital de terceiros acontece, principalmente, via instituições financeiras e factorings. A captação por meio de capital próprio pode ocorrer por retenção de lucros ou pelo underwriting. A emissão feita via mercado primário configura a oferta pública inicial de ações ou Initial Public Offering (IPO). No Brasil, a escolha dos fundos de Private Equity e Venture Capital, segmentos do mercado financeiro que consistem fundamentalmente em aporte temporário de capital, vem crescendo consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Contudo, existem poucas pesquisas a respeito da utilização e do desempenho financeiro que esses fundos trazem para as empresas. O presente estudo procura averiguar se as empresas que estavam listadas na BOVESPA no período de 2002 a 2008 e que receberam recursos via Private Equity e Venture Capital com IPO desenvolveram desempenho financeiro superior às que receberam ou não outros tipos de financiamento no mesmo período. Foram selecionados dados secundários como: balanços patrimoniais, demonstração de resultados e valores das ações, utilizando-se da base de dados da Economática. Tomando o logaritmo do Q de Tobin como variável dependente e log_Ativo, Debt to Equity, ROA, crescimento de vendas, crescimento de investimentos, crescimento investimento Fama e CrescInv_endividamento como variáveis de controle, foram aplicados testes estatísticos, comparando a média dos índices, seguidos de análise por setor econômico, subsetor e segmento. Os resultados encontrados apontam que as empresas que receberam recursos via Private Equity e Venture Capital com IPO, tornaram-se diferentes das demais empresas que estavam listadas na BOVESPA naquele período. O presente trabalho busca, dessa forma, contribuir para o enriquecimento de conhecimento acadêmico acerca do tema.(AU)

HERMENÊUTICA DA SEXTA LANÇA: DARCY RIBEIRO E A IDENTIDADE RELIGIOSA DOS BRASILEIROS

A busca pela identidade religiosa dos brasileiros a partir do olhar de Darcy Ribeiro constitui o desafio que empreendemos neste trabalho. Trata-se de perceber o sentido de ser humano no mundo tempo e espaço do ponto de vista do religioso e do obscuro, mediante as narrativas de Darcy. Embora uma investigação como essa pudesse ocorrer pelos múltiplos caminhos das ciências e seus fundamentos, decidimos pela via das Ciências da Religião. A partir dos escritos de Darcy, vamos oferecer informações novas quanto à perspectiva religiosa no Brasil conforme se deu e ainda ocorre. Paradoxalmente, este antropólogo que sempre se afirmou ateu nos oferece algumas novas intuições que ampliam nossas conceituações no domínio das Ciências da Religião. Por não encontrarmos uma sistematização sobre a linguagem religiosa no pensamento de Darcy, buscamos estabelecer uma aproximação com a filosofia hermenêutica de Paul Ric ur. A noção de identidade narrativa, segundo Ricoeur, foi o elemento metodológico fundamental na articulação hermenêutica das intuições sobre o religioso em Darcy. Esta identidade narrativa encontra no trabalho da memória e na polissemia do símbolo outras formas de diálogo e enriquecimento da discussão. A articulação heurística, fruto de nossa intuição, nos permitirá revelar a identidade religiosa dos brasileiros pelo viés hermenêutico. A presente tarefa é efetuada com o olhar nas confissões de Darcy, no panorama histórico-religioso eivado de entrecruzamentos espirituais das diversas matrizes e do ambiente atual, particularmente complexo, existente no Brasil. Para nós, a obra de Darcy Ribeiro contribui de maneira coerente à expansão dos estudos em Ciências da Religião e sugere, de igual modo, a identidade religiosa dos brasileiros em fazimento. Darcy Ribeiro parte da antropologia, mas não se restringe à perspectiva do puro estruturalismo, desenvolvendo uma espécie de antropologia dialética em discussão com a filosofia. Esta pesquisa procura situar também a identidade religiosa dos brasileiros, apesar da cegueira que afeta o tecido religioso, marcado pelo radicalismo, pelo fundamentalismo e o conservadorismo. Para evidenciar melhor essa identidade, utilizamos duas metáforas: sexta lança e bricolagem, ambas alinhadas com o olhar de Darcy. A inusitada interpretação e busca da identidade religiosa dos brasileiros segundo Darcy Ribeiro somente foi possível pelas lentes hermenêuticas oferecidas por Paul Ric ur. Na perspectiva da noção de identidade narrativa, segundo Paul Ric ur, nos deparamos com as bases que nos ajudam a considerar esta identidade religiosa, seus limites e possibilidades, seus encontros e desencontros, seu fazimento e inacabamento.

Uma crítica à realidade e a Deus Um estudo exegético em Jó 24,1-12

O livro de Jó pertence à literatura sapiencial de Israel. Seu conteúdo é um grande debate entre sábios. Estes formavam um segmento educado da população: sabiam ler e escrever. A sabedoria era demasiadamente valorizada e concebida como orientação prudente para a vida. O texto 24,1-12 de Jó pertence à parte poética do livro. O poema foi escrito na primeira metade do século V a.C., no período do pós exílio, durante a dominação dos persas. Este império trouxe profundas modificações para a vida do povo em Judá. Apesar da aparente tolerância por parte de seus governantes, eles criaram métodos muito eficazes para alcançar seus objetivos de controle sobre os povos submetidos. Através de um forte aparelho burocrático, fiscal e militar controlavam e garantiam a ordem e o pagamento de tributos. O templo tornou-se o intermediário entre o império e o povo. A economia e a sociedade se estruturaram conforme o regime imposto pelos persas. Essa política econômica e administrativa favorecia o enriquecimento dos setores dominantes, e conseqüentemente o empobrecimento cada vez maior dos camponeses. Os sacerdotes eram os líderes do povo e a teologia da retribuição se fortaleceu muito nessa época. No entanto, a justiça de Deus explicada pela teologia da retribuição deparava-se com o problema do mal e do sofrimento do justo. É a partir da experiência e da observação da realidade que se origina um movimento de resistência à teologia da retribuição. No capítulo 24,1-12, Jó se lança numa contemplação sobre a sociedade dividida entre opressores e oprimidos. Desmonta o funcionamento da sociedade mostrando suas rupturas e conflitos graves. Sua intenção nesse texto é mostrar através da realidade, porque não concorda com as afirmações dos sábios que defendem a teologia da retribuição, sobre o castigo infalível para os ímpios ricos e sobre o sofrimento do pobre como indicação de castigo.(AU)

FOLKCOMUNICAÇÃO E OS ESTUDOS DA DEVOÇÃO RELIGIOSA COMO MANIFESTAÇÃO COMUNICACIONAL COM O SAGRADO

Este trabalho aborda o tema Folkcomunicação e os estudos da religiosidade popular como manifestação comunicacional com o sagrado e tem por objetivo analisar os meios de devoção popular como forma de comunicação com o sagrado, sendo o fator existencial (demandas individuais, sociais, econômicas, culturais) das classes socialmente marginalizadas como motivação dessa respectiva comunicação. Foram tomadas as ênfases da teoria da folkcomunicação como referencial para a pesquisa que fez uso, metodologicamente, de pesquisas bibliográficas e pesquisa de campo, onde se aplicou a observação participante, no intuito de perceber o imaginário operante na vida do fiel devoto presentes em suas práticas. A análise revelou que a complexidade cultural gera várias formas de comunicação, dentre elas a religiosidade popular, que é para a vida do fiel devoto, um legado cheio de espiritualidade e riqueza humanitária que se encarna na cultura do povo simples, em especial no tocante à dimensão existencial. Este resultado contribui para o enriquecimento dos estudos folkcomunicacionais, no que concerne à devoção popular como forma de comunicação com o sagrado.

Estudo da natureza e das motivações da Fraude

Nos últimos anos a Sociedade tem sido flagelada com consecutivas fraudes financeiras. Estes atos ilícitos causam prejuízos notáveis para as organizações e para as Nações, uma vez que, as receitas perdidas não são aplicadas em novos projetos empresariais, nem no combate das desigualdades sociais. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é aferir os fatores motivadores da fraude. Para tal, depois de analisar o conceito prolixo da fraude, a multiplicidade tipológica da fraude, bem com as diversas teorias explicativas da fraude, foram definidas três hipóteses de investigação. As quais visam testar os fatores motivadores da fraude apresentado no “Triângulo da Fraude” e no “Diamante da Fraude”, bem como, um novo fator motivador da fraude, que é a ganância. Com base na metodologia de investigação qualitativa, nomeadamente a análise de conteúdos, foi estudado o caso da falência da Bernard L. Madoff Investments Securities, LLC, ocorrida em dezembro de 2008, e da falência do Banco Português de Negócios (BPN), ocorrida em 2008. Os dados obtidos permitiram validar as hipóteses de investigação formuladas, provando que as fraudes analisadas foram motivadas por cinco fatores: pressão, oportunidade, racionalização, capacidade e ganância. Desta forma, fica patenteada a legitimidade da teoria do “Triângulo da Fraude” e do “Diamante da Fraude”, surgindo, ainda, a teoria da “Estrela da Fraude”. Face ao exposto, este trabalho contribuirá para o enriquecimento da literatura nacional e internacional sobre a fraude. Consideramos que esta dissertação contribuirá, também, para sensibilizar os gestores de que as suas instituições não estão inumes à ocorrência de fraudes. Julgamos que este trabalho pode, também, contribuir para os políticos e cidadãos, ajudando-os a compreender melhor a fraude e as suas consequências. Contudo, a investigação não se encerra aqui, pelo que esperemos ter contribuído para a abertura de novos caminhos, ou seja, para investigações de maior envergadura, a fim de corroborar, ainda mais, este novo fator da fraude (ganância), bem como outros novos fatores motivadores da fraude.

Desenvolvimento de bionanocompósitos: nano e microcristais de celulose com poli (álcool vinílico) e poli (ácido lático)

This work has the main objective to obtain nano and microcrystals of cellulose, extracted from the pineapple leaf fibres (PALF), as reinforcement for the manufacture of biocomposite films with polymeric matrices of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The polymer matrices and the nano and microcrystals of cellulose were characterised by means of TGA, FTIR and DSC. The analysis was performed on the pineapple leaves to identify the macro and micronutrients. The fibers of the leaves of the pineapple were extracted in a desfibradeira mechanical. The PALF extracted were washed to remove washable impurities and subsequently treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the removal of impurities, such as fat, grease, pectates, pectin and lignin. The processed PALF fibers were hydrolysed in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at a concentration of 13.5 %, to obtain nano and microcrystals of cellulose. In the manufacture of biocomposite films, concentrations of cellulose, 0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9% and 12% were used as reinforcement to the matrices of PVA and PLA. The PVA was dissolved in distilled water at 80 ± 5 oC and the PLA was dissolved in dichloromethane at room temperature. The manufacture of biocompósitos in the form of films was carried out by "casting". Tests were carried out to study the water absorption by the films and mechanical test of resistance to traction according to ASTM D638-10 with a velocity of 50 mm/min.. Chi-square statistical test was used to check for the existence of significant differences in the level of 0.05: the lengths of the PALF, lengths of the nano and microcrystals of cellulose and the procedures used for the filtration using filter syringe of 0.2 μm or filtration and centrifugation. The hydrophilicity of biocompósitos was analysed by measuring the contact angle and the thickness of biocompósitos were compared as well as the results of tests of traction. Statistical T test - Student was also applied with the significance level (0.05). In biodegradation, Sturm test of standard D5209 was used. Nano and microcrystals of cellulose with lengths ranging from 7.33 nm to 186.17 nm were found. The PVA films showed average thicknesses of 0.153 μm and PLA 0.210 μm. There is a strong linear correlation directly proportional between the traction of the films of PVA and the concentration of cellulose in the films (composite) (0,7336), while the thickness of the film was correlated in 0.1404. Nano and microcrystals of cellulose and thickness together, correlated to 0.8740. While the correlation between the cellulose content and tensile strength was weak and inversely proportional (- 0,0057) and thickness in -0.2602, totaling -0,2659 in PLA films. This can be attributed to the nano and microcrystals of cellulose not fully adsorbed to the PLA matrix. In the comparison of the results of the traction of the two polymer matrices, the nano and microcrystals have helped in reducing the traction of the films (composite) of PLA. There was still the degradation of the film of PVA, within a period of 20 days, which was not seen in the PLA film, on the other hand, the observations made in the literature, the average time to start the degradation is above 60 days. What can be said that the films are biodegradable composites, with hydrophilicity and the nano and microcrystals of cellulose, contribute positively in the improvement of the results of polymer matrices used.

Fluidos de perfuração aquosos: a contribuição da goma xantana e carboximetilcelulose no controle de filtrado

This study aimed mainly to evaluate the influence of xanthan gum (XG) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the filtration process of water-based drilling fluids, considering the conformational changes suffered by the polyelectrolyte with the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) in different concentrations (0.17, 0.34 and 0.51 mol.L-1). It was also evaluated the behavior of the fluid by the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in pure water and in brine. Seeking a better understanding of the interaction between the polymers used and CaCO3, polymer adsorption analyzes were performed using a depletion method, which yielded a higher percentage of adsorption of Xanthan Gum in this material (29%), which can justify the formation of a thin and waterproof filter cake for drilling fluids containing this polymer. However, the best values of apparent viscosity (20 and 24 mPa.s) and volume of filtrate (8.0 and 8.1 mL) were obtained for the systems consisting of xanthan gum, CMC and CaCO3, in NaCl aqueous solutions concentrations of 0.34 and 0.51 mol.L-1, respectively. The values can be related to the presence of CMC that increases the apparent viscosity and reduces the volume of filtrate. In addition, the CaCO3 added acts as a bridging agent, promoting the formation of a less permeable filter cake

Densidade de estocagem em camarões da espécie Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) na fase juvenil

Among the species of freshwater shrimp being cultivated, Macrobrachium rosenbergii stands out. Knowledge about the behavior of this species and the influence of certain factors on its development can help optimize management practices and minimize the likely impacts shrimp farming has on the environment and the animals themselves. The objective of this study was to characterize the species' behavior during early stages of development under different stocking densities over a 24-hour cycle. Ten day old postlarvae were transferred from the Jundiaí School of Agriculture (EAJ - Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí) in Macaíba (RN), Brazil to the Shrimp Behavior Laboratory (LSPR - Laboratório de Estudos do Comportamento do Camarão) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), where they were weighed and measured. Eight aquaria with constant temperature, aeration and filtration, and subjected to a12 h light/12 h dark cycle were used for each experiment. Each aquarium also contained two shelters made of bricks and the water quality was monitored weekly. Behavioral observations were made at two densities: 25 individuals/m-² and 40 individuals/m-². The methods for recording behaviors were: behavioral sampling – enter and leave the shelter, exploring on the substrate, exploring in the water column, move away, attack, pursuit and cannibalism; scan sampling - inactivity, feeding, exploration, digging, swimming, cleaning and staying in the shelter. Observations were made during a 15 minute period/per aquarium at a frequency of 4 times daily, for 4 days/week, and over 4 weeks. Food was provided 2 times/day for each aquarium population, immediately before the 1st and 3rd observation periods. Our results demonstrate that at high density, there is an increased frequency of agonistic behavior; during the light phase, there is a greater frequency of behaviors that result in less exposure (inactivity, cleaning and staying in the shelter); during the dark phase, there is an increased frequency of behaviors that result in greater exposure (feeding, exploration, swimming and digging); at times of feed offer, there is an increased frequency of leaving the shelter, moving away, pursuit, feeding, exploration and swimming. At low density, the animals showed a lower frequency of agonistic behaviors, greater weight gain and higher growth rates, which indicates that this is a more favorable growing environment for cultivation and when applied, can generate better living conditions, favor survival rates and increase management success

Caracterização petrográfica e litogeoquímica de granitoides ediacaranos no extremo NE da Província da Borborema (NE do Brasil) com ênfase nos plútons Gameleira, Pitombeira e Taipu

The studied area is situated in the northeastern extremity of the Rio Grande do Norte State, between the municipalities of Taipu and Poço Branco, and is geologically inserted into the São José do Campestre Crystalline Terrain within the Borborema Province, where the analysis of field relationships, petrographic and geochemical data allowed the distinction of three plutons named: Gameleira, Taipu and Pitombeira. The Gamaleira Pluton is composed of granodioritic rocks characterized by zoned plagioclase phenocrysts, with amphibole and biotite as the main mafic phases. Geochemically, these are metaluminous rocks of calc-alkaline nature and magnesian character. The Pitombeira Pluton encompasses two facies: (a) a coarse-grained to porphyritic monzo- to syenogranitic facies marked by K-feldspar phenocrysts; and (b) a quartz dioritic to tonalitic facies with partially zoned plagioclase laths showing chilled rims. Geochemically, rocks of the monzo- to syenogranitic facies are transitional between metaluminous and peraluminous, display a subalkaline nature (high K calc-alkaline) and a ferroan character, whereas rocks of the quartz dioritic to tonalitic facies are metaluminous, with shoshonitic affinity and ferroan character. Lastly, the Taipu Pluton is made of monzoto syenogranitic rocks with biotite as the chief mafic mineral. They are peraluminous rocks of subalkaline nature (high-K calc-alkaline) and ferroan character. Regarding the rare-earth elements (REE), it is possible to conclude that the three studied plutons display negative Eu anomalies and a relative enrichment of LREE over HREE, with LaN/YbN ratios between 9.39 to 16.20 (Gameleira Pluton), 17.99 to 31.39 (granitic facies of the Pitombeira Pluton), 14.15 to 21.81 (dioritic facies of the Pitombeira Pluton) and 15.17 to 175.41 (Taipu Pluton). Based on the combined investigation of geochemical data and discrimination tectonic diagrams, a late- to post-collisional tectonic environment is suggested for the plutons here studied

Síntese e caracterização de pigmentos nanométricos encapsulados pelos métodos dos precursores poliméricos, hidrotermal de microondas e co-precipitação associado à química sol-gel convencional

The demand for materials with high consistency obtained at relatively low temperatures has been leveraging the search for chemical processes substituents of the conventional ceramic method. This paper aims to obtain nanosized pigments encapsulated (core-shell) the basis of TiO2 doped with transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Al) through three (3) methods of synthesis: polymeric precursors (Pechini); hydrothermal microwave, and co-precipitation associated with the sol-gel chemistry. The study was motivated by the simplicity, speed and low power consumption characteristic of these methods. Systems costs are affordable because they allow achieving good control of microstructure, combined with high purity, controlled stoichiometric phases and allowing to obtain particles of nanometer size. The physical, chemical, morphological, structural and optical properties of the materials obtained were analyzed using different techniques for materials characterization. The powder pigments were tested in discoloration and degradation using a photoreactor through the solution of Remazol yellow dye gold (NNI), such as filtration, resulting in a separation of solution and the filter pigments available for further UV-Vis measurements . Different calcination temperatures taken after obtaining the post, the different methods were: 400 º C and 1000 º C. Using a fixed concentration of 10% (Fe, Al, Ni, Co) mass relative to the mass of titanium technologically and economically enabling the study. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique was possible to analyze and confirm the structural formation nanosized particles of encapsulated pigment, TiO2 having the diameter of 20 nm to 100 nm, and thickness of coated layer of Fe, Ni and Co between 2 nm and 10 nm. The method of synthesis more efficient has been studied in the work co-precipitation associated with sol-gel chemistry, in which the best results were achieved without the need for the obtainment of powders the calcination process

Determinação de CD, PB, e TL em água produzida por HR-CS GF AAS após extração em ponto nuvem

Produced water is a major problem associated with the crude oil extraction activity. The monitoring of the levels of metals in the waste is constant and requires the use of sensitive analytical techniques. However, the determination of trace elements can often require a pre-concentration step. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid analytical method for the extraction and pre-concentration based on extraction phenomenon cloud point for the determination of Cd, Pb and Tl in produced water samples by spectrometry of high resolution Absorption source continues and atomization graphite furnace. The Box Behnken design was used to obtain the optimal condition of extraction of analytes. The factors were evaluated: concentration of complexing agent (o,o-dietilditilfosfato ammonium, DDTP), the concentration of hydrochloric acid and concentration of surfactant (Triton X -114). The optimal condition obtained through extraction was: 0,6% m v-1 DDTP, HCl 0,3 mol L-1 and 0,2% m v-1 of Triton X - 114 for Pb; 0,7% m v-1 DDTP, HCl 0,8 mol L-1 and 0,2% m v-1 Triton X-114 for Cd. For Tl was evidenced that best extraction condition occurs with no DDTP, the extraction conditions were HCl 1,0 mol L-1 e 1,0% m v-1 de Triton X - 114. The limits of detection for the proposed method were 0,005 µg L-1 , 0,03 µg L-1 and 0,09 µg L-1 to Cd, Pb and Tl, Respectively. Enrichment factors Were greater than 10 times. The method was applied to the water produced in the Potiguar basin, and addition and recovery tests were performed, and values were between 81% and 120%. The precision was expressed with relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 5%

“Currículo encarnado”: cartografia simbólica e afinidades pós-coloniais

This thesis has as main objective to reflect about the defining conceptual elements of the embodied curriculum concept, ident ified curriculum conception from the analysis about the rationality employed in the doctoral work of teacher Antonio Fernando Gouvê a da Silva, entitled The construction of the curriculum in popular critical perspective: the significant words to the context ualized practices , written and defended in the Postgraduate Program in Education: Curriculum, in the Pontifícia Catholic University of São Paulo, in 2004. We looked, also, on the problematization of the affinities between postcolonial theories – analytical perspectives towards the discussion about coloniality and their effect on contemporary social weaving – and the embodied curriculum concept. We argue that the reflections present in the aforementioned work bring an articulated curriculum concept based on three conceptual symbiotic elements, namely: negativity, dialogue and praxis, which, by endorsing the possibility of a curricular ingrained practice in the life context of the individuals, have some post - colonial inclinations that lead to the problematizat ion about the neo - colonial manifestations in curricular sphere, outlining a critique of the modus operandi of the colonialism, particularly, in its cultural and epistemic dimension from which the education is inseparable. For that, we used as methodologica l procedure the symbolic cartography, knowledge building strategy systematized by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, which allowed us to construct interpretive maps that enabled the symbolization of the universe which we longed to understand, that is, the concept ual categories mentioned above, which, in our view, underlie the concept of embodied curriculum. In this direction, we anchored ourselves in a meaningful dialogue with the theoretical approach of Paulo Freire and some of his interpreters regarding the disc ussion on curriculum, especially the reflections dev eloped by Antonio Fernando Gouvê a da Silva, and authors whose theoretical developments resonate in prospects for humanization, social justice and empowerment, among which we highlight: Theodor Adorno, Hug o Zemelman, Wilfred Carr, Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, among others. We seek, in the same manner, on the contributions of authors considered post - colonial, as Hugo Achugar, Gayatri Spivak, Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Enrique Dussel, to name a few, the reason s why we consider the embodied curriculum as a place of political - pedagogical enunciation, conducive to an educational praxis that engages in a curricular work of reality translation in order to see what overwhelms it to, then, elicit the construction of a school curriculum as an awareness project for releasing in relation to what is unjust and inhumane. We consider, finally, that the success of this curriculum embodied translation implies a larger number of speakers mobilized in the production of knowledge that yearns for social emancipation and contribute to the enrichment of human capabilities as the maintenance of the life and the dignity of people.

Validação do conteúdo do diagnóstico de enfermagem proteção ineficaz para pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

Methodological study, in order to validate the content of the nursing diagnosis protection ineffective in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The research took place in two stages, namely: concept analysis and content analysis of the instrument by experts. T he first step was operationalized through an integrative review of the databaes LILACS, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane, with the key words protection and hemodialysis, in October and November 2013. The sample consisted of 32 articles, which were analyz ed by a c areful reading to identify the sections that correspond ed to the defining attributes , antecedents and consequences of protection in patients undergoing hemodialysis. T he interpretation for the diagnosis of effective protection was made by transpos ing the components of the diagnosis (definition, defining characteristics and related factors) to the denial form . In the second stage, we elaborated an instrument with the components of the nursing diagnostic s studied and proceeded to the analysis conduct ed in April 2014 by 22 specialists in nephrology and in the terminology of the NANDA International, selected by means of th e Lattes Platform . We used the binomial test to assess the proportion of experts who rated each item as appropriate, considering a si gnificance level of 5%. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution responsible for the research, an opinion on num b er 387 837 and CAAE 18486413.0.0000.5537. The results show that the proposal for the nursing diagnosis of ineffectiv e protection in patients undergoing hemodialysis is: definition - the same as that presented in the NANDA International Taxonomy II, location - domain safety / protection and class injury. Related factors are: Absence of routine vaccines; Non - adherence to care related to vascular access; Non - adherence to infection control measures; Non - adherence to prescribed diet; Non - adherence to drug therapy; Presence of comorbidities; Drug abuse; Immune disorders; Extremes of age; Abnormal blood profiles; Drugs that red uce immunity; and side effects and adverse treatment - related. The defining characteristics are: Presence of invading the bloodstream; Nutritional disorders; Increase in the number of hospitalizations; Uncontrolled dry weight; Infected vascular access; Vasc ular inadequate access; Increased blood pressure; fever; Bleeding disorder; Disability immunity; fatigue; weakness; itching; and maladaptive response to stress. It follows that the identification of the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences inc reased the wealth of vocabulary, allowing the construction of theoretical and empirical definitions for a broader understanding of the concept protection. Furthermore, the study contributed to the enrichment of nursing specific body of knowledge, as well a s in the direction of nursing care for patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Remoção de metais utilizando o hexadecanoato de sódio

Industrial activities like mining, electroplating and the oil extraction process, are increasing the levels of heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Mg and Cd in aquatic ecosystems. This increase is related to the discharge of effluents containing trace of this elements above the maximum allowed by law. Methods such as ion exchange, membrane filtration and chemical precipitation have been studied as a means of treatment of these metals contamination. The precipitation of metals using anionic surfactants derived from carboxylic acids emerged as an alternative for the removal of metals from industrial effluents. The reaction between bivalent ions and these types of surfactants in aqueous solution leads to the formation of metal carboxylates, which can precipitate in the form of flakes and are subsequently removed by a process of decantation or simple filtration. In this work the metals extraction is performed by using the surfactant sodium hexadecanoate as extracting agent. The main purpose was to study the effect of temperature, solution pH, and concentration of surfactant in the metal removal process. The statistical design of the process showed that the process is directly dependent to changes in pH and concentration of surfactant, but inversely proportional and somewhat dependent to temperature variation, with the latter effect being considered negligible in most cases. The individual study of the effect of temperature showed a strong dependence of the process with the Kraft point, both for the surfactant used as extracting agent, as for the surfactant obtained after the reaction of this surfactant with the metal. From data of temperatures and concentrations of the surfactant was possible to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction between sodium hexadecanoate and copper ions. Later, thermodynamic parameters were determined, showing that the process is exothermic and spontaneous.