971 resultados para celulose e lignina residual
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Bogotá (Colombia) : Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ingeniería. Programa de Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria
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Nowadays the environmental issues are increasingly highlighted since the future of humanity is dependent on the actions taken by man. Major efforts are being expended in pursuit of knowledge and alternatives to promote sustainable development without compromising the environment. In recent years there has been a marked growth in the development of reinforced composite fiber plants, as an alternative for economic and ecological effects, especially in the substitution of synthetic materials such as reinforcement material in composites. In this current study the chemical- physical or (thermophysics )characteristics of the babassu coconut fiber, derived from the epicarp of the fruit (Orbignyda Phalerata), which the main constituents of the fiber: Klason lignin, insoluble, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose and the content of ash and moisture will be determined. A study was conducted about the superficial modification of the fibers of the epicarp babassu coconut under the influence of chemical treatment by alkalinization, in an aqueous solution of NaOH to 2.5% (m/v) and to 5.0% to improve the compatibility matrix / reinforcement composite with epoxy matrix. The results of the changes occurred in staple fibers through the use of the techniques of thermogravimetric analyses (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results found on thermal analysis on samples of fiber without chemical treatment (alkalinities), and on fiber samples treated by alkalinization show that the proposed chemical treatment increases the thermal stability of the fibers and provides a growth of the surface of area fibers, parameters that enhance adhesion fiber / composite. The findings were evaluated and compared with published results from other vegetable fibers, showing that the use of babassu coconut fibers has technical and economic potential for its use as reinforcement in composites
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RESUMO: Neste trabalho foi avaliada a dinâmica do N mineral e a produtividade do milho em solo que vem, a longo tempo, recebendo aplicações de lodos de esgoto provenientes das estações de Tratamento de Franca e de Barueri, ou que recebeu lodo de esgoto por certo período de tempo. As aplicações iniciaram-se em 1999 a taxas que variaram na dose recomendada, tomando-se como base os requerimentos da planta em N, até uma taxa 8 vezes maior. Nos anos de 2004 e 2005 os lodos não foram aplicados. Em 2006 e 2007 somente foi aplicado o lodo de Franca. Os resultados deste trabalho referem-se às coletas de solo feitas no ano agrícola 2007/2008. Os tratamentos com lodo foram comparados com o tratamento com fertilização mineral (FM) e com o tratamento testemunha (T), que não recebeu fertilizantes e nem lodo. Os teores de N no solo aumentaram com as doses do lodo de Franca, o que não ocorreu com o lodo de Barueri. As produtividades do milho foram maiores nos tratamentos com o lodo de Franca e não diferiram com as doses aplicadas. Nos tratamentos com o lodo de Barueri as produtividades foram menores que as obtidas com o lodo de Franca, mas foram semelhantes às obtidas no tratamento com FM. A menor produtividade foi obtida no tratamento T. Os maiores teores de N totais nos grãos foram obtidos nos tratamentos com o lodo de Franca sem diferença entre as doses.
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Generally, cellulose ethers improves mortar properties such as water retention, workability and setting time, along with adherence to the substrate. However, a major disadvantage of the addition of cellulose ethers in mortars is the delay in hydration of the cement. In this paper a cellulose phosphate (Cp) was synthesized water soluble and has been evaluated the effect of their incorporation into mortar based on Portland cement. Cellulose phosphate obtained was characterized by spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mortar compositions were formulated with varying phosphorus content in cellulose and cellulose phosphate concentrations, when used in partial or total replacement of the commercial additive based hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC). The mortars formulated with additives were prepared and characterized by: testing in the fresh state (consistency index, water retention, bulk density and air content incorporated) and in the hardened state (absorption by capillarity, density, flexural and compression strength). In mixtures the proportion of sand:cement of 1:5 (v / v) and factor a / c = 1.31 and water were held constant. Overall, the results showed that the celluloses phosphates employed in mortars added acted significantly when partially substituting the commercial additive. With regard to consistency index, water retention and bulk density in the fresh state and absorption by capillarity and bulk density apparent in the hardened state, showed no appreciable differences as compared to the commercial additive. The incorporated air content in the fresh state reduced markedly, but did not affect other properties. The mortars with cellulose phosphate, partially replacing the commercial additive showed an improvement of the properties of flexural strength and compressive strength
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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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EFEITO RESIDUAL DA APLICAÇÃO DE BIOSÓLIDO NA CULTURA DO MILHO. MA039 Fernanda Ardilha dos Santos1; Fernanda Gonçalves Serrenho1; Germana Breves Rona1; Sarai de Alcantara1; Daniel Vidal Perez2; Wagner Bettiol3 ; Waldemore Moriconi3, fernanda.ardilha@oi.com.br (1) Instituto de Química, UFRJ, (2) Embrapa Solos, RJ, (3) Embrapa Meio Ambiente (INTRODUÇÃO) A operação de uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto visa diminuir a carga poluente que seria lançada nos corpos receptores. Porém um novo problema é gerado: a disposição do lodo de esgoto, ou biossólido. Uma opção seria a disposição em aterro sanitário, que agrava ainda mais o problema de manejo do lixo urbano. Uma alternativa razoável seria a sua utilização como condicionador de solo e/ou fertilizantes, já que o biossólido promove a reciclagem de matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Entretanto, metais pesados são facilmente encontrados na composição de um biossólido. A utilização desse material para fins agrícolas pode causar alterações nos teores desses metais e na sua dispersão, tanto na fase sólida quanto na líquida do solo, com conseqüências ainda pouco conhecidas para nossas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o impacto causado pelo uso agrícola do biossólido, de origem doméstica/industrial, nos teores e na evolução dos elementos Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd e Cr. (METODOLOGIA) A área experimental situou-se em Jaguariúna (SP), em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (textura argilosa). O delineamento experimental escolhido foi o de fatorial (2 x 6) em blocos ao acaso, com 3 repetições, em que um tratamento correspondeu a uma dose aplicada, antes do plantio de milho, do lodo de esgoto. Os tratamentos estudados constaram de uma Testemunha Absoluta, Testemunha convencional (NPK), 1, 2, 4 e 8 vezes a dose de lodo de esgoto, calculada com base na adubação de N, requerida pela cultura do milho. O outro tratamento se refere ao tipo de lodo de esgoto utilizado, que foi fornecido pela SABESP, a saber: Barueri (Industrial) e de Franca (Doméstico), em SP. A amostragem ocorreu em novembro de 2004,2005,2006 e 2007 sendo a profundidade de coleta de 0-20cm. A técnica de extração seqüencial utilizada foi a descrita por Wasserman et al. (2005). As determinações analíticas dos metais estudados foram realizadas por ICP-OES(PE OPTIMA 3000). (RESULTADOS) Para o Zn, com o aumento da dose aplicada, observa-se um aumento significativo na concentração das fases 1e 2 e em menor grau na fase 5. Para o Cu observa-se um aumento na concentração de todas as frações em função do aumento da dose aplicada de lodo sendo a fase 5 desprezível. Nota-se que, apesar da tendência do Cu formar complexos com a matéria orgânica, é a fase 2 a mais representativa, sendo que a fase 1 apresenta alguma importância nas doses mais elevadas. O Cr sofreu um aumento na concentração total com o aumento da dose de lodo aplicada, apresentando um incremento nas concentrações de todas as fases exceto a fase 5. Todas as concentrações totais dos elementos estudados aumentaram em função do aumento das doses de lodo aplicadas. Vale ressaltar que o ano de 2003 foi o último onde houve aplicação do biossólido. Portanto, a amostragem feita em 2006 já se refere a um estudo de atenuação natural. Ademais, os resultados são relativos a aplicação do lodo de Barueri já que este apresenta concentrações metálicas mais elevadas e o comportamento dos elementos são semelhantes para distintoas fontes de lodo. (CONCLUSÃO) As concentrações nas fases aumentaram em função do aumento da concentração de lodo utilizada. As fases 1 e 2 apresentam importância neste sentido sendo este um motivo de grande preocupação, por serem frações biodisponíveis, podendo agravar seriamente, os riscos de contaminação pelos metais em questão. No entanto, as concentrações encontradas são bem menores que aquelas recomendadas pela CONAMA no375/2006 . Isto indica que a utilização do lodo oriundo das ETES na agricultura é uma solução bastante viável para sua disposição final, sendo uma prática já adotada em vários países (Ludivice et al, 2000). Agradecimentos: CNPq, FAPERJ, FUJB, EMBRAPA
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This employment has the function the utilization of mango seeds Tommy Atkins, like starch source to obtain biopolymers and fibers source and nanowhiskers cellulose also, that will be use like reinforcing fillers in micro and nanobiocomposites polymeric. The fibers in natura removed from tegument mango seed were characterized, as weel as the treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose extracted from them. The starch extracted from seed s almond showed a good performance (32%) and a high purity. The chemicals analyzes, of crystallinity and morphological of the fibers in natura, treated fibers and nanowhiskers of cellulose confirmed the efficacy of the chemical treatement performed to remove amorphous constituents (hemicellulose and lignina). The thermoplastic starch (TPS) obtained from two sources, corn starch and starchy material mango, was produced in a twin screw extruder with compositon mass of 62,5% of starch, 9,4% of water and 28,1% of glycerol. The starch material mango was the main objective of this work for the production of biodegradable materials, and the starch corn was utilized during the production stage to evaluate the processability of the starch and use as parameter for comparison, according of being a conventional source for obtaining conventional comercial starch. The incorporation of fibers (6% in mass) and nanowhiskers cellulose (1% in mass) in matrix of TPS to obtain composite and nanocomposite, respectively, it was performed in single screw extruder. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites polymeric were obtained and the TPS from starchy material mango presented better results of thermal and mechanicals properties when compared to TPS corn starch. Concludes that the sediment generated of the agroindustrial processing mango used presents potencial to producing of biodegradables materials
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This master thesis aims at developing a new methodology for thermochemical degradation of dry coconut fiber (dp = 0.25mm) using laboratory rotating cylinder reactor with the goal of producing bio-oil. The biomass was characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis TG, with evaluation of activation energy the in non-isothermal regime with heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min, differential themogravimetric analysis DTG, sweeping electron microscopy SEM, higher heating value - HHV, immediate analysis such as evaluated all the amounts of its main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. In the process, it was evaluated: reaction temperature (450, 500 and 550oC), carrier gas flow rate (50 and 100 cm³/min) and spin speed (20 and 25 Hz) to condensate the bio-oil. The feed rate of biomass (540 g/h), the rotation of the rotating cylinder (33.7 rpm) and reaction time (30 33 min) were constant. The phases obtained from the process of pyrolysis of dry coconut fiber were bio-oil, char and the gas phase non-condensed. A macroscopic mass balance was applied based on the weight of each phase to evaluate their yield. The highest yield of 20% was obtained from the following conditions: temperature of 500oC, inert gas flow of 100 cm³/min and spin speed of 20 Hz. In that condition, the yield in char was 24.3%, non-condensable gas phase was 37.6% and losses of approximately 22.6%. The following physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, pH, higher heating value, char content, FTIR and CHN analysis were evaluated. The sample obtained in the best operational condition was subjected to a qualitative chromatographic analysis aiming to know the constituents of the produced bio-oil, which were: phenol followed by sirigol, acetovanilona and vinyl guaiacol. The solid phase (char) was characterized through an immediate analysis (evaluation of moisture, volatiles, ashes and fixed carbon), higher heating value and FTIR. The non-condensing gas phase presented as main constituents CO2, CO and H2. The results were compared to the ones mentioned by the literature.
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Currently, the oil industry is the biggest cause of environmental pollution. The objective was to reduce the concentration of copper and chromium in the water produced by the oil industry. It was used as adsorbent natural sisal fiber Agave sp treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. All vegetable fibers have physical and morphological properties that enablies the adsorption of pollutants. The basic composition of sisal is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The features are typically found in the characterization of vegetable fibers, except the surface area that was practically zero. In the first stage of adsorption, it was evaluated the effect of temperature and time skeeking to optimize the execution of the factorial design. The results showed that the most feasible fiber was the one treated with acid in five hours (30°C). The second phase was a factorial design, using acid and five hours, this time was it determined in the first phase. The tests were conducted following the experimental design and the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to optimize the main parameters that influence the process: pH, concentration (mol / L) and fiber mass/ metal solution volume. The volume / mass ratio factor showed significant interference in the adsorption process of chromium and copper. The results obtained after optimization showed that the highest percentages of extraction (98%) were obtained on the following operating conditions: pH: 5-6, Concentration: 100 ppm and mass/ volume: 1 gram of fiber/50mL solution. The results showed that the adsorption process was efficient to remove chromium and copper using sisal fibers, however, requiring further studies to optimize the process.
Uso de resíduos da indústria de papel e celulose em plantios florestais: aspectos técnicos e legais.
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Introdução; Principais resíduos sólidos e semi-sólidos gerados em complexos integrados de celulose e papel; Aspectos técnicos e legais voltados à elaboração de projeto agronômico para uso de resíduos em plantios florestais; Caracterização e classificação dos resíduos quanto aos seus riscos potenciais ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública; Caracterização de resíduos sob o aspecto agronômico; Critérios para definição de doses, épocas e formas de aplicação; Avaliação de problemas de ordem ambiental; Avaliação da viabilidade econômica; Seleção e caracterização das áreas de aplicação; Monitoramento agronômico e ambiental da área de aplicação; Manuseio, transporte e armazenamento; Processos adicionais de tratamento.
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2015