Novel Homozygous Rax Gene Mutation in Patients With Bilateral Anophthalmia

Purpose: To report the clinical and genetic study of one family and one isolated case of Egyptian origin with clinical anophthalmia. To further determine the role of RAX in anophthalmia and associated cerebral malformations. Methods: Three patients with clinical anophthalmia and first-degree relatives from 2 consanguineous families of Egyptian origin underwent full ophthalmologic, general and neurological examination, and blood drawing. Cerebral MRI was performed in the index case of the family and in the isolated case. Genomic DNA was prepared from venous leukocytes and direct sequencing of all the exons and intron-exon junctions of the RAX gene was performed after PCR amplification Results: Clinical bilateral anophthalmia was observed in all three patients. General and neurological examination was free in the family; obesity and psychomotor developmental delay was noticed in the isolated case. Orbital MRI showed the presence of cystic remnants and reduced optic nerves. Thin optic chiasm was the only observed cerebral malformation on MRI in the index case while the isolated case harboured diffuse cerebral atrophy and absence of the pituitary gland in addition. The three patients carried a novel homozygous mutation (IVS2-3G>A) in the RAX gene, while their parents were heterozygous healthy carriers. Conclusions: To our knowledge, only two isolated cases of anophthalmia have been found to be caused by compound heterozygote RAX mutations, three null and one missense, affecting nuclear localization or DNA-binding homeodomain. We identified a novel homozygous RAX mutation in three patients with bilateral anophthalmia from Northern Egypt. The mutation potentially affects splicing of the last exon and, if not submitted to non-stop decay, could result in a protein that has an aberrant homeodomain and no paired-tail domain. Functional consequences of this change still need to be characterized. This is the first report of homozygous RAX mutation associated with autosomal recessive bilateral anophthalmia

Tubular Dysfunction in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome

Objectives: To evaluate the degree of tubular involvement in INS at various stage of the disease. Methods: 19 patients with INS were studied. 13 were steroid responders (group 1). 5 of them had biopsy which showed MCD. 6 patients were non responder to steroid or were steroid dependant with frequent relapses (group 2). Biopsies showed 3 FSGS and 3 MCD. They were treated with prednisone, ciclosporin and/ or mycofenolate mofetil. Protein, microalbumin (ALB), alpha-microglobulin (AMG), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and creatinine (cr) were measured in each urine sample. Patients were considered in remission if prot/ cr ratio (g/mol) was < 20 (group 1a and 2a), and in relapse if the ratio was > 200 (group 1c and 2c). Some patients in group 1 had non nephrotic proteinuria (group 1b). Tubular dysfunction was defi ned by NAG/cr ratio (mg/mmol) > 0.86 or by AMG/cr ratio (mg/mmol) > 1.58. Results: Prot/cr ALB/cr NAG/cr AMG/cr Group 1a 10.3 ± 4.1 1.1 ± 1.0 0.19 ± 0.12 1.40 ± 0.97 Group 1b 60.4 ± 63.4 42.8 ± 66.7 0.39 ± 0.21 1.20 ± 0.56 Group 1c 713.3 ± 276.8 799.8 ± 534.9 2.25 ± 1.86* 4.25 ± 2.09* Group 2a 11.3 ± 6.1 4.7 ± 5.7 0.26 ± 0.19 1.18 ± 0.60 Group 2c 914.9 ± 718.6 682.9 ± 589.3 3.00 ± 2.72* 5.47 ± 4.30* Results are mean ± SD, p < 0.001 compared to group 1a and 2a No difference was observed between group 1 and group 2 neither in remission nor in relapse. Conclusions: These data indicate that tubular dysfunction occurs in INS but only in patients in relapse. In this population, tubular dysfunction was independent of the severity of the nephrotic syndrome, the treatment protocol and the histopathology.

Projecto de Cooperacao Bilateral entre Cabo-Verde e os Países Baixos - Energias Renováveis - Relatório Final - 2ª Fase

o interesse da República de Cabo Verde na utiliza9ao da energia renovável é basicamente económico. O país é muito pobre e todo o custo de energia pesa profundamente na sua economia nacional,visto nao existirem recursos de energia "tradicional". A utiliza~ao da energia renovável para bombagem de água é por isso, de grande importancia porque reduz a importa~ao de petróleo. Tanto a energia eólica como a energia solar oferecem grandes possibilidades em Cabo Verde. O país está sendo atingido pelo pior e mais langa período de seca jamais experimentado na sua história. Pode-se imaginar os problemas enfrentados para abastecimento de água a populac~o, abeberamento de animais e irriga- .., , ,,, , ~ao das poucas areas agrlcolas. O abastecimento de água potável é extremamente importante neste país, é apenas para a sobrevivencia da maior parte da sua popula9ao rural (190.000 habitantes), com pouco poder aquisitivo dado a diminuisao da área agrícola irrigada e a quantidade de gado, nos últimos 15 anos. Na agricultura irrigada, de momento totalizando apenas 2.000 ha, utilizase relativamente grande quantidade de combustível, porque 50% consiste em irrigasao por bombagem. Por esta razao o governo de Cabo Verde estimula fortemente a utilizasao das energias renováveis. As actividades neste campo come~aram em 1977 com a cria~ao da Divisao de Energias Renováveis (DER) dentro do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Rural (MUR). O governo de Cabo Verde e a PNUD (Projecto PNUD CVI/76/X05 - Demonstrasao de Energia Nao Convenciorial) puseram fundos a disposi~ao. Este projecto contribuiu com 3 aerogeradores e um volontário, Sr. Van Meel, que trabalhou anteriormente no Grupo de Energia Eólica de Eindhoven e que faz parte do CWD. Desde o seu início, a Divisao deu prioridade a bombagem de água para o abastecimento de água potável, o que foi e continua a ser urna necessidade urgente nas Ilhas de Cabo Verde. Os Servi~os da Igreja Mundial ofereceram 25 aerobombas Dempster com ventoinha de 8' de diametro e mais tarde a UNICEF distribuiu 10 Dempsters de ]4'. Gradualmente mais organiza90es financiadoras envolveram-se nas actividades da DER, como por exemplo a ClMADE, FAC, Embaixada An~ricana, Embaixada do Canadá, ICCO, etc. O Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Coopera9ao dos Países Baixos (DGIS) encarregou- se, em 1979, da norneasao do voluntárío da PNUD. Também em 1979 a USAID envolveu-se. Foi reconhecido e implementado um projecto de energia renovável (ref. 1). Este projecto comecou em Agosto de 1980. O papel prin cipal do projecto consistia na aquisiq~o de material e equipamento para urna nova oficina da DER. Urna das premissas do projecto era que o DGIS prestaria assistencia él Divisao. A pedido do DGIS a CWD realizou um estudo sobre a viabilidade de aplica9ao de aerobombas durante o primeiro semestre de 1980 (ref. 2). O estudo revelou que 75% das necessidades de água por bombagem em Cabo Verde, pode ria ser desempenhado pelos moinhos. - O projecto proposto diz respeito nao apenas a assistencia técnica, mas também ao financiamento da nova oficina e a aquisi9ao de cerca de 30 moi nhos. Este projecto bilateral entre Cabo Verde e os Países Baixos - Energias Renováveis", depois da aprova<;ao de Cabo Verde e do DGIS, veia a comecar no dia 1 de Julho de 1981 e estendeu-se por 3 anos. O período de 1977 a Julho de 1981 classifica-se agora como a primeira fase das actividades. Durante este período o CWD contribuiu com a assist€ncia técnica. O período de Julho de 1981 a Julho de 1984 é classificado como segunda fase e será relatado neste documento. O projecto foi executado pela DER. O Director da DER é, desde Fevereiro de 1983, o Sr. Daniel Livramento, licenciado em Física (Brasil 1982). Outros funcionários do corpo directivo sao o Sr. David Cardoso (desde Novem bro de 1983) e muito recentemente, desde Maio de 1984, o Sr. F. Ferreira7 A colaboracao dos Países Baixos para o projecto tem sido efectuada por En genheiros Consultores do DHV, em nome e como associados do CWD. O Sr. K.Versteegh, consultor do CWD, comecou a trabalhar para o projecto em 1 de Julho de 1981 e o Sr. N.Pieterse,~consultordo CWD, em 15 de Setembro de 1981. O Sr. Van Meel deixou o projecto a 1 de Novembro de 1981. O projecto foi avaliado em Novembro de 1983, por urna missao tripartida (Cabo Verde, USAID, DGIS) - Ref. 3. As conclusoes desta missao de avaliacao foram, em geral, positivas e o prolongamento do projecto foi fortemen te recomendado, com €nfase sobre aprodu~ao local. Entretanto, a DER e o CWD prepararam urna proposta para a extensao do projecto por mais 3 anos (Ref. 4). Esta extensao foi aprovada por Cabo Verde e pelo DGIS. O Sr. Versteegh foi substituído em Julho de 1984 e o Sr. Pieterse será substituido em Setembro de 1984 pelos Srs. J.Diepens e H. van der Spek, respectivamente. O conteúdo deste relatório é o seguinte: No capitulo 2 é apresentada urna exposi~ao do trabalho que incluiu um resumo das actividades realizadas na fase 1. Nos restantes capítulos descrevem-se as actividades durante a segunda fase. O relatório divide-se em tr€s partes: la. Parte (capítulo 3 a 8) refere-se ao trabalho executado: instalacao, funcionamento e rnanutencao de aerobombas servi~o~ e materiais distribuidos J pessoal e organiza9ao finalidade e sistema económico revisao da pot€ncia da água bombeada apoio ao projecto relatórios 2a. Parte salienta alguns aspectos importantes do projecto: funcionamento e manuten9ao de aerobombas (Cp. 19) metodologia de selec~ao de locais (Cp. 10) alguns estudos dos sistemas de funcionamento (Cp. 1]) elabora~ao de dados do vento (Cp. ]2) rendirnento das aerobombas utilizadas pela DER (Cp. ]3) 3a. Parte apresenta as conclusoes e recomendações (Cp. 14)

Formes cliniques du syndrome de Ménière / par M. Lannois,... F. Chavanne,...

Collection : Collection C. Chauveau

Liddle's syndrome caused by a novel missense mutation (P617L) of the epithelial sodium channel beta subunit.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to search for mutations of SCNN1B and SCNN1G in an Italian family with apparently dominant autosomal transmission of a clinical phenotype consistent with Liddle's syndrome. METHODS: Genetic analysis was performed in the proband, his relatives, and 100 control subjects. To determine the functional role of the mutation identified in the proband, we expressed the mutant or wild-type epithelial sodium channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS: A novel point mutation, causing an expected substitution of a leucine residue for the second proline residue of the conserved PY motif (PPP x Y) of the beta subunit was identified in the proband. The functional expression of the mutant epithelial sodium channel in X. laevis oocytes showed a three-fold increase in the amiloride-sensitive current as compared with that of the wild-type channel. CONCLUSION: This newly identified mutation adds to other missense mutations of the PY motif of the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel, thus confirming its crucial role in the regulation of the epithelial sodium channel. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Liddle's syndrome in the Italian population, confirmed by genetic and functional analysis, with the identification of a gain-of-function mutation not previously reported.

Circulating matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein (MGP) species are refractory to vitamin K treatment in a new case of Keutel syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:  Matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein, is recognized as a potent local inhibitor of vascular calcification. Studying patients with Keutel syndrome (KS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from MGP mutations, provides an opportunity to investigate the functions of MGP. The purpose of this study was (i) to investigate the phenotype and the underlying MGP mutation of a newly identified KS patient, and (ii) to investigate MGP species and the effect of vitamin K supplements in KS patients. METHODS:  The phenotype of a newly identified KS patient was characterized with specific attention to signs of vascular calcification. Genetic analysis of the MGP gene was performed. Circulating MGP species were quantified and the effect of vitamin K supplements on MGP carboxylation was studied. Finally, we performed immunohistochemical staining of tissues of the first KS patient originally described focusing on MGP species. RESULTS:  We describe a novel homozygous MGP mutation (c.61+1G>A) in a newly identified KS patient. No signs of arterial calcification were found, in contrast to findings in MGP knockout mice. This patient is the first in whom circulating MGP species have been characterized, showing a high level of phosphorylated MGP and a low level of carboxylated MGP. Contrary to expectations, vitamin K supplements did not improve the circulating carboxylated mgp levels. phosphorylated mgp was also found to be present in the first ks patient originally described. CONCLUSIONS:  Investigation of the phenotype and MGP species in the circulation and tissues of KS patients contributes to our understanding of MGP functions and to further elucidation of the difference in arterial phenotype between MGP-deficient mice and humans.

A very rare cancer in Down syndrome: medulloblastoma. Epidemiological data from 13 countries.

Persons with Down syndrome (DS) uniquely have an increased frequency of leukemias but a decreased total frequency of solid tumors. The distribution and frequency of specific types of brain tumors have never been studied in DS. We evaluated the frequency of primary neural cell embryonal tumors and gliomas in a large international data set. The observed number of children with DS having a medulloblastoma, central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor (CNS-PNET) or glial tumor was compared to the expected number. Data were collected from cancer registries or brain tumor registries in 13 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Oceania. The number of DS children with each category of tumor was treated as a Poisson variable with mean equal to 0.000884 times the total number of registrations in that category. Among 8,043 neural cell embryonal tumors (6,882 medulloblastomas and 1,161 CNS-PNETs), only one patient with medulloblastoma had DS, while 7.11 children in total and 6.08 with medulloblastoma were expected to have DS. (p 0.016 and 0.0066 respectively). Among 13,797 children with glioma, 10 had DS, whereas 12.2 were expected. Children with DS appear to be specifically protected against primary neural cell embryonal tumors of the CNS, whereas gliomas occur at the same frequency as in the general population. A similar protection against neuroblastoma, the principal extracranial neural cell embryonal tumor, has been observed in children with DS. Additional genetic material on the supernumerary chromosome 21 may protect against embryonal neural cell tumor development.

The zebrafish is an animal model in ophthalmic diseases : Fleck corneal dystrophy and Schorderet-Munier syndrome

RAPPORT DE SYNTHÈSE : Pip5k3 : Pip5k3 is a kinase responsible for fleck corneal dystrophy when mutated. It is a well conserved gene that has only been characterized in human and mouse. Characterization of pip5k3 in zebrafish was necessary before using it as a model. The protein is 70 % similar to the human homologue. The full coding sequence encompasses 6303 by and presented four isoforms. They were differentially expressed during development. All the analyzed organs of the adult zebrafish expressed pip5k3. The adult eye expressed pip5k3 in the cornea, lens, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer limiting membrane (OLM). During development, pip5k3 was first uniformly expressed before to be restricted to the head region and to the somites. The expression of pip5k3 in the cornea of the larval eye could make possible the study of fleck corneal dystrophy on this animal. NkxS-3 : NKXS-3 is a transcription factor responsible for a new oculo-auricular syndrome in human when mutated. This recessive disorder is characterized by defects in ear lobule and multiple defects in eye, including microphthalmia and cataract. During development, the zebrafish expressed nkx5-3 in the lens, in the anterior retina and in otic vesicles. Knockdown experiments partially phenocopied the human disease. Microphthalmia and cataract were reproduced, but zebrafish showed also defects in the cartilage of the jaw associated with a microcephaly and fins abnormalities. The retinal cell differentiation was delayed, possibly linked with the delayed expression of at`h5 and crx also observed in morphants. Shh, a regulator of ath5, was normally expressed in morphant. Overexpression of nkx5-3 lead to an anophthalmia, suggesting a role at the early organogenesis of the eye. All the phenotypes observed in morphants and embryos overexpressing nkx5-3 suggest a potential involvement of the FGF and hedgehog signaling pathways.

RHAMM-R3 peptide vaccination in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and multiple myeloma elicits immunologic and clinical responses.

The receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) is an antigen eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and multiple myeloma (MM). We initiated a phase 1 clinical trial vaccinating 10 patients with R3 (ILSLELMKL), a highly immunogenic CD8(+) T-cell epitope peptide derived from RHAMM. In 7 of 10 patients, we detected an increase of CD8(+)/HLA-A2/RHAMM R3 tetramer(+)/CD45RA(+)/CCR7(-)/CD27(-)/CD28(-) effector T cells in accordance with an increase of R3-specific CD8(+) T cells in enzyme linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays. In chromium release assays, a specific lysis of RHAMM-positive leukemic blasts was shown. Three of 6 patients with myeloid disorders (1/3 AML, 2/3 MDS) achieved clinical responses: one patient with AML and one with MDS showed a significant reduction of blasts in the bone marrow after the last vaccination. One patient with MDS no longer needed erythrocyte transfusions after 4 vaccinations. Two of 4 patients with MM showed a reduction of free light chain serum levels. Taken together, RHAMM-R3 peptide vaccination induced both immunologic and clinical responses, and therefore RHAMM constitutes a promising target for further immunotherapeutic approaches. This study is registered at http://ISRCTN.org as ISRCTN32763606 and is registered with EudraCT as 2005-001706-37.

Haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome: report of two cases with special reference to hypoglycaemia.

Haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) is a devastating disorder affecting infants. So far no cases have been reported in Switzerland. It is characterised by the abrupt onset of hyperpyrexia, shock, encephalopathy, diarrhoea, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and renal and hepatic failure in previously healthy infants. Severe hypoglycaemia has been repeatedly reported in association with HSES. However, the pathophysiology of the hypoglycaemia is not clear. We report on two infants (2 and 7 months old) with typical HSES, both of whom were presented with nonketotic hypoglycaemia. In the first case, plasma insulin was 23 pmol/l at the time of hypoglycaemia (0.1 mmol/l). In the second case, increased values for interleukin-6 (IL-6) (319 pg/ml) and IL-8 (1382 pg/ml) were found 24 hours after admission, whereas IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were not measurable. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was decreased (0.6 g/l). In hyperpyrexic, unconscious and shocked infants, HSES should be considered and hypoglycaemia should be specifically looked for. Hypoglycaemia is not caused by hyperinsulinism but may be secondary to the release of cytokines.

Investigating mineralocorticoid hypertension.

About 3% of our hypertensive patients have high blood pressure induced by corticosteroids. Muscle weakness, tiredness, polyuria and polydipsia may indicate hypokalaemia. Hypokalaemic hypertension in the presence of a low plasma renin activity is the typical finding of corticosteroid hypertension. The most frequent cause of corticosteroid hypertension is primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) due to an adrenal adenoma or bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal glands. The plasma concentration of aldosterone and the ratio between plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations are high, and the kaliuresis exceeds 30 mmol/24 h in the presence of hypokalaemia. Adrenal carcinomas are rare and very malignant. The localization of an adrenal tumour is made by computer tomography (CT-scan) or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and by measurement of the aldosterone/cortisol concentrations in the adrenal venous blood. Adenomas are removed under laparoscopy, and adrenal hyperplasias are treated with spironolactone (50-400 mg daily) or amiloride (5-30 mg daily). In rare cases (<1%), excessive stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor is due to cortisol (apparent mineralocorticoid excess, Cushing's disease, liquorice, or hereditary deficiency of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) or to a chimeric gene coding for 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1/CYP11B2). In these rare cases, the synthesis of aldosterone is under the control of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone, so treatment with glucocorticoids (dexamethasone 0.25-1.0 mg daily) is therefore possible (glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism). Excessive deoxycorticosterone (DOC) causes the same symptoms and signs as hyperaldosteronism. Excessive DOC is found in patients with adrenal tumours that secrete DOC, in those with hereditary or acquired disorders with dysfunctioning glucocorticoid receptors, or in those with congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal glands (deficiency of 17alpha-hydroxylase or 11beta-hydroxylase). Liddle's syndrome is a constitutive hyperactivity of the transepithelial transport of sodium, which under normal conditions is controlled by the mineralocorticoid receptor. Plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations are suppressed and the plasma potassium concentration may be normal. In contrast, plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations are increased in patients with hypokalaemic hypertension which represents secondary aldosteronism. The increased aldosterone is the consequence of stimulated renin activity due to renal or renovascular or other disorders, antihypertensive drugs or other medications. In conclusion, a work-up for corticosteroid-induced hypertension is indicated in patients with hypokalaemic hypertension and in those with severe hypertension even in the absence of hypokalaemia, and in hypertensive patients with a family history of cardiovascular diseases.

Le syndrome d'épuisement professionnel (burnout) des médecins

Les médecins sont soumis à différents facteurs de stress qui les prédisposent à l'épuisement professionnel, mais aussi à d'autres problèmes de santé psychique : dépression, abus de substances, suicide sont des thèmes que l'on retrouve souvent lorsque l'on parle de la santé des médecins. Le burnout est un syndrome qui peut toucher toute les professions, mais ce sont celles en lien à la relation d'aide qui sont les plus susceptibles d'en développer les stigmates. Car le burnout est une véritable maladie de la relation d'aide. Maslach et Jackson ont le mieux défini cet incendie intérieur : conséquence d'une exposition chronique et répétitive à un stress émotionnel, il se manifeste par : 1. L'épuisement relationnel 2. La déshumanisation de la relation à l'autre. 3. Le sentiment d'échec professionnel ou la diminution de l'accomplissement personnel. [Auteur]

Syndrome métabolique et antipsychotiques atypiques : recommandations et prise en charge clinique

L'introduction des antipsychotiques atypiques (AA) avec leurs effets secondaires métaboliques a attiré une plus grande attention sur le risque iatrogène éventuel de maladies cardiovasculaires dans la population des patients atteints de schizophrénie ou de trouble bipolaire. À cet égard, l'analyse du rapport risque/bénéfice dans l'utilisation des ces médicaments se révèle souvent délicate, nécessitant la coordination de plusieurs savoirs et ressources des réseaux somatiques et psychiatriques. Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent une revue sur le syndrome métabolique (SM) et la maladie cardiovasculaire (MCV) dans la population psychiatrique. Sur la base des dernières recommandations internationales, ils proposent des directives de prise en charge des effets secondaires, notamment métaboliques, à l'introduction d'un AA.