Spatial and temporal assessment of sediment contamination in Sado estuary: a methodological approach

For better management of estuarine ecosystems their contamination assessment should be easily communicated to local managers and decision makers. The problem is the lack of available data and the search of methodologies to enable that assessment using only few data. The Sado estuary in Portugal is as good example of a site where human pressures and ecological values collide with each other and where the degree of metal and organic contamination has not been subject to an overall assessment, either in terms of spatial or temporal variability, in a way that managers can understand.

Region segregation and saliency using colour information

Saliency maps determine the likelihood that we focus on interesting areas of scenes or images. These maps can be built using several low-level image features, one of which having a particular relevance: colour. In this paper we present a new computational model, based only on colour features, which provides a sound basis for saliency maps for static images and video, plus region segregation and cues for local gist vision.

Modelação hidrodinâmica de escoamentos costeiros

As zonas costeiras, os estuários e os sistemas lagunares são regiões de elevada importância do ponto de vista económico devido à intensa actividade nelas desenvolvida. Encontram-se por esse motivo sujeitas a fortes pressões do tipo ambiental. A correcta gestão dos seus recursos deve ser apoiada em ferramentas que possibilitem uma análise precisa dos fenómenos que nelas ocorrem e permitam a previsão da evolução desses sistemas. A recente evolução na capacidade de cálculo dos computadores de pequeno porte tornou viável a utilização de modelos hidrodinâmicos como ferramentas de apoio à decisão.

Simulating water mixing in a barotropic estuary: the effect of vertical discretization

Mixing between estuarine and coastal waters is strongly dependent on the processes that occur in the vertical direction. This applies both for stratified and homogeneous estuaries. In homogeneous estuaries important recirculation flows in the vertical plane can arise, in regions with strong batimetry gradients, produced by the combined action of inertia and friction. On the Platform close to the inlet this structures can trap estuarine water during the ebb period, releasing it to the interior again during the flood.

Hydrodynamic model intercomparison for the patos lagoon (Brazil)

An intercomparison study is carried out between two models with different formulations and spatial discretizations in order to overcome the limitations posed by the standard calibration and validation procedures and improve confidence in the hydrodynamic results for the Patos Lagoon. Numerical simulations were carried out applying the TELEMAC and MOHID models, based on the same boundary conditions and identical calibration coefficients so differences in calculated flow conditions result from the formulations and parameterizations of each model. Results from both models are compared with measurements from three stations inside the lagoon. Preliminary results indicate that both models compare well with the measurements and with each other. These results increase the confidence on hydrodynamic results for the Patos Lagoon and provide the first step towards water quality studies for the area.

Hydrological modelling of Maranhão and Pracana Basins, a first approach

Modelling the hydrology of hydrographic basins has shown itself as a useful tool in environment management. The hydrological models can be used for multiple purposes: estimate runoff from sequences of rainfall, access stream water quality, quantify the diffuse pollution that reaches water masses such as estuaries, rivers and lakes, etc. This study has as final objective to simulate and analyse the flow, sediment transport and water quality as a function of landuse and soil type in the basins of Maranhão and Pracana. The modelling system used is SWAT, Soil Water Assessment Tool. In this first phase of the study the hydrodynamic calibration of the model was performed using measurements of average daily flows in five stations. The model compares well with the measurements; the annual average flows are similar and the majority of the measured flow peaks coincide with the model peaks.

Caracterização dinâmica das bancadas principais do Estádio Algarve

No presente artigo apresenta-se o estudo de revisão do Projecto de Estabilidade e Fundações das Bancadas Nascente e Poente do Estádio Algarve. Dá-se relevo ao comportamento dinâmico da estrutura da Bancada Poente, com a descrição das respostas da mesma perante a acção sísmica e a acção das multidões.

EU water framework directive: will the nitrate load reduction from diffuse sources produce the same results in all estuaries?

The impact of urban waste-water and non-point nitrate discharges in estuarine and near-shore coastal waters are analyzed. The study is focused on the effects of applying the European directives 91/271/EEC and 91/676/EEC to these systems. 4 Portuguese estuaries and two coastal lagoons with different characteristics are studied. A modelling system is applied and calibrated in each system. Three nitrate load scenarios are examined. It is shown that the morphologic and hydrodynamic characteristics of the domain largely control the ecological processes in these systems. The primary production limitation factors are split into “biologic” and “hydrodynamic” components. The physical limitation due to hydrodynamic and residence time is the most important factor. The combined limitation of “biologic” factors (temperature, light and nutrients availability) control productivity only in the systems where physical limitation is not important.

Benthic biotope index for classifying estuarine habitats

An integration of sediment physical, chemical, biological, and toxicity data is necessary for a meaningful interpretation of the complex sediment conditions in the marine environment. Assessment of benthic community is a vital component for that interpretation, yet their evaluation is complex and requires a large expenditure of time and funds. Thus, there is a need for new tools that are less expensive and more understandable for managers. This paper presents a benthic biotope index to predict from physical and chemical variables the occurrence of macrobenthic habitats, applied to Sado Estuary, as a case of study.

Modelação do impacte produzido pelo aumento de nutrientes na produção primária do estuário do Sado

Os modelos matemáticos são ferramentas poderosas para avaliar o impacto humano em sistemas costeiros e estuarinos de estrutura complexa. Neste artigo utiliza-se um sistema de modelos para caracterizar o estado trófico do estuário do Sado e para prever a sua evolução baseada em diferentes cenários de intervenção humana. Analisa-se em pormenor o efeito do aumento de nutrientes introduzidos no estuário através do rio. Este estudo permite tirar conclusões sobre o impacte que esse aumento terá sobre o estuário. O sistema de modelação é composto por um modelo hidrodinâmico tridimensional às equações primitivas e modelos de transporte acoplados a modelos de transporte de sedimentos, modelos de qualidade da água e modelos ecológicos. O modelo hidrodinâmico encontra-se calibrado e validado para o sistema. Utilizam-se dados de campo de nutrientes e de fitoplâncton para comparação com os resultados do modelo. Analisam-se as características do sistema e efectua-se uma análise de sensibilidade do comportamento biológico do estuário face ao aumento da carga de nutrientes. As conclusões principais são: Confirmação da adequabilidade da metodologia utilizada para a simulação da situação actual do estuário; Pequena sensibilidade do estuário a aumentos moderados da carga de nutrientes; Sensibilidade moderada do estuário para elevadas cargas de nutrientes.

Development of an integrated system for coastal waters

This paper describes some of the needs and problems associated to assessment of coastal and estuarine problems (sediment transport and eutrophication). The development of an integrated system including EO data, local measurements with special emphasis on modeling tools, is presented as a solution for studying and helping decision making on the subject. Two pilot sites for the implementation and the present development status of the integrated system are depicted. This framework was already presented in a recent AO specific for Portugal, which is still under evaluation.

Hydroinformatics based decision.making integrating modelling, sampling and profiling: the Ria Formosa case

A Waste Water monitoring program aiming to help decision making is presented. The program includes traditional and inboard sensor sampling, hydrodynamic and water quality modeling and a GIS based database to help the decision making of manager authorities. The focus is in the quality of waters receiving discharges from Waste Water Treatment Plants. Data was used to feed model simulations and produce hydrodynamic, effluent dispersion and ecological results. The system was then used to run different scenarios of discharge flow, concentration and location. The results enable to access the current water quality state of the lagoon and are being used as a decision making tool by the waste water managers in the evaluation phase of the treatment plant project to decide the location and the level of treatment of the discharge.

Modelling antropogenic impact on primary production of sado estuary

The assessment of human impact on complex estuarine systems is a multidisciplinary task that is highly demanding in terms of measurements and fieldwork. Nowadays the use of inexpensive and reliably modeling tools can substantially reduce the amount of measurements needed to characterize a system. These tools are also a convenient way to forecast the future evolution of the system and to study the impact of different scenarios of human influence. In this communication a modeling system composed by hydrodynamic, transport and ecological models is used to assess the current trophic state of Sado Estuary (Portugal) and to predict the future trends of the system based on different scenarios of human intervention. Special care is taken to the impact of changing riverine nutrient loads. Sado estuary is a large European estuary that has been considered until now in good trophic conditions with eutrophication appearing only in some isolated spots. Nevertheless in recent years some studies point out that the situation is changing. Sado estuary is a system with strong environmental opposing interests. It hosts a major industrial and urban center around the city of Setúbal and the upper reaches are used to intensive cultures such as rice. On the other hand the estuary possess an important ecological value since it is used by several important species of fish as a spawning and nursery area and it’s wetlands are used by many species of birds as winter shelters. Due to it’s importance the majority of Sado Estuary is considered as Natural Reserve.

Aplication of a morphodinamic process based model in long-term climate change studies

Climate changes are foreseen to produce a large impact in the morphology of estuaries and coastal systems. The morphology changes will subsequently drive changes in the biologic compartments of the systems and ultimately in their ecosystems. Sea level rise is one of the main factors controlling these changes. Morphologic changes can be better understood with the use of long term morphodynamic mathematical models.

Qualidade da água na Ria Formosa: combinando técnicas de amostragem e de modelação para uma gestão integrada das águas residuais

Aplica-se uma técnica combinada de amostragem clássica, perfilagem in situ com sonda multiparamétrica e modelação matemática para avaliar a qualidade da água da Ria Formosa como meio receptor dos efluentes das ETAR’s. O sistema de modelação desenvolvido baseia-se num modelo hidrodinâmico que resolve as equações de águas pouco profundas pelo método dos volumes finitos acoplado a um modelo de transporte Lagrangiano para a simulação das plumas microbiológicas. Este sistema é usado como ferramenta de gestão para ensaiar diferentes cenários de descarga com variação da localização do ponto de descarga, analisando o impacto das alternativas no meio receptor.