Resposta do feijoeiro a fertilizantes fosfatados na presença e ausência de calagem

Com o objetivo de verificar a resposta do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a fontes de fósforo, na presença e na ausência de calagem, instalou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se uma amostra de solo Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico, textura argilosa, não cultivado, do município de Viçosa, MG, no período de fevereiro a abril de 1984. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo um fatorial 2 x 4, em nove repetições. Os tratamentos foram formados da seguinte combinação: 0 e 1 x necessidade de calagem, sem fósforo e com fósforo de três fontes: superfosfato triplo, termofosfato Yoorim e fosfato de Araxá. A colheita foi efetuada aos 45 dias após o plantio. Obtiveram-se o peso da parte aérea seca e o teor de fósforo acumulado. Pelos resultados obtidos, e nas condições em que este experimento foi conduzido, conclui-se que, na ausência de calagem, a melhor fonte fosfatada é o termofosfato, e na presença de calagem o efeito desta fonte é similar ao do superfosfato triplo.

Seleção de extratores químicos para avaliação da disponibilidade de zinco em solos do estado de São Paulo

The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods for predicting availability of Zn in soils. Surface soil samples representing Podzolized soils from Lins and Marilia var. Marilia and var. Lins, medium texture Dark-Red Latosol, Dusky-Red Latosol and Terra Roxa Estruturada, were gathered from fields in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Com was used as indicator plant in a greenhouse experiment. Availability of Zn was determined with: 0.5 M CaCl2, 2.0 N MgCl2, N CH3COONH4 (pH 6.0 and 4.8), 0.05 and 0.1 N HCl, 0.05 N H2SO4, 0.005 M DTPA (pH 7.3 and 6.0), 1.0% Na2-EDTA, 0.01 M EDTA + 1.0 M (NH4)2CO3 (pH 8.6) and 0.02 M EDTA + 0.5 M CH3COOH + 0.5 M CH3COONH4. By using the simple correlation coefficients (Zn extracted from soils x absorbed by plants it can be concluded that the complexant agents and acid solutions showed to be efficient. The salt solutions showed low extraction capacity, low correlation coefficients and less accuracy. By considering aspects as accuracy and easy management DTPA pH 7,3 and Na2-EDTA can be indicated as the most apropriates (r values, respectively, 0.873** and 0.868** and V.C. 7.52% and 7.98%).

Diferentes resposta de cutivares de soja e potássio

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is known to have a high ability as a potassium extractor, and different cultivars show different potassium requirements. An experiment was run to study the potassium nutrition of soybean as related to plant characteristics. Six soybean cultivars (FT-2, Bossier, IAC-11, IAC-17, IAC-18 and IAC-19) were grown in 6 kg pots filled with the topsoil of a Dark Red Latosol (sandy loam), either with and without K fertilization. The plants were harvested 70 days after emergence. Soybean response to potassium was not related to growth habit or group of maturation. There was a different response to K. The cultivars IAC-18 and FT-2 were less tolerant to K deficiency. Potassium deficiency in the leaves was not related to top dry matter production. With K fertilization soybean plants showed small root volume and higher ratio canopy/root. With high K in soil, all of the cultivars showed higher nodulation.

Efeito da calagem sobre a produção de matéria seca de três gramíneas forrageiras

A greenhouse investigation was carried out to study the effects of liming on the dry matter (DM) production of the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (Hoscht.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, Andropogon gayanus Kunth cv. Planaltina and Panicum maximum Jacq cv. Aruana, cultivated on a Dark-Red Latosol, medium texture. The liming levels were obtained through the addition of carbonates in a Ca:Mg ratio of 4:1, necessary to increase the degree of base saturation (V%) to the following values; 4% (control), 20%, 36%, 52%, 68% and 84%. During the experimental period (180 days), four cuts were done to determine the DM production. The results indicated that the DM production was increased (P<0,05) with the liming-levels increased to the three grasses. Panicum maximum cv. Aruana yielded the lower DM quantity, but it presented a better response to liming. The inverse was observed in relation to A. gayanus. The data allowed to conclude that the DM production increased by liming and when the V% level was lower than 50%, it will be increased to 70% for establishment.

Ocorrência de Scaptocoris castanea, perty 1830 em pastagens cultivadas no Brasil

The brown bug (Scaptocoris castanea, Perty 1830) is an insect of underground habits, which continuously suctions the juice through the roots leads the plants to emaciate, dry and die. It has not yet been described as pest in cultivated pastures in Brazil. Its occurrence has been observed in cultivated pastures of Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast cross and Brachiaria decumbens cv Brasilik and IPEAN in red-yellow podzolic soil originally covered by savannah vegetation, in Botucatu County, state of São Paulo.

Atividade microbiana em solos, influenciada por resíduos de algodão e torta de mamona

Microbial activity constitutes a good indicator of soil quality, and is influenced by the addition of carbon in the system serving as a substrate for microorganisms that increase their activity and release of CO2, comprising the edaphic respiration of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial activity in different soil types with the addition of cake press of castor bean and cotton textile residue. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the headquarters of Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Cotton in randomized block design in 4 x 3 factorial arrangement with four replications. At predetermined intervals of 4 days, the containers were opened and the solution of NaOH titrated with HCl 2N in the presence of acid/base indicator phenolphthalein. After reading, the same amount of NaOH was added and the containers were closed again. The difference between the amounts of acid needed to neutralize the sodium hydroxide in a control container and the treatments was equivalent to the amount of carbon dioxide produced by soil microorganisms. It was found that the residues influenced the microbial activity in different soil types, especially in the initial determinations, presenting themselves as good sources for mineralization and nutrient supply, the castor bean proportionating higher cumulative release of CO2 by microorganisms.

Evaluation of the components of production of the ricinus according of rates of calcareous rock and match

The soil of the Paraiba, in generality, are acid and with low levels of available match, seriously limiting the income of the plants. A research in vegetation house was lead, with the objective to evaluate doses of calcareous soil and match in the culture of ricinus. The treatments had been composites for five levels of match: 0.0; 80; 160; 240 and 360 kg ha(-1) of P(2)O(5) and four dosis of calcareous rock: 0.0; 2.5; 3.5 and 4.5 t ha(-1) in experimental delineation of blocks casualized with 4 factorial project x 3 (four levels of match and three doses of calcareous soil) more two treatments you add zero of match (0.0 P(2)O(5): 2,5 t ha(-1) of calcareous soil) and calcareous soil zero (240 P(2)O(5): 0.0 t ha(-1) of calcareous soil), with three repetitions. The calcareous soil reduced the acidity of the ground and effect of the application of the match (>= 80 kg ha(-1) of P(2)O(5)) in the presence of the collagen (>= 2.5 t ha(-1) of CaCO(3)) with of the calcareous soil (>= 2.5 t ha(-1) of CaCO(3)) in the presence of the match was not verified well (>= 80 kg ha(-1) of P(2)O(5)). The match applied in the absence of the calcareous soil was limited to the income of the culture of what the calcareous soil in the absence of the match.

Distribuição de poros e densidade de latossolos submetidos a diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo

Man cultivates the soil for centuries, but the intensive business and use of the soils under Cerrado vegetation for agricultural production grew out of the seventies. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical characteristics as a function of sampling time and the soil uses in a Cerrado area in Uberlandia City - MG, Brazil. The managements were adopted: degraded pasture (M-1), conventional tillage (M-2), minimum tillage (M-3), tillage absence (M-4), no-tillage (NT) for three years (M-5); NT for nine years (M-6), NT for three years after Pinus (M-7), PD for one year after Pinus (M-8) and Pinus forest (M-9) with 25 years old. The evaluations were conducted in 2002/03 growing season, in two areas. The soils were: area 1, an Oxisol (Red Latosol - LV-1, M-1 through M-5) and area 2, two Oxisols (Red Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol - LVA and LV-2, M-6 through M-9). The physical attributes studied changed depending of the soil class, sampling time and management systems, with emphasis on the area 2 soils, which, in general, better preserved its main physical attributes. Managements with intense tillage, such as the M-2, are the most soil physically degrade, presenting mostly negative changes to soil bulk density, total porosity, microporosity and macroporosity. Since the systems which promote less tillage, in short term, to preserve desirable physical attributes. The M-9 system had the lowest attributes range, compared to the others.

Incorporação de mucuna-preta e de restos culturais de milho antes da cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vugaris L.) de inverno

The experiments were conducted during two years (1990/91 and 1992/93), to study the effects of the incorporation of bengal velvetbean and of residues on the development and yield of the winter bean crops. The trial was developed in experimental field at the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, UNESP, located in Selvíria, MS, Brazil, in dark red latosol covered by savanna vegetation. It was concluded that: the incorporation of residues of corn or corn + bengal velvetbean or only bengal velvetbean had no effects on soil chemical characteristics, evaluated 80 days after the residues incorporation; in yield and bean crop development, no statistical differences were observed among treatments.

Balanço de radiação em cultivos de feijão-vagem com e sem cobertura de polietileno

The radiation budget in agricultural crops is very important on the microclimate characterization, on the water losses determination and on dry matter accumulation of vegetation. This work describes the radiation budget determination in a green beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in Botucatu, SP, Brazil (22° 54′S; 48° 27′W; 850 m), under two different conditions: the normal field culture and in a polyethylene greenhouse. The densities of fluxes of radiation were used to construct diurnal curves of the components of global radiation (Rg), reflected radiation (Rr), net radiation (Rn).The arithmetic's relations allowed to obtain the components net short-waves (Rc) and net long-waves (Rl). The analysis of these components related to the leaf area index (LAI) in many phenological phases of the culture showed Rg distributed in 68%, 85%, 17% and 66%, 76%, 10% to Rn, Rc and Rl in the internal and external ambients in a polyethylene greenhouse, respectively.

Virulência de isolados Dexanthomonas campestris pv. Phaseoli (Smith) dye em feijoeiro

The objective of this research was to evaluate de reaction of leaves and pods of five cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to twenty strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. The strains were inoculated onto leaves in a greenhouse, and onto pods in a growth chamber. The results obtained were analyzed and the strains classified into three groups: low, medium, and high virulence. Most of the strains showed high virulence on leaves of Carioca and Rio Negro cultivars, as opposed to only low to medium virulence on leaves of IAPAR 14, IAPAR 16, and G. N. Nebraska # 1 sel. 27 cultivars. There were, however, individual strains powerful enough to overcome the leaf resistance of IAPAR 14, IAPAR 16, and G. N. Nebraska # 1 sel. 27. With regard to pods, most strains showed high virulence on all bean cultivars, with exception of IAPAR 14 where virulence was at medium level. A correlation between leaf and pod symptoms was found to exist in Carioca, Rio Negro, and IAPAR 14 cultivars. No such correlation was observed in IAPAR 16 and G. N. Nebraska # 1 sel. 27. Comparing strains producing melanine in vitro with those not producing this pigment, no difference was observed with regard to virulence.

Ausência de patogenicidade de Xylella fastidiosa da escaldadura da folha da ameixeira na cultivar de pessegueiro flordasun

Xylella fastidiosa associated to plum leaf scald is reported to belong to the same group of the strain that causes the phony disease of peach. Plants of plum cultivars Santa Rosa and Harry Pickstone and peach cultivar Flordasun, grafted on peach rootstock, were inoculated by using buds collected from plum plants severely infected with X. fastidiosa. Peach plants did not develop symptoms of phony disease, after four years in the greenhouse. In contrast, plum plants from both cultivars inoculated either in the rootstock or in the canopy developed leaf scald symptoms. DAS-ELISA tests with antibody against X. fastidiosa and isolation on BCYE medium indicated the presence of the bacterium in plum tissues. These tests were negative for Flordasun peach for both stem and root samples.

Reação de genótipos de feijoeiro comum a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina e Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

The behavior of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes PI 150414, PI 163117, PI 175829 white, PI 175829 purple, PI 175858, PI 197687, A 417, A 420, A 429, Xan 160, Xan 161, WISHBR 40, and IAC Carioca inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli was evaluated under greenhouse condition. The bean genotypes Xan 160, PI 150414, A 417, PI 175829 purple, Xan 161, A 420, PI 163117, and PI 175829 white were resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, and only PI 155829 white had a good level of resistance to M. phaseolina. All bean genotypes were susceptible to Feij-4 strain, and only Xan 161 had some level of leaf resistance to Feij-41 strain of X. campestris pv. phaseoli.

Batimetria fluvial estimada com dados orbitais: Estudo de caso no alto curso do rio Paraguai com o sensor ASTER

The Paraguay River is the main tributary of the Paraná River and has an extension of 1.693 km in Brazilian territory. The navigability conditions are very important for the regional economy because most of the central-west Brazilian agricultural and mineral production is transported by the Paraguay waterway. Increased sedimentation along the channel requires continuous dredging to waterway maintenance. Systematic bathymetric surveys are periodically carried out in order to check depth condition along the channel using echo-sounding devices. In this paper, digital image processing and geostatistical analysis methods were used to analyze the applicability of the ASTER sensor to estimate channel depths in a segment of the upper Paraguay River. The results were compared with field data in order to choose the band with better adjustment and to evaluate the standard deviation. Comparing the VNIR bands, the best fit was presented by the red wavelength (band 2; 0,63 - 0,69 μm), showing a good representation of the channel depths shallow than 1,7 m. Applying geostatistical methods, the model accuracy was enhanced from 43 cm to 36 cm and undesired components were slacked. It was concluded that the digital number of band 2, converted to bathymetry information allows a good estimation of river depths and channel morphology.

Análise de crescimento em clones de eucalipto submetidos a estresse hídrico

The aim of this study was to evaluate Eucaliptus grandis genotypes (Clones 105 and 433) in relation to drought tolerance, through growth plant analysis. Black PVC pots with 10 liter volume were used for cultivate plants in polyethilene greenhouse oriented east/west. Completely randonmized design with four treatments was used: two clones and two minimum soil water potentials (- 0.03 and -1,5 MPa) and sixteen replicates. Pots were weighed daily in order to evaluate water content and characteristic soli water curve was determined. Plant development was obtained each 15 days from planting until 60 days through total dry matter (DM), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), net assimilative ratio (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth ratio (RGR) and absolute growth ratio (AGR). Results showed that clone 105 presented less sensibility to water deficit, which qualify it as genetic material for use under dry soil conditons. On the other hand, both clones had similar behavior with no water restrictions.