A Tomada de Decisão (Bio)ética: Estudo Preliminar Utilizando o Mobile Eye Tracking

RESUMO A tomada de decisão é uma das dimensões essenciais da formação do profissional da saúde, como mencionado nas atuais Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Medicina. O processo decisório, no âmbito da saúde, envolve diferentes aspectos, incluindo os elementos (bio)éticos. Nesse sentido, pesquisas que investiguem a tomada de decisão em (bio)ética poderão elucidar passos ainda não completamente esclarecidos, permitindo uma construção mais efetiva das competências em (bio)ética, na graduação e na pós-graduação. Diante desta perspectiva, o objetivo deste estudo é explorar possibilidades de uso do Mobile Eye Tracking para o estudo do papel da atenção visual – durante a exibição de filmes de cinema – no processo decisório em (bio)ética.

Contracepção Hormonal segundo a Ótica do Estudante de Medicina: Mais um Desafio para o Ensino Médico Brasileiro?

RESUMO Introdução Desde a década de 1960, vêm-se utilizando anticoncepcionais orais como forma efetiva de contracepção. De modo a uniformizar e guiar a prescrição de tais medicamentos em situações especiais, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) lançou o guia Critérios de elegibilidade para o uso de contraceptivos. Objetivo Este estudo objetiva avaliar os conhecimentos de internos de Medicina de uma universidade a respeito da prescrição de anticoncepcionais hormonais de acordo com o Guia da OMS. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo, com alunos do quinto e sexto anos de Medicina de uma universidade em Goiânia (GO) por meio da aplicação de um questionário com perguntas técnicas sobre indicações e contraindicações de determinados métodos contraceptivos em situações especiais. Foi realizada análise univariada, e os dados foram dispostos em tabelas de frequência. Resultados Responderam ao questionário 92% dos acadêmicos, dos quais 72% afirmaram se sentir aptos a prescrever anticoncepcionais hormonais (ACH). Os acertos variaram de 3%, na prescrição correta em hipertensas leves, a 27%, em mulheres com cefaleia leve sem sinais focais. Conclusão A maioria dos alunos se sentia apta a prescrever contraceptivos hormonais, mas grande parte deles apresenta conhecimento inconsistente quando colocada em situações especiais presentes na prática clínica. Considerando-se que o interno dentro em breve ingressará no mercado de trabalho, propõe-se uma revisão do plano de ensino de forma a dar mais ênfase ao tema em questão.

O Cuidado Empático: Contribuições para a Ética e Sua Interface com a Educação Moral na Formação em Saúde

RESUMO O presente artigo apresenta alguns pontos essenciais do pensamento do filósofo Michael Slote em sua obra “The ethics of care and empathy”. Situamos a sua produção no contexto em que a ética do cuidado foi desenvolvida e problematizada, evidenciando, sobretudo, a questão de gênero que atravessa essa perspectiva ética. Assim, convocamos autores e autoras que dialogam estreitamente com as questões levantadas por Slote como interlocutores fundamentais para se pensar a empatia como componente fundamental da ética do cuidado. Em sequência, resgatamos o sentido ontológico do cuidado e da responsabilidade, correlacionando-os com a prática do cuidado em saúde. Ao final, apresentamos um caso paradigmático para um debate concreto da ética do cuidado e empatia no âmbito da educação moral, destacando sua importância no processo de formação dos profissionais de saúde no Brasil.

A relação entre ética e direito na filosofia política de Kant

Este artigo discute as relações existentes entre direito e ética na filosofia política kantiana e, ao contrário da interpretação dominante, procura mostrar que a boa vontade precisa estar presente para que a política possa alcançar plenamente seus objetivos. Nesse sentido, defende-se aqui duas teses: primeira, que não há uma ruptura das teses políticas da década de oitenta com as teses políticas da década de noventa no sentido de um abandono da necessidade de uma boa vontade no campo da política, a qual é condição necessária para a realização de uma constituição republicana; segunda, contra uma interpretação exclusivamente liberal, defende-se que isso implica que o republicanismo kantiano permite que o Estado assuma medidas institucionais para um esclarecimento moral de seus cidadãos.

Customer relationship management through life cycle analysis, case professional service firm in B2B market

The objective of this master’s thesis was to study how customer relationships should be assessed and categorized in order to support customer relationship management (CRM) in the context of business-to-business (B2B) and professional services. This sophisticated and complex market is utilizing possibilities of CRM only rarely and even then the focus is often on technology. The theoretical part considered first CRM from the value chain point of view and then discussed the cyclical nature of relationships. The case study focused on B2B professional service firm. The data was collected from company databases and included the sample of 90 customers. The research was conducted in three phases first studying the age, then the service type of relationships and finally executing the cluster analysis. The data was analysed by statistical analysis program SAS Enterprise Guide. The results indicate that there are great differences between developments of customer relationships. While some relationships are dynamically growing and changing, most of customers are remaining constant. This implies expectations and requirements of customers are similarly divergent and relationships should be managed accordingly.

Delay reduction in courts of justice – possibilities and challenges of process improvement in professional public organizations

Delays in the justice system have been undermining the functioning and performance of the court system all over the world for decades. Despite the widespread concern about delays, the solutions have not kept up with the growth of the problem. The delay problem existing in the justice courts processes is a good example of the growing need and pressure in professional public organizations to start improving their business process performance.This study analyses the possibilities and challenges of process improvement in professional public organizations. The study is based on experiences gained in two longitudinal action research improvement projects conducted in two separate Finnish law instances; in the Helsinki Court of Appeal and in the Insurance Court. The thesis has two objectives. First objective is to study what kinds of factors in court system operations cause delays and unmanageable backlogs and how to reduce and prevent delays. Based on the lessons learned from the case projects the objective is to give new insights on the critical factors of process improvement conducted in professional public organizations. Four main areas and factors behind the delay problem is identified: 1) goal setting and performance measurement practices, 2) the process control system, 3) production and capacity planning procedures, and 4) process roles and responsibilities. The appropriate improvement solutions include tools to enhance project planning and scheduling and monitoring the agreed time-frames for different phases of the handling process and pending inventory. The study introduces the identified critical factors in different phases of process improvement work carried out in professional public organizations, the ways the critical factors can be incorporated to the different stages of the projects, and discusses the role of external facilitator in assisting process improvement work and in enhancing ownership towards the solutions and improvement. The study highlights the need to concentrate on the critical factors aiming to get the employees to challenge their existing ways of conducting work, analyze their own processes, and create procedures for diffusing the process improvement culture instead of merely concentrating of finding tools, techniques, and solutions appropriate for applications from the manufacturing sector

Integrating professional education, research and extensionin irrigated agriculture technology centers

With the objective to stimulate the use of irrigation and the electric energy fee reduction during night time program granted by the 2004 Federal law, the Government of the state of Paraná, Brazil launched the Night Irrigation Program - NPI. Beyond this discount, the farmer that adheres to NPI will get additional benefits, as completion of the electric grid without cost, subsidized financing of equipment, technical assistance, support with environmental farm compliance, and the possibility of replacing the entire pump energy matrix. As part of the NPI strategy of action, installation of learning centers for irrigation technology was planned in agricultural schools, thus contributing both to improve technical professional training in agriculture, and for the dissemination of knowledge in irrigated agriculture, in order to increase agricultural productivity.

A ética médica sob o viés da bioética: o exercício moral da cirurgia

O exercício profissional da medicina atual tem uma forte abordagem biológica, devido à crescente especialização da ciência médica. Com frequência, a ciência, por si só, não ajuda a enfrentar e resolver uma situação particular de um profissional médico, e este é o lugar onde as ciências humanas, sociais e, especialmente as outras disciplinas, como a Bioética, podem dar uma abordagem mais humana e socialista, ao estudar sistematicamente a conduta humana no campo das ciências da vida e da saúde, através da luz dos valores e princípios morais. Como parte deste estudo, o segmento que está limitado à análise dos conflitos éticos decorrentes da prática da medicina e da assistência ao paciente, é conhecido como Ética médica. A Ética médica, no âmbito da cirurgia, compreende a integração do paciente cirúrgico com a natureza do cirurgião, influenciada pela sua formação e pelo seu treinamento, pela sua sensibilidade em identificar o que é correto. O ético não deve estar apenas no procedimento, no ato cirúrgico propriamente dito ou no que acontece em uma sala de operação ou mesmo no exercício da cirurgia como especialidade. A ética deve estar na vida e conduta do cirurgião, de forma que todos os atos profissionais e de vida devam ser eticamente válidos.

Is professional recognition in plastic surgery related to activity in research

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation of medical research, with the participation of prominent plastic surgeon in Congress.METHODS: We reviewed the scientific programs of the last 3 Brazilian Congress of Surgery, were selected 21 Brazilian plástic surgeons invited to serve as panelists or speakers in roundtable sessions in the last 3 congresses (Group 1). We randomly selected and paired by other members (associates) of the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery, with no participation in congress as speaker (Group 2). We conducted a search for articles published in journals indexed in Medline, Lilacs and SciELO for all doctors selected during the entire academic career and the last 5 years from March 2007 until March 2012. We assessed the research activity through the simple counting of the number of publications in indexed journals for each professional. The number of publications groups was compared.RESULTS: articles produced throughout career: Group 1- 639 articles (average of 30.42 items each). Group 2- 79 articles (mean 3.95 articles each). Difference between medias: p <0.001.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery seeking professionals with a greater number of publications and journals of higher impact. This approach encourages new members to pursue a higher qualification, and give security to congressmen, they can rely on the existence of a technical criterion in the choice of speakers.

Long-term professional performance of minimally invasive surgery post-graduates

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the contribution of a post-graduation program in surgeons professional careers. METHODS: participants were asked to answer a questionnaire with questions related to possible changes in their professional performance after the end of the course. RESULTS: forty-three (76.7%) of the 56 participants eligible for the study responded to the questionnaires. Most participants, 32 (74.4%), had previous contact with laparoscopic surgery; however, only 14 (32.5%) reported the experience as primary surgeon. The expectations on the course were reached or exceeded for 36 (83.7%) participants. Thirty-seven (86%) incorporated minimally invasive procedures in their daily surgical practice, 37 (86%) reported improvements in their income above 10% and 12% reported income increase of over 100%, directly related to their increase of laparoscopic activity. CONCLUSION: the program in minimally invasive surgery provides a high level of satisfaction to its participants, enables them to perform more complex technical procedures, such as sutures, and improves their professional economic performance.

Professional development among educators pursuing a B.Ed. program in special education in Tanzania : a study of motives and perceived outcomes

Implementation of different policies and plans aiming at providing education for all is a challenge in Tanzania. The need for educators and professionals with relevant knowledge and qualifications in special education is substantial. Teacher education does not equip educators with sufficient knowledge and skills in special education and professional development programs in special education are few in number. Up to 2005 no degree programs in special education at university level were available in Tanzania. The B.Ed. Special Education program offered by the Open University of Tanzania in collaboration with Åbo Akademi University in Finland was one of the efforts aimed at addressing the big national need for teachers and other professionals with degree qualifications in special education. This pilot program offered unique possibilities to study professional development in Tanzania. The research group in this study consisted of the group of students who participated in the degree program 2005-2007. The study is guided by three theoretical perspectives: individual, social and societal. The individual perspective emphasizes psychological factors as motives, motivation, achievement, self-directed behavior and personal growth. Within social perspective, professional development is viewed as situated within the social and cultural context. The third perspective, the societal, focuses on change, reforms, innovations and transformation of school systems and societies. Accordingly, professional development is viewed as an individual, social and societal phenomenon. The overall aim of the study is to explore the participants’ motives for participating in a B.Ed. Special Education program and the perceived outcomes of the program in terms of professional development. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a case study approach was adopted. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered in three waves between January 2007 and February 2009 to the 35 educators participating in the B.Ed. Special Education program. The findings of the study reveal that the participants expressed motives which were related to job performance, knowledge, skills, academic degree and career. Also altruistic motives were expressed by the participants in terms of helping and supporting students with special needs and their communities. The perceived outcomes of the program were in line with the expressed motives. However, the results indicate that the participants also learned new skills, as interaction skills and guidance and counseling skills. Increased self-confidence was also mentioned as an outcome. The participants also got deepened understanding of disability issues. In addition, they learned strategies for creating awareness of persons with disability in the communities. Thus the findings of the study indicate positive outcomes of the program in terms of professional development. The conclusion of the study is that individual, social and societal factors interact when it comes to explaining why Tanzanian educators in special education choose to pursue a degree program in special education. The individual motives, as increased knowledge and better prospects of career development interact with the social and societal motives to help and support vulnerable student groups. The study contributes to increased understanding of the complexity of professional development and of the realities educators meet when educational reforms are implemented in a developing country.