INTEGRATED THRESHOLD-ACTIVATED FEEDBACK MICROSYSTEM FOR REAL-TIME CHARACTERIZATION, SENSING AND TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL BIOFILMS

Biofilms are the primary cause of clinical bacterial infections and are impervious to typical amounts of antibiotics, necessitating very high doses for treatment. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop new alternate methods of treatment that can complement or replace existing approaches using significantly lower doses of antibiotics. Current standards for studying biofilms are based on end-point studies that are invasive and destroy the biofilm during characterization. This dissertation presents the development of a novel real-time sensing and treatment technology to aid in the non-invasive characterization, monitoring and treatment of bacterial biofilms. The technology is demonstrated through the use of a high-throughput bifurcation based microfluidic reactor that enables simulation of flow conditions similar to indwelling medical devices. The integrated microsystem developed in this work incorporates the advantages of previous in vitro platforms while attempting to overcome some of their limitations. Biofilm formation is extremely sensitive to various growth parameters that cause large variability in biofilms between repeated experiments. In this work we investigate the use of microfluidic bifurcations for the reduction in biofilm growth variance. The microfluidic flow cell designed here spatially sections a single biofilm into multiple channels using microfluidic flow bifurcation. Biofilms grown in the bifurcated device were evaluated and verified for reduced biofilm growth variance using standard techniques like confocal microscopy. This uniformity in biofilm growth allows for reliable comparison and evaluation of new treatments with integrated controls on a single device. Biofilm partitioning was demonstrated using the bifurcation device by exposing three of the four channels to various treatments. We studied a novel bacterial biofilm treatment independent of traditional antibiotics using only small molecule inhibitors of bacterial quorum sensing (analogs) in combination with low electric fields. Studies using the bifurcation-based microfluidic flow cell integrated with real-time transduction methods and macro-scale end-point testing of the combination treatment showed a significant decrease in biomass compared to the untreated controls and well-known treatments such as antibiotics. To understand the possible mechanism of action of electric field-based treatments, fundamental treatment efficacy studies focusing on the effect of the energy of the applied electrical signal were performed. It was shown that the total energy and not the type of the applied electrical signal affects the effectiveness of the treatment. The linear dependence of the treatment efficacy on the applied electrical energy was also demonstrated. The integrated bifurcation-based microfluidic platform is the first microsystem that enables biofilm growth with reduced variance, as well as continuous real-time threshold-activated feedback monitoring and treatment using low electric fields. The sensors detect biofilm growth by monitoring the change in impedance across the interdigitated electrodes. Using the measured impedance change and user inputs provided through a convenient and simple graphical interface, a custom-built MATLAB control module intelligently switches the system into and out of treatment mode. Using this self-governing microsystem, in situ biofilm treatment based on the principles of the bioelectric effect was demonstrated by exposing two of the channels of the integrated bifurcation device to low doses of antibiotics.

Impacto ambiental associado à utilização intensive de algumas energies renováveis – Pequeno contributo

A utilização da energia hídrica, obtida em grandes barragens, é uma prática muito antiga, em Portugal. Nas ultimas décadas de anos , o seu número tem aumentado, existindo ou estando em fase de conclusão, 57 grandes barragens, no Alentejo. Os problemas associados a este tipo de barragens são conhecidos. Iremos falar de um, extremamente importante, na região. Devido à profundidade atingida, existe pouco oxigénio no fundo destes reservatórios, e a decomposição de matéria morta origina grandes quantidades de metano. Em termos de efeito de estufa o metano é 30 vezes mais potente que o CO2. O facto de não ter havido limpeza do solo antes do enchimento das albufeiras e de algumas se encontrarem com problemas de eutrofização, vem aumentar este problema. Outro tipo de energia muito utilizada é a energia solar, existindo grandes centrais fotovoltaicas em funcionamento e prevendo-se a construção de novas centrais com uma potência total de 1300 MW para o país. Em Évora, Ourique, Alcoutim e Nisa já foi anunciada a construção de novas centrais com uma potência total de 155 MW. Os problemas associados a este tipo de centrais, são de vários tipos. Iremos debruçar-nos sobre os produtos tóxicos que as células solares contêm e que variam com o tipo de célula. Estando algumas centrais já em funcionamento e outras em fase de montagem, importa refletir sobre o que fazer depois de a central deixar de funcionar. O que fazer com os resíduos tóxicos, as toneladas de aço e outros materiais envolvidos, formação de pessoal que saiba manusear os produtos tóxicos, custos associados às soluções possíveis, etc. Não se conhecendo informação relativa a estes problemas, por parte da comunicação social, importa refletir sobre a informação fornecida à população e autoridades locais envolvidas.

Impacto ambiental associado à utilização intensive de algumas energies renováveis – Pequeno contributo

A utilização da energia hídrica, obtida em grandes barragens, é uma prática muito antiga, em Portugal. Nas ultimas décadas de anos , o seu número tem aumentado, existindo ou estando em fase de conclusão, 57 grandes barragens, no Alentejo. Os problemas associados a este tipo de barragens são conhecidos. Iremos falar de um, extremamente importante, na região. Devido à profundidade atingida, existe pouco oxigénio no fundo destes reservatórios, e a decomposição de matéria morta origina grandes quantidades de metano. Em termos de efeito de estufa o metano é 30 vezes mais potente que o CO2. O facto de não ter havido limpeza do solo antes do enchimento das albufeiras e de algumas se encontrarem com problemas de eutrofização, vem aumentar este problema. Outro tipo de energia muito utilizada é a energia solar, existindo grandes centrais fotovoltaicas em funcionamento e prevendo-se a construção de novas centrais com uma potência total de 1300 MW para o país. Em Évora, Ourique, Alcoutim e Nisa já foi anunciada a construção de novas centrais com uma potência total de 155 MW. Os problemas associados a este tipo de centrais, são de vários tipos. Iremos debruçar-nos sobre os produtos tóxicos que as células solares contêm e que variam com o tipo de célula. Estando algumas centrais já em funcionamento e outras em fase de montagem, importa refletir sobre o que fazer depois de a central deixar de funcionar. O que fazer com os resíduos tóxicos, as toneladas de aço e outros materiais envolvidos, formação de pessoal que saiba manusear os produtos tóxicos, custos associados às soluções possíveis, etc. Não se conhecendo informação relativa a estes problemas, por parte da comunicação social, importa refletir sobre a informação fornecida à população e autoridades locais envolvidas.

Noninvasive imaging of three-dimensional micro and nanostructures by topological methods

We present topological derivative and energy based procedures for the imaging of micro and nano structures using one beam of visible light of a single wavelength. Objects with diameters as small as 10 nm can be located and their position tracked with nanometer precision. Multiple objects dis-tributed either on planes perpendicular to the incidence direction or along axial lines in the incidence direction are distinguishable. More precisely, the shape and size of plane sections perpendicular to the incidence direction can be clearly determined, even for asymmetric and nonconvex scatterers. Axial resolution improves as the size of the objects decreases. Initial reconstructions may proceed by gluing together two-dimensional horizontal slices between axial peaks or by locating objects at three-dimensional peaks of topological energies, depending on the effective wavenumber. Below a threshold size, topological derivative based iterative schemes improve initial predictions of the lo-cation, size, and shape of objects by postprocessing fixed measured data. For larger sizes, tracking the peaks of topological energy fields that average information from additional incident light beams seems to be more effective.

Threshold behaviour and final outcome of an epidemic on a random network with household structure

This paper considers a stochastic SIR (susceptible-infective-removed) epidemic model in which individuals may make infectious contacts in two ways, both within 'households' (which for ease of exposition are assumed to have equal size) and along the edges of a random graph describing additional social contacts. Heuristically-motivated branching process approximations are described, which lead to a threshold parameter for the model and methods for calculating the probability of a major outbreak, given few initial infectives, and the expected proportion of the population who are ultimately infected by such a major outbreak. These approximate results are shown to be exact as the number of households tends to infinity by proving associated limit theorems. Moreover, simulation studies indicate that these asymptotic results provide good approximations for modestly-sized finite populations. The extension to unequal sized households is discussed briefly.

Threshold values of sagittal abdominal diameter for the detection of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Northeastern Mexico: a cross-sectional study

Background: The use of sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been proposed for screening cardio-metabolic risk factors; however, its accuracy can be influenced by the choice of thresholds values. Aim: To determine the SAD threshold values for cardio-metabolic risk factors in Mexican adults; to assess whether parallel and serial SAD testing can improve waist circumference (WC) sensitivity and specificity; and to analyze the effect of considering SAD along with WC and body mass index (BMI) in detecting cardio-metabolic risk. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012-2014 in Northeast Mexico (n = 269). Data on anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were collected. Sex-adjusted receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC) were obtained using hypertension, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance as individual outcomes and metabolic syndrome as a composite outcome. Age-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression. Results: The threshold value for SAD with acceptable combination of sensitivity and specificity was 24.6 cm in men and 22.5 cm in women. Parallel SAD testing improved WC sensitivity and serial testing improved WC specificity. The co-occurrence of high WC/high SAD increased the risk for insulin resistance by 2.4-fold (95% CI: 1.1-5.3), high BMI/high SAD by 4.3-fold (95% CI: 1.7-11.9) and SAD alone by 2.2-fold (95% CI: 1.2.-4.2). Conclusions: The use of SAD together with traditional obesity indices such as WC and BMI has advantages over using either of these indices alone. SAD may be a powerful screening tool for interventions for high-risk individuals.

Bias-induced threshold voltages shifts in thin-film organic transistors

An investigation into the stability of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) transistors based on alpha-sexithiophene is reported. In particular, the kinetics of the threshold voltage shift upon application of a gate bias has been determined. The kinetics follow stretched-hyperbola-type behavior, in agreement with the formalism developed to explain metastability in amorphous-silicon thin-film transistors. Using this model, quantification of device stability is possible. Temperature-dependent measurements show that there are two processes involved in the threshold voltage shift, one occurring at Tapproximate to220 K and the other at Tapproximate to300 K. The latter process is found to be sample dependent. This suggests a relation between device stability and processing parameters. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Towards near-threshold server processors

The popularity of cloud computing has led to a dramatic increase in the number of data centers in the world. The ever-increasing computational demands along with the slowdown in technology scaling has ushered an era of power-limited servers. Techniques such as near-threshold computing (NTC) can be used to improve energy efficiency in the post-Dennard scaling era. This paper describes an architecture based on the FD-SOI process technology for near-threshold operation in servers. Our work explores the trade-offs in energy and performance when running a wide range of applications found in private and public clouds, ranging from traditional scale-out applications, such as web search or media streaming, to virtualized banking applications. Our study demonstrates the benefits of near-threshold operation and proposes several directions to synergistically increase the energy proportionality of a near-threshold server.