Parallel Architectures for Many-Core Systems-On-Chip in Deep Sub-Micron Technology

Despite the several issues faced in the past, the evolutionary trend of silicon has kept its constant pace. Today an ever increasing number of cores is integrated onto the same die. Unfortunately, the extraordinary performance achievable by the many-core paradigm is limited by several factors. Memory bandwidth limitation, combined with inefficient synchronization mechanisms, can severely overcome the potential computation capabilities. Moreover, the huge HW/SW design space requires accurate and flexible tools to perform architectural explorations and validation of design choices. In this thesis we focus on the aforementioned aspects: a flexible and accurate Virtual Platform has been developed, targeting a reference many-core architecture. Such tool has been used to perform architectural explorations, focusing on instruction caching architecture and hybrid HW/SW synchronization mechanism. Beside architectural implications, another issue of embedded systems is considered: energy efficiency. Near Threshold Computing is a key research area in the Ultra-Low-Power domain, as it promises a tenfold improvement in energy efficiency compared to super-threshold operation and it mitigates thermal bottlenecks. The physical implications of modern deep sub-micron technology are severely limiting performance and reliability of modern designs. Reliability becomes a major obstacle when operating in NTC, especially memory operation becomes unreliable and can compromise system correctness. In the present work a novel hybrid memory architecture is devised to overcome reliability issues and at the same time improve energy efficiency by means of aggressive voltage scaling when allowed by workload requirements. Variability is another great drawback of near-threshold operation. The greatly increased sensitivity to threshold voltage variations in today a major concern for electronic devices. We introduce a variation-tolerant extension of the baseline many-core architecture. By means of micro-architectural knobs and a lightweight runtime control unit, the baseline architecture becomes dynamically tolerant to variations.

Sistemi naturali di fitodepurazione a flusso orizzontale sub-superficiale: Analisi teorico-sperimentale

Il lavoro di tesi riguarda i sistemi naturali di fitodepurazione, focalizzandosi in particolare sui sistemi a flusso orizzontale sub-superficiale. Vengono esposte la loro applicabilità e diffusione e le principali normative di riferimento. Vengono trattati i principali parametri progettuali e metodi di dimensionamento e inoltre si svolge lo studio di uno specifico sito sperimentale.

Sentieri di parole nel bosco della vita: Temi difficili nella letteratura per l'infanzia. Proposta di traduzione in italiano di en un bosque de hoja caduca di Gonzalo Moure

L’elaborato si compone di cinque capitoli. Il primo è dedicato a un excursus della Letteratura per l’infanzia nel corso degli anni, soffermandosi sulla storia, lo sviluppo e la ricezione nel pubblico infantile di alcuni temi tabù quali il dolore, la sofferenza, l’assenza, la morte e la censura a cui spesso sono stati sottoposti. Il capitolo si sofferma, in particolare, sul tema della morte, cercando di tracciarne la presenza nella Letteratura per l’infanzia. Per permettere l’analisi di un così vasto tema, si è scelto di suddividere e analizzare alcune caratteristiche e simboli della morte presenti in racconti, romanzi e album illustrati dedicati al pubblico infantile. Infine, si è scelto di porre l’accento sulla pedagogia della morte, toccando il tema del lutto e della sepoltura. Il primo capitolo acquisisce importanza alla luce dell’analisi del racconto di Gonzalo Moure, nel quale queste tematiche sono molto presenti e vengono utilizzate senza ricorrere a censura. Il secondo capitolo analizza la vita dell’autore e propone i momenti più significativi della sua carriera artistica, professionale e personale, oltre al suo impegno sociale nell’associazione Bubisher a sostegno della causa saharawi. In questo capitolo troviamo, inoltre, un elenco dettagliato delle opere e delle collaborazioni letterarie dell’autore, un accenno al suo stile di scrittura e la trascrizione dell’intervista da me fatta in Spagna a settembre 2015. Nel terzo capitolo si propone l’analisi approfondita del racconto di Moure: l’aspetto paratestuale, le caratteristiche generali del libro, la trama, i personaggi, il tempo e lo spazio del racconto, così come i temi e i valori trattati. Sono inoltre presenti anche le interviste con l’illustratrice e con l’editor. Il quarto capitolo propone la traduzione del racconto En un bosque de hoja caduca, rispettando il layout della versione originale spagnola. Infine, il quinto capitolo vede il commento alla traduzione e le principali categorie di problemi linguistici riscontrati durante il processo traduttivo quali morfosintassi, lessico, toponimi e antroponimi, onomatopee, modi di dire e aspetti grafici.

Contributo dei coralliti sub-fossili di Cladocora caespitosa (L.,1767)(Cnidaria, Scleractinia) ai sedimenti dei fondali circostanti le isole del Golfo di La Spezia.

I sedimenti superficiali dei fondali circostanti l’arcipelago del Golfo di La Spezia sono stati analizzati dal punto di vista granulometrico e composizionale al fine di ottenere la mappatura delle concentrazioni di coralliti sub-fossili di Cladocora caespitosa nel sedimento. Mediante lo studio del sedimento campionato in trentacinque stazioni, sono state individuate tre zone di accumulo di coralliti: (i) in corrispondenza del capo occidentale dell’Isola Palmaria con le concentrazioni più elevate comprese tra il 25 e 55% (ii) sul lato sud-orientale della stessa isola con concentrazioni tra il 10 e 12% e (iii) una fascia contornante l’Isola del Tinetto con quantità inferiori al 3%. La concentrazione anomala di coralliti è il risultato dello scarico di materiali di dragaggio provenienti dal porto di La Spezia, scaricati al largo delle coste occidentali dell’arcipelago tra gli anni ‘50 e ’70 e progressivamente ridistribuiti verso sud-est dalla deriva litorale.

An optical coherence tomography study of a biodegradable vs. durable polymer-coated limus-eluting stent: a LEADERS trial sub-study

Incomplete endothelialization has been found to be associated with late stent thrombosis, a rare but devastating phenomenon, more frequent after drug-eluting stent implantation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has 10 times greater resolution than intravascular ultrasound and thus appears to be a valuable modality for the assessment of stent strut coverage. The LEADERS trial was a multi-centre, randomized comparison of a biolimus-eluting stent (BES) with biodegradable polymer with a sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) using a durable polymer. This study sought to evaluate tissue coverage and apposition of stents using OCT in a group of patients from the randomized LEADERS trial.

Adjusting mortality for loss to follow-up: analysis of five ART programmes in sub-Saharan Africa

Evaluation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa is difficult because many patients are lost to follow-up. Outcomes in these patients are generally unknown but studies tracing patients have shown mortality to be high. We adjusted programme-level mortality in the first year of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for excess mortality in patients lost to follow-up.

Mortality after failure of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa

Objective  To assess the outcome of patients who experienced treatment failure with antiretrovirals in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods  Analysis of 11 antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to define treatment failure. All ART-naive patients aged ≥16 who started with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen and had at least 6 months of follow-up were eligible. For each patient who switched to a second-line regimen, 10 matched patients who remained on a non-failing first-line regimen were selected. Time was measured from the time of switching, from the corresponding time in matched patients, or from the time of treatment failure in patients who remained on a failing regimen. Mortality was analysed using Kaplan–Meier curves and random-effects Cox models. Results  Of 16 591 adult patients starting ART, 382 patients (2.3%) switched to a second-line regimen. Another 323 patients (1.9%) did not switch despite developing immunological or virological failure. Cumulative mortality at 1 year was 4.2% (95% CI 2.2–7.8%) in patients who switched to a second-line regimen and 11.7% (7.3%–18.5%) in patients who remained on a failing first-line regimen, compared to 2.2% (1.6–3.0%) in patients on a non-failing first-line regimen (P < 0.0001). Differences in mortality were not explained by nadir CD4 cell count, age or differential loss to follow up. Conclusions  Many patients who meet criteria for treatment failure do not switch to a second-line regimen and die. There is an urgent need to clarify the reasons why in sub-Saharan Africa many patients remain on failing first-line ART.

Prognosis of patients with HIV-1 infection starting antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a collaborative analysis of scale-up programmes

Background Prognostic models have been developed for patients infected with HIV-1 who start combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in high-income countries, but not for patients in sub-Saharan Africa. We developed two prognostic models to estimate the probability of death in patients starting ART in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We analysed data for adult patients who started ART in four scale-up programmes in Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Malawi from 2004 to 2007. Patients lost to follow-up in the first year were excluded. We used Weibull survival models to construct two prognostic models: one with CD4 cell count, clinical stage, bodyweight, age, and sex (CD4 count model); and one that replaced CD4 cell count with total lymphocyte count and severity of anaemia (total lymphocyte and haemoglobin model), because CD4 cell count is not routinely measured in many African ART programmes. Death from all causes in the first year of ART was the primary outcome. Findings 912 (8·2%) of 11 153 patients died in the first year of ART. 822 patients were lost to follow-up and not included in the main analysis; 10 331 patients were analysed. Mortality was strongly associated with high baseline CD4 cell count (≥200 cells per μL vs <25; adjusted hazard ratio 0·21, 95% CI 0·17–0·27), WHO clinical stage (stages III–IV vs I–II; 3·45, 2·43–4·90), bodyweight (≥60 kg vs <45 kg; 0·23, 0·18–0·30), and anaemia status (none vs severe: 0·27, 0·20–0·36). Other independent risk factors for mortality were low total lymphocyte count, advanced age, and male sex. Probability of death at 1 year ranged from 0·9% (95% CI 0·6–1·4) to 52·5% (43·8–61·7) with the CD4 model, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·4) to 59·6% (48·2–71·4) with the total lymphocyte and haemoglobin model. Both models accurately predict early mortality in patients starting ART in sub-Saharan Africa compared with observed data. Interpretation Prognostic models should be used to counsel patients, plan health services, and predict outcomes for patients with HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa.

Millennial and sub-millennial scale climatic variations recorded in polar ice cores over the last glacial period

Since its discovery in Greenland ice cores, the millennial scale climatic variability of the last glacial period has been increasingly documented at all latitudes with studies focusing mainly on Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3; 28–60 thousand of years before present, hereafter ka) and characterized by short Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events. Recent and new results obtained on the EPICA and NorthGRIP ice cores now precisely describe the rapid variations of Antarctic and Greenland temperature during MIS 5 (73.5–123 ka), a time period corresponding to relatively high sea level. The results display a succession of abrupt events associated with long Greenland InterStadial phases (GIS) enabling us to highlight a sub-millennial scale climatic variability depicted by (i) short-lived and abrupt warming events preceding some GIS (precursor-type events) and (ii) abrupt warming events at the end of some GIS (rebound-type events). The occurrence of these sub-millennial scale events is suggested to be driven by the insolation at high northern latitudes together with the internal forcing of ice sheets. Thanks to a recent NorthGRIP-EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) common timescale over MIS 5, the bipolar sequence of climatic events can be established at millennial to sub-millennial timescale. This shows that for extraordinary long stadial durations the accompanying Antarctic warming amplitude cannot be described by a simple linear relationship between the two as expected from the bipolar seesaw concept. We also show that when ice sheets are extensive, Antarctica does not necessarily warm during the whole GS as the thermal bipolar seesaw model would predict, questioning the Greenland ice core temperature records as a proxy for AMOC changes throughout the glacial period.