997 resultados para Stradella, Alessandro, 1639-1682


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La représentation de médias non littéraires dans un roman est un phénomène encore peu étudié, voire marginalisé, au sein des études intermédiales. La difficulté de rendre compte des moments où le texte crée des effets empruntés à d’autres médialités est souvent relevée, parmi les travaux d’analyse. Ce mémoire vise donc la construction d’un modèle qui puisse servir d’outil pour l’analyse des phénomènes intermédiaux, en littérature. Revisiter certaines propositions théoriques pour mieux les mettre en relation permet, dans un premier temps, l’élaboration d’un modèle syncrétique précis et fonctionnel pour l’étude de textes qui présentent une dynamique intermédiale. Dans cette optique, le roman Océan mer, d’Alessandro Baricco, constitue un terrain fertile pour sa mise en pratique. L’application du modèle proposé au roman de Baricco permet donc, dans un deuxième temps, de tester sa fonctionnalité. Ce mémoire se veut ainsi une contribution aux recherches portant sur l’intermédialité littéraire contemporaine.

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This paper deals with a prevailing assumption that basic goods are accessory to claims of justice. Against such an assumption, the paper advances the idea that basic goods (the core of what I wish to call the sufficiency threshold) are fundamental as a matter of justice. The paper then addresses the question as to what is the elemental justifiability of a social minimum and how that relates to theories of justice, particularly to emerging theories of global justice. The arguments against the aforementioned assumption call upon the strengths of a general theory of justice already in place, namely, John Rawls’s theory of justice and the enriching response and criticism thereof—particularly David Miller’s theory of justice.

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Sweatshop labour is sometimes defended from critics by arguments that stress the voluntariness of the worker’s choice, and the fact that sweatshops provide a source of income where no other similar source exists. The idea is if it is exploitation—as their opponents charge—it is mutually beneficial and consensual exploitation. This defence appeals to the non-worseness claim (NWC), which says that if exploitation is better for the exploited party than neglect, it cannot be seriously wrong. The NWC renders otherwise exploitative—and therefore morally wrong—transactions permissible, making the exploitation of the global poor a justifiable path to development. In this paper, I argue that the use of NWC for the case of sweatshops is misleading. After reviewing and strengthening the exploitation claims made concerning sweatshops, most importantly by refuting certain allegations that a micro-unfairness account of exploitation cannot evaluate sweatshop labour as exploitative, I then argue that even if this practice may seem permissible due to benefits otherwise unavailable to the global poor, there remains a duty to address the background conditions that make this form of wrong-doing possible, which the NWC cannot accommodate. I argue that the NWC denies this by unreasonably limiting its scope and is therefore incomplete, and ultimately unconvincing.

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Microcredit, a non-profit lending approach that is often championed as a source of women’s inclusion and empowerment, has in the past decade been followed by microfinance, a forprofit sibling of a different temperament. Microfinance in India is now in turmoil, precipitated by legislation in the state of Andhra Pradesh, which has encouraged withholding of payment, which in turn has frozen the market. This paper considers one precipitating condition of the crisis: the remarkable, new, and developing burden of formal economic debt that poor women in the state have only recently come to hold – debt that now surpasses one year’s family income, on average. The development of this lending sector follows upon innovation in lending to the poor of the global north over the past two decades, and the practices show noteworthy parallels. Both lending schemes have produced similar disproportionate burdens upon some low-status individuals within their respective economic orders, and both may exploit a vulnerability that is born of aspiration and produces great dysfunction for borrowers. This paper introduces the two lending schemes, sketches the parallels, and introduces the claim that ethical finance arrangements for the poor require attention to vulnerability, an under-utilized category in both liberal ethical theory and in finance.

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Over the course of the last two decades, IFIs (most prominently the World Bank) have begun acknowledging the centrality of human development as an essential element of the economic development process if the growth aimed at is to be holistic and sustainable. Strikingly, there is no agreement on the manner in which this approach is to be achieved, especially in the field of gender and development. This paper focuses on the issue of whether the Multilateral Development Banks’ policies have truly attempted at implementing their stated model of gender mainstreaming through their programmes and projects in India, with a specific focus on the legal sector, since that sector has both instrumental and intrinsic value for gender rights advocates. This article will aim at reviewing their approach towards rule of law projects and the manner in which gender equality norms have or have not been addressed within that framework; it will end with recommendations as to the necessary issues which gender programmes must address within the rule of law framework in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of gender equity.

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The majority of women in Third World countries depend on land for their livelihood. Security of tenure is important for them to ensure sustainable development, especially in rural areas. In most parts of Africa, land ownership is affected by traditional values, inheritance rights, and government influence. These forces have provided varying types of tenure which are detrimental to the women in rural and urban areas. Land acquisition and its development has been an emotive issue due to traditional pressures and the law as regards the process of land certification. The government and traditional administrations are highly involved in the way women own land and subsequently develop it in Anglophone Cameroon. State authority over land acquisition is important, but the process for obtaining land title is herculean especially for the rural woman. This study illustrates that land acquisition and development by women constitute a problem because of traditional pressures and the law guiding the process of land certification. There is need to exhume the barriers of government’s legal instrument (The Land Consultative Board) that regulates the ownership of land and to revisit some traditional practices as regards land ownership that impact negatively on women in a changing and globalizing world. A compromise approach is advocated for land acquisition that can transcend traditional barriers as well as render the process of land registration more realistic especially for women.

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A large part of the work done by women is not counted in the gross national product (GDP) of nations. Which type of work are we referring to? Unpaid work; also commonly called domestic work. Because all the services produced by households for their own consumption are not subject to monetary exchange, they are excluded from de production boundary defined by the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). In doing so, this key statistics, inspired by the Keynesian school of thoughts, shows an accepted iniquity in the quantification of the product since women’s productive contribution within the households is not taken into account. In other words, national accounts are not gender neutral. In fact, this breach of a fundamental ethical rule which is equity towards gender inequalities is just the reflection of a social conception that prevails within the SNA since its creation, namely that domestic work is not considered as work. It is therefore essential to quantify women’s unpaid work, a concern that has long been the preserve of feminist activists even though; this should go beyond feminists considerations. This article shows how the issue of measuring unpaid work on a broader prospective is relevant on both ethical and economic fronts. The recognition of this production factor as a macroeconomic variable is indeed fundamental to get a more complete understanding and assessment of the economy. Valorization of unpaid work would also allow women to claim better retribution, or at least, to expect an effective social recognition of their actions and efforts and in the end would contribute to the establishment of greater social justice.

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Cet article est une introduction à ce numéro spécial sur le thème ‘résilience et sociétés’. Concept largement utilisé dans de nombreuses disciplines scientifiques, la résilience est cependant très diversement comprise. Tandis que certains la considèrent comme une qualité, d’autres l’appréhendent comme un processus de mobilisation d’une force insoupçonnée pour surmonter un traumatisme. On remarque cependant que la dimension sociale est de plus en plus au centre de son analyse. Les écologistes se penchent sur les systèmes socioécologiques, les psychologues l’appréhendent sous l’angle psychosociale, la socio-économie en ausculte les implications sur les conditions de vie des populations et la cohésion sociale. Cet article interroge les articulations possibles entre ‘résiliences et sociétés’, tant du point de vue conceptuel que de certaines applications exploratoires.

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Le Rwanda est un des pays Africains qui a le plus souffert des crises politiques depuis l’indépendance, surtout au cours de la décennie 1990-1999, culminant avec le génocide de 1994. Les conséquences de ces crises sur les variables économiques, démographiques et sanitaires sont nombreuses : baisse des revenus, augmentation de la mortalité, baisse du niveau d’instruction, diminution de la taille des femmes adultes. Cependant, grâce à une restructuration drastique de la gestion de l’Etat et à une aide internationale massive, le pays a réussi à recouvrer après l’an 2000 des tendances vertueuses, avec une augmentation des revenus, une baisse de la mortalité des enfants, et une baisse de la fécondité, quoique cette évolution soit entachée d’une forte augmentation des inégalités. Par contre la crise a laissé un impact durable sur le niveau d’instruction et sur la taille des femmes adultes, car les femmes qui n’ont pas été scolarisées ou ont été malnutries pendant la période de crise n’ont pas eu la possibilité de récupérer. L’analyse de la situation du Rwanda révèle donc ce qui est récupérable (les effets de période) et ce qui ne l’est pas (les effets de cohorte) après une crise majeure.

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La résilience en Côte d’Ivoire implique des mesures ciblées et pertinentes. Le pardon, le dialogue et la réconciliation ne signifient pas un oubli extrême. La cicatrice n’empêche pas le retour vers un équilibre de cohésion sociale via la stabilité sociopolitique. Le contexte de construction démocratique interroge les valeurs éthiques mobilisables, comme la justice, la capacité collective de dépassement du traumatisme, et les relations communautaires. Nous les passons en revue en introduisant l’altruisme et le capital social de façon polyvalente, aussi bien dans leurs aspects positifs que négatifs. La résilience ne peut être imposée, elle doit respecter les préférences des personnes et donc rester optimale.

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Le projet Observatoire des Agricultures du Monde (OAM, CIRAD/FAO) vise à construire un observatoire mondial permettant de donner des informations sur les agricultures des différents pays ainsi que sur leurs évolutions. A l’heure actuelle, cinq pays ont été choisis comme pays pilotes, dont Madagascar ou la zone d’étude retenue est le lac Alaotra. L’étude replace les notions de vulnérabilité, résilience, durabilité et viabilité au niveau de l’exploitation agricole et montre la nécessité de sélectionner et calculer quelques indicateurs clés nécessaires à la construction de l’observatoire. La base de données retenue dans le cadre de cette étude est celle du Réseau des Observatoires Ruraux (ROR). Les résultats montrent une résilience globale des exploitations agricoles très forte liée à une forte diversification des activités agricoles et non agricoles et à des pratiques innovantes progressives permettant de diluer le risque lie au changement technique.

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La sécurité alimentaire est un enjeu majeur dans le sud de Madagascar. A partir de données issues du Réseau des Observatoires Ruraux (ROR), cet article examine les facteurs qui contribuent à l’assurer dans le district de Farafangana, au sud-est de Madagascar (région Atsimo Atsinanana). Nos résultats soulignent bien l’existence de facteurs de potentialités, au-delà des effets conjoncturels des chocs adverses. Parmi les facteurs de potentialités, l’épargne des ménages et la superficie rizicole jouent un rôle positif. Le travail des enfants contribue également à la sécurité alimentaire mais plutôt dans une optique de réponse aux chocs que dans une optique structurelle. Finalement, notre article soulève l’enjeu de distinguer entre résistance et résilience.