Las Comisiones del Mapa de España en la década de 1850

La necesidad de contar con un mapa de base científica que cubriera todo el territorio español llevó al Estado a crear en paralelo varias Comisiones con cometidos geodésicos, topográficos y cartográficos durante la década de 1850. La labor simultánea de estas Comisiones se prolongó hasta 1859, cuando se aprobó la Ley de Medición del Territorio, que las fusionó en un único organismo. Este artículo analiza aspectos técnicos de los trabajos que realizaron estas Comisiones a partir de la información contenida en algunos documentos que custodia el Archivo Topográfico del IGN. Las conclusiones que se extraen son que estas Comisiones acometieron operaciones geodésicas que resultaron cruciales en el establecimiento ulterior de la red de triangulación peninsular, realizaron mediciones topográficas que fueron reutilizadas veinte años después en el levantamiento del Mapa Topográfico Nacional, e idearon las características catastrales que fueron adoptadas durante todo el siglo posterior para el Catastro de España.

Exile or emigrant? Female ex-prisoners who left Ireland 1850-1921

In the popular mind, the concept of 'emigration' usually refers to people voluntarily leaving one country to go to another in search of a new and better life. It presupposes some degree of choice, although it is accepted that for many emigrants, such as those who left Ireland during the nineteenth century, there were few incentives to stay at home. Current scholarship on voluntary and forced movements of people demonstrates that the distinction between the categories of 'voluntary emigrant' and 'forced exile' is often blurred. Orm Overland's study of refugee communities in the United States highlights the fact that, although the differences between the 'emigrant' and the 'exile' may be clear in extreme cases, this is not always true, as there may be 'pressing political or economic reasons behind a decision to emigrate'. Migration scholars Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen also question the adequacy of conceptual models of migration based on what Lindsay Proudfoot and Dianne Hall refer to as the 'straightforward binarism between free and unfree emigration'. The questions raised by these scholars are very relevant to the study of Irish people who left their country during the second half of the nineteenth century immediately after they had been discharged from prison or from Dundrum. Their stories are discussed here against a background of substantial scholarship on emigration from Ireland and on the criminal justice system within Ireland. According to David Fitzpatrick, at least eight million men, women and children emigrated from Ireland between 1801 and 1921. This large-scale movement of people was generally characterised by the voluntary emigration of individuals who funded their own passages. However, it also included schemes of assisted emigration, funded variously by governments, landlords, the poor law authorities, earlier emigrants, and philanthropists. In addition, it included people who were transported from Ireland by means of the criminal justice system a practice that had originated in the seventeenth century. What is less well known is that after the end of transportation from Ireland to eastern Australia in 1853, to Bermuda in 1863 and to Western Australia in 1868, Irish convicts continued to be channelled towards emigration by being offered early release if they agreed to leave Ireland. These people, and especially the women among them, are the subject of this article.

The redemption of the gaze: the crisis of observation in the "fin de siècle" and the advent of cinema

The intention of this article is not to affirm, but rather to question wether it is possible to speak of a loss of the ability to gaze in the context of the nineteenth century and especially in the context of the fin de siècle, in the bosom of the epistemological crisis that beset the Turn of the Century. And very especially, this article tries to question about the impact this crisis had, perhaps, in the birth of cinema. Is in this context that arises the work of Marey and the advent of the cinematograph of the Lumière brothers in the fin de siècle Europe, both of them showing a deep faith in a mechanical apparatus that would allow the redemption of a battered gaze. And it seems to be a dream that continues over time through the tradition of shooting the everyday life.

Signals of need in a cooperatively breeding mammal with mobile offspring

In many bird species with biparental care for young in the nest, hungry chicks beg repeatedly and parents adjust their feeding rate to the call rate of young. Repetitive calling also occurs in fledglings and in some mammals where offspring follow provisioners. It is not yet clear whether, in mobile systems with dispersed young where adults cannot compare the vocal behaviour of all young simultaneously, the calls represent a signal of need. We investigated repetitive begging by cooperatively reared meerkat, Suricata suricatta, pups that foraged with the group. Pups produced two types of begging calls: repeat calls over long periods and high-pitched calls mainly confined to feeding events. Food-deprived pups stayed closer to feeders, and begged for longer and more intensely by calling at a higher rate. Hungry pups increased both the rate of repeat calls, which were given continually, and the number of high-pitched bouts, but adults increased their food allocation only in relation to the rate of repeat calls. Our study indicates that hunger may lead to several changes in vocal behaviour, only some of which may be used by adults to assess need.

Hybrid image/ray-shooting UHF radio propagation predictor for populated indoor environments

A novel model for indoor wireless communication, based on a dual image and ray-shooting approach, is presented. The model, capable of improved site-specific indoor propagation prediction, considers multiple human bodies moving within the environment. In a modern office at 2.45GHz, the combined effect of pedestrian traffic and a moving receiver causes rapid temporal fading of up to 30dB.

The Langmuir probe as a diagnostic of the electron component within low temperature laser ablated plasma plumes

A Langmuir probe has been used as a diagnostic of the temporally evolving electron component within a laser ablated Cu plasma expanding into vacuum, for an incident laser power density on target similar to that used for the pulsed laser deposition of thin films. Electron temperature data were obtained from the retarding region of the probe current/voltage (I/V) characteristic, which was also used to calculate an associated electron number density. Additionally, electron number density data were obtained from the saturation electron current region of the probe (I/V) characteristic. Electron number density data, extracted by the two different techniques, were observed to show the same temporal form, with measured absolute values agreeing to within a factor of 2. The Langmuir probe, in the saturation current region, has been shown for the first time to be a convenient diagnostic of the electron component within relatively low temperature laser ablated plasma plumes. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)01503-8].

'All Good Things Must Come to an End': Terminating Co-Ownership Under the 'Old' Partition and Sale Rules

Despite its benefits, co-ownership of land creates problems where relations between the parties
have soured, or one person simply wants to extricate themselves from this arrangement. The
remedies of compulsory partition and sale allow one joint tenant or tenant in common to terminate
co-ownership against the wishes of the others, by seeking a court order to this effect. Throughout
parts of the common law world, this has be en based on nineteenth century English legislation namely
the Partition Act 1868, the key elements of which remain in force in Western Australia,
South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. This article provides an up-to-date
analysis of the law on compulsory partition and sale as derived from the 1868 Act and analogous
provisions, drawing not only on Australian cases, but on frequently overlooked decisions from
courts in both parts of Ireland and in parts of Canada, as well as ‘old’ English judgments on the
1868 Act.

In situ FTIR studies of the effect of temperature on the adsorption and electrooxidation of CO at the Ru(0001) electrode surface

The adsorption and electrooxidation of CO at a Ru(0001) electrode in perchloric acid solution have been investigated as a function of temperature, potential and time using in situ FTIR spectroscopy. This builds upon and extends previous work on the same system carried out at room temperature. As was observed at room temperature, both linear (CO) and 3-fold-hollow (CO) binding CO adsorbates (bands at 2000-2045 cm and 1768-1805 cm, respectively) were detected on the Ru(0001) electrode at 10°C and 50°C. However, the temperature of the Ru(0001) electrode had a significant effect upon the structure and behavior of the CO adlayer. At 10°C, the in-situ FTIR data showed that the adsorbed CO species still remain in rather compact islands up to ca. 1100 mV vs Ag/AgCl as the CO oxidation reaction proceeds, with oxidation occurring only at the boundaries between the CO and active surface oxide/hydroxide domains. However, the IR data collected at 50°C strongly suggest that the adsorbed CO species are present as relatively looser and weaker structures, which are more easily electro-oxidized. The temperature-, potential-, and coverage-dependent relaxation and compression of the CO adlayer at low coverages are also discussed.

‘The Problem of the Future in Nineteenth-Century Spain’

This article examines the problems and paradoxes in the representation of the future in three nineteenth-century Spanish works: El futuro Madrid (1868) by Fernández de los Ríos, ‘Madrid en el siglo xxi’ (1847) by Neira de Mosquera, and Ni en la vida ni en la muerte by Juan Bautista Amorós (Silverio Lanza). While these texts demonstrate Spain’s participation in the general movement towards using the future as a setting for literary works, they do not corroborate the theory that the nineteenth century was a time of optimism and belief in the doctrine of Progress. Concepts derived from discussions of the future in the history of ideas, such as historia magistra vitae, are shown to be relevant to discussion of these futuristic fictions, in sometimes unexpected ways.

In the Shadows of the Old Town: Thomas Anna and 19th-century Glasgow

In 1858, a volume entitled Midnight Scenes and Social Photographs – being sketches of life in the streets, wynds and dens of the city of Glasgow was published under the pseudonym of ‘Shadow’ by Alexander Brown, a Glaswegian flâneur and reformer. Its frontispiece is an etching which depicts a theatre-like proscenium arch whose curtains have been withdrawn to reveal to the audience all the poverty, destitution and disorder that one was likely to find after dark in the insalubrious quarters of the city. At the extreme left-hand side, partly obscured by the curtain a silhouetted figure stands behind an unwieldy camera perched on a tripod. Distinctly unaffected by the mêlée, an arm is calmly raised and a finger precisely arched in the moment before the shutter is clicked and the scene committed to record. The volume, however, relies exclusively on textual descriptions to evoke the underside of the city and contains no photographs at all. Instead, the use of the word photograph in the title can be understood as a metaphor for detached scientific objectivity, a quality much celebrated by nineteenth-century reformers and investigators of social ills. As it happened, a decade after Shadow disappeared into the labyrinthine back-lands of Old Town Glasgow, he was followed there by a real photographer. In 1868, Thomas Annan was commissioned by the City Improvements Trust to take photographs of the Old Town in its last moments of existence before it was pulled down under a series of legislative acts. But perhaps paradoxically, given Shadow’s faith in the analytical properties of photography, Annan’s work seems to refute much of the material contained in Midnight Scenes and other similar tracts. Instead of the dens, shebeens, labyrinths and rowdy crowds described by Shadow, Annan’s depictions of the Old Town convey a static, calm environment, one which is often sparsely inhabited by a curious but apparently orderly population.

Taking account of the sensational tendencies of many reformists’ texts, this paper investigates the discrepancies between the two representations, focussing in particular on the constraints which operated on Annan during his commission. It argues that Annan’s compositions – which became very influential on other 19th century photographers of everyday life such as John Thomson or Jacob Riis – far from being dispassionate analytical works, emerged as a result of a matrix of factors which included: photographic and artistic precedents; Annan’s own predilections as a photographer; technological limitations; the nature of the commission from the City Improvements Trust and political climate in which it was given; the medieval urban fabric in which he had to operate; and, perhaps, most importantly, the identity of the Old Towns inhabitants themselves.

La aportación de Tromlitz: estudio comparativo y aplicaciones prácticas

Os escritos de Johann Georg Tromlitz (1725-1805) são uma fonte inestimável de informação e inspiração para o actual intérprete e estudioso. Entre estes destaco o Ausfühlicher und gründlicher Unterricht die Flöte zu spielen [Método minucioso e detalhado para tocar flauta], 1791, claramente inspirado no tratado de Quantz de 1752, mas reflectindo a necessidade que o autor teve de o actualizar. Este tratado de Tromlitz foi projectado para que o leitor se pudesse tornar um Virtuoso sem recorrer a um professor, de modo que as informações são apresentadas de um modo muito detalhado em todos os aspectos. Infelizmente, este tratado não é muito conhecido entre o público de língua espanhola, devido à falta de traduções, assim que um dos principais objectivos desta tese foi oferecer uma primeira versão para o público de língua espanhola. Para o enquadrar no contexto europeu, fez-se uma comparação com os métodos de flauta mais importantes da última década do século, tendo em conta vários aspectos fundamentais relacionados com a interpretação: som, respiração, articulação e ornamentação. A partir das concluções de este trabalho comparativo foram geradas as directrices que guiaram a interpretação do autor de um repertorio representantivo deste período histórico, disponibilizando-se num CD a gravação dos excertos que serviram de exemplo para aplicação dos resultados da investigação.

F. G. Teixeira e a comunidade matemática europeia nos séculos XIX-XX

Esta dissertação descreve o processo de integração dos matemáticos portugueses na comunidade matemática internacional no final do século XIX e início do século XX, focando-se na vida e obra do matemático Francisco Gomes Teixeira (1851-1933). Tenciona a ser mais um contributo para o reconhecimento nacional e internacional do matemático Gomes Teixeira analisando a sua obra como matemático e organizador científico em Portugal através de fontes, parcialmente ainda não conhecidas. Para esse efeito analisou-se a evolução histórica que ocorreu no mundo científico daquela época, em particular a formação da comunidade matemática através de iniciativas individuais ou coletivas, muitas vezes acompanhadas pela fundação de revistas e elaboração de manuais que contribuíram para a internacionalização e, de certa forma, para uma estandardização do estudo universitário básico. Em particular foi estudada a situação em Portugal, onde o papel de liderança foi assumido por Gomes Teixeira. Mostra-se como Gomes Teixeira, graças ao seu trabalho, ao seu talento como matemático e à sua atividade como organizador académico, conseguiu reduzir significativamente o isolamento científico de Portugal na área da matemática. Estudou-se em extensão a fundação de revistas científicas em diferentes países, acompanhando a sua evolução desde de revistas nacionais até revistas internacionais. Focando-nos no Jornal de Sciencias Matemáticas e Astronómicas, fundado em 1877 por Gomes Teixeira (mais tarde conhecido internacionalmente como Teixeira’s Journal), acompanhamos detalhadamente a sua transformação de uma revista nacional numa revista internacional, sendo esta transformação comum naquela época à maioria de revistas científicas importantes de outros países como, por exemplo, no caso do Jornal de Crelle, do Jornal de Liouville, ou outros. Estudou-se igualmente o reconhecimento a nível internacional, através de referências estrangeiras, da abordagem original de Gomes Teixeira à Análise Infinitesimal patente nos seus manuais. O interesse de Gomes Teixeira pela teoria das funções analíticas e pelos seus diferentes desenvolvimentos em série manifestou-se no grande número de artigos publicados sobre este tema e encontrou reconhecimento justo pela designação de um teorema que completa resultados de Lagrange e de Laurent como Teorema de Teixeira. Na sua análise do mérito científico de Gomes Teixeira esta dissertação restringiu-se conscientemente nesta área da Análise Matemática, uma vez que um estudo abrangente de toda a obra ultrapassasse o nosso objetivo. Foi também discutido o intenso intercâmbio científico levado a cabo por Gomes Teixeira através de correspondência e troca de publicações ou permuta de revistas com os matemáticos de diferentes países. Esta análise permitiu verificar um aumento da popularidade dos matemáticos portugueses através do incremento do número de artigos publicados no estrangeiro durante quase 30 anos. Uma fonte imprescindível nesta análise foi o Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik, cujas referências (em geral na língua alemã e por isso até agora quase nunca usadas na literatura Portuguesa) documentaram as publicações em quase todas as revistas matemáticas durante os anos da sua existência entre 1868 e 1942. Descreve-se a colaboração de Gomes Teixeira com diferentes organizações internacionais e documenta-se o apreço internacional por parte do mundo académico. Novos documentos traçam o processo de eleição como membro da Academia das Ciências Alemã Leopoldina, sob proposta de Georg Cantor e outros matemáticos alemães. Finalmente, incluí-se uma breve descrição das atividades levadas a cabo na Rússia, em Espanha e na Grécia em prol do processo de internacionalização da comunidade matemática europeia tendo em vista uma melhor contextualização do contributo de Gomes Teixeira para a integração de Portugal neste processo.

A model development of relationships between tourism experiences

The latest economic downturn raises new predicaments for DMO’s and stakeholders to meet their target’s needs, but it also takes to the forefront of the tourism industry the importance to assess how the tourism experiences impact on the tourists’ perceived destination image, to prevent money being loss in the wrong promotion strategies. This paper purpose is twofold: A) to review the destination image and tourism experiences constructs; B) to develop a theoretical model between the experiences and the destination image.

Ao oriente do oriente transformações do orientalismo em poesia portuguesa do início do século XX . Camilo Pessanha, Alberto Osório de Castro e Álvaro de Campos

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Comparatistas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014