985 resultados para Spain. Cortes (1813-1814)


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Foram utilizados 103 cordeiros, machos e fêmeas, Santa Inês puros (SS) e cruzas Santa Inês com Texel (TS), Ile de France (FS) e Bergamácia (BS), confinados em gaiolas individuais. Os cordeiros foram abatidos em quatro pesos: 15,0; 25,0; 35,0 e 45,0 kg de peso vivo. Após o abate e resfriamento da carcaça, foram feitos os seguintes cortes e calculadas as porcentagens em relação ao peso da carcaça fria: pescoço (PP), costela/fralda (PCF), costeleta (PC), lombo (PL), paleta (PPA) e perna (PPE), sendo esses dois últimos sem os braços. Os pescoços praticamente não variaram com o aumento dos pesos de abate. Os pescoços dos cordeiros TS e FS foram menores, comparados aos dos cordeiros SS e BS, na maioria dos pesos de abate estudados. A paleta também não variou com o aumento dos pesos de abate, havendo tendência para diminuição. Aos 45 kg, os cordeiros TS e FS apresentaram PPA maiores em relação aos cordeiros SS e BS. Nos outros pesos de abate, praticamente não houve diferenças para PPA entre os grupos genéticos. A costela/fralda elevou-se com o aumento dos pesos de abate, sendo que, em pesos de abate elevados, os cordeiros TS mostraram maiores proporções. Para a PC, praticamente não houve diferenças entre os pesos de abate. As fêmeas FS, entretanto, aos 35 e 45 kg, apresentaram menores PCF que os machos FS. O lombo tendeu a elevar-se com o aumento dos pesos de abate, mas foram detectadas diferenças para os animais abatidos aos 15 kg, em relação aos outros pesos de abate. Entre os grupos genéticos, praticamente não houve diferenças para PL. As pernas diminuíram com o aumento dos pesos de abate. Aos 35 kg de peso vivo, os cordeiros machos TS e as fêmeas FS obtiveram melhores PPE em relação aos outros grupos genéticos.

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos aditivos própolis verde, própolis marrom e monensina sódica sobre as características de carcaça, avaliadas por ultra-som e pós-abate, os componentes corporais e o rendimento de cortes de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros machos, com oito animais por tratamento, mantidos em confinamento por 64 dias. Os animais receberam dieta com relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, à base de feno de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e concentrado comercial. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com oito animais por dieta, distribuídos aleatoriamente de acordo com o peso: controle, dieta sem aditivo, própolis verde, própolis marrom e monensina sódica. Os rendimentos de carcaça (verdadeiro, quente e comercial) não diferiram entre os aditivos, com médias de 54,97; 44,89 e 41,81%, respectivamente. Os componentes corporais e rendimento de cortes comerciais não foram influenciados pelos aditivos utilizados nas dietas. A metodologia utilizada na determinação teve efeito nas medidas de área de olho-de-lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), de modo que, pelo método tradicional, com medidas na carcaça, foram obtidas as maiores médias para AOL (12,14 vs. 9,08 cm²) e as menores para EGS (2,42 vs. 2,69 mm). A correlação entre as medidas de área de olho-de-lombo (AOL) da carcaça e aquelas obtidas por ultra-sonografia foi de 0,8597. Os aditivos não influenciaram as características de carcaça, os componentes corporais e o rendimento de cortes de ovinos terminados em confinamento. A realização de medidas ultra-sonográficas de AOL e marmoreio pode ser utilizada na avaliação de carcaça in vivo em ovinos.

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Com o objetivo de estudar as características qualitativas da carne de ovinos de diferentes categorias quanto aos músculos dos cortes da carcaça (paleta, lombo e perna), utilizaram-se 18 ovinos ½ Ile de France ½ Ideal (seis cordeiros não-castrados, seis ovelhas de descarte e seis machos adultos castrados). Os animais foram criados em pasto de capim-tifton 85 e receberam suplementação (concentrado). Os cordeiros foram abatidos aos 32 kg, com aproximadamente 5 meses de idade, e as ovelhas e os machos adultos castrados, com 55 kg e aos 60 meses de idade. Não houve diferenças nos valores de pH 45 minutos e pH 24 horas entre as categorias animais e nos músculos dos cortes da carcaça. A idade de abate influenciou a luminosidade da carne de todos os músculos. O teor de vermelho não diferiu entre os animais adultos, mas foi superior aos valores obtidos na carne dos cordeiros. A carne de animais adultos é mais escura que a de cordeiros. As perdas por cocção no músculo Triceps brachii são maiores que no Longissimus lumborum e Semimembranosus. Os valores de pH e a capacidade de retenção de água são similares entre as categorias animais.

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The objective of this study was to establish equations to estimate the empty body chemical composition of Nellore steers using the following indirect techniques: 1) physical composition of the 9-10-11(th) rib cut;) physical composition of the 10(th) rib cut; and 3) chemical composition of the 10(th) rib cut. Thirty-one Nellore steers with weights ranging from 245 to 489 kg and ages from 20 to 29.7 months at slaughter were utilized. The empty body chemical composition was established through samples collected after grinding all animal tissues. The equations using the percentage of dissectable fat in the 9-10-11(th) rib cut shored a high precision for estimating the percentage of water (r(2) = 0.91; Syx = 1.168) and ether extract (r(2) = 0.94; Syx = 1.298) of the empty body; the same was observed when the percentage of dissectable fat in the 10(th) rib cut was used (r(2) = 0.82 and 0.85; Syx = 1.658 and 1.942, respectively, for water and ether extract). The equations using the percentage of ether extract in the 10(th) rib cut showed a high precision for estimating the percentage of water (r(2) = 0.89; Syx = 1.311) and the ether extract (r(2) = 0.89; Syx = 1.730) of the empty body, but there was no advantage over the physical composition of the 9-10-11(th) and 10(th) rib cut. Multiple regressions using carcass weight and the percentage of bones and kilograms of lean, fat, and bones dissectable in the 10(th) rib cut improved the coefficients of determination for water and ether extract to 0.87 and 0.91. The equations to estimate the percentages of protein and ach showed a low precision, indicating that those techniques are not recommended to estimate these components in the empty body of Nellore steers.

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The goal of this work was to establish comparisons among environmental degradation in different areas from Southern Spain (Gulf of Cadiz) and Brazil (Santos and Sao Vicente estuary), by using principal component analyses (PCA) to integrate sediment toxicity (amphipods mortality) and chemical-physical data (Zn, Cd, Pb; Cu, Ni, Co, V, PCBs, PAHs concentrations, OC and fines contents). The results of PCA extraction of Spanish data showed that Bay of Cadiz, CA-1 did not present contamination or degradation; CA-2 exhibited contamination by PCBs, however it was not related to the amphipods mortality. Ria of Huelva was the most impacted site, showing contamination caused principally by hydrocarbons, in HV-1 and HV-2, but heavy metals were also important contaminants at HV-1, HV-2 and HV-3. Algeciras Bay was considered as not degraded in GR-3 and -4, but in GR-3' high contamination by PAHs was found. In the Brazilian area, the most degraded sediments were found in the stations situated at the inner parts of the estuary (SSV-2, SSV-3, and SSV-4), followed by SSV-6, which is close to the Submarine Sewage Outfall of Santos - SSOS. Sediments from SSV-1 and SSV-5 did not present chemical contamination, organic contamination or significant amphipod mortality. The results, of this investigation showed that both countries present environmental degradation related to PAHs: in Spain, at Ria of Huelva and Gudarranque river's estuary areas; and in Brasil, in the internal portion of the Santos and Sao Vicente estuary. The same situation is found for heavy metals, since all of the identified metals are related to toxicity in the studied areas, with few exceptions (V for both Brazil and Spain, and Cd and Co for Brazilian areas). The contamination by PCBs is more serious for Santos and Sao Vicente estuary than for the investigated areas in Gulf of Cadiz, where such compound did not relate to the toxicity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The chronology of the wound healing process following tooth extraction was studied by means of two kinds of histological cuts. Two groups of 42 albino rats were employed. In the first one, the sockets were cut in a transversal way. In the second one the cuts were performed in a longitudinal way. The rats were sacrificed after 3, 6, 9, 15, 21, 24, and 28 days following the surgeries. After laboratorial outline the obtained pieces were stained by hematoxylin and eosin for histological purposes. It way be concluded that: 1. The results got from longitudinal cuts were in agreement to those described by other authors; 2. The transversal cuts allow us to detect intensive resorption of the lateral alveolar wall at the cervical thirs; 3. On the 21st day following dental extraction the incisor socket of the rat shows a great deal of areas not ossified; 4. The healing process of dental extraction wounds of the upper incisor of the rat is completed between 24 and 28 post operative days.

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Incluye bibliografía

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Aiming to evaluate the mineral composition (iron, calcium and sodium) of the carcass and carcass cuts of meat from different ovine categories, 18 1/2 Ile de France 1/2 Polwarth sheeps (6 uncastrated lambs, 6 discarded ewes and 6 discarded wethers) were used. Animals were in grazing system based on Tifton - 85 pastures and were supplemented with concentrate. Lambs were slaughtered at 32 kg of live weight, at around 5 months of age. Ewes and wethers were slaughtered with 55 kg and 60 months of age. The iron values were differents between categories for those valued cuts muscles, with higher average to legs muscles from adults ovine of 3.86 mg/100g with regard to lambs of 1.91 mg/100g, respectively. The iron values of the muscles from half carcass didn't differ for that animal category, with 3.38 mg/100g average. The calcium values in muscles from half carcass and leg cut were higher to wethers (9.84 e 7.35 mg/100g), intermediaries to ewes (6.28 e 6.54 mg/100g) and smallers values to lambs (5.30 e 4.22 mg/100g). There wasn't differences for sodium values to valued categories and muscles, with values around 56.75 mg/100g. In conclusion, the sodium values are similar between animals categories and from differents carcass muscles and that the iron and calcium values present differences.

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Contiene resumen de las decisiones y recomendaciones, organizacion del periodo de sesiones, resumen de los documentos, resoluciones adoptadas y lista de participantes.