Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil

Highly diverse forms of galling arthropods can be identified in much of southeastern Brazil's vegetation. Three fragments of a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) located in the southern range of the Espinhaço Mountains were selected for study in the first survey of galling organisms in such tropical vegetation. Investigators found 92 distinct gall morphotypes on several organs of 51 host plant species of 19 families. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most prolific gall-inducing species, responsible for the largest proportion of galls (77%) observed. Leaves were the most frequently galled plant organ (63%), while the most common gall morphotype was of a spherical shape (30%). The two plant species, Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) and Celtis brasiliensis (Cannabaceae), presented the highest number of gall morphtypes, displaying an average of 5 gall morphotypes each. This is the first study of gall-inducing arthropods and their host plant species ever undertaken in a Brazilian SDTF ecosystem. Given the intense human pressure on SDTFs, the high richness of galling arthropods, and implied floral host diversity found in this study indicates the need for an increased effort to catalogue the corresponding flora and fauna, observe their intricate associations and further understand the implications of such rich diversity in these stressed and vulnerable ecosystems.

Cooperação Institucional e Gestão de Áreas Protegidas em Cabo Verde - O Caso do Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta

O presente trabalho monográfico intitulado “Cooperação Institucional e Gestão das áreas protegidas em Cabo Verde: O Caso do Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta” enquadra-se no âmbito do curso de licenciatura em Economia e Gestão, variante Projecto de Desenvolvimento e Cooperação, realizado pela Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde. A criação de áreas naturais protegidas vem aumentando em todo o mundo, mas os modelos de gestão utilizados nem sempre viabilizam a sua efectividade. Perante esta situação, as dificuldades enfrentadas para criar e gerir essas áreas de acordo com os princípios da sustentabilidade, constituem constrangimentos e desafios que requerem medidas de políticas adequadas. Assim, tendo em consideração as vantagens do modelo de gestão participativo para as áreas protegidas, o presente trabalho tem por objectivo analisar a gestão do Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta e evidenciar a contribuição da cooperação institucional para a gestão do mesmo. Para a realização deste trabalho foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, com enfoque para a análise SWOT, de forma a identificar os pontos fortes e as fraquezas, as oportunidades e as ameaças sobre cooperação institucional e gestão das áreas protegidas em Cabo Verde, com realce para o caso do Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta Com a realização deste trabalho, concluiu-se que, com base na analise SWOT das informações das entrevistas aplicadas aos sujeitos de pesquisa que o Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta, para além das suas potencialidades, possuem fraquezas e ameaças que condicionam a sua gestão, o que deve ser superado recorrendo a cooperação institucional, aproveitando assim, as oportunidades a esse respeito.

Apresentação do Recenseamento Geral da Agricultura 2004

Cabo Verde, ao longo da sua história e antes da realização do presente Recenseamento Geral da Agricultura 2004 (RGA), conheceu outros três recenseamentos agrícolas. O primeiro realizado em 1963 e os dois últimos, após a independência, ou seja, em 1978 e 1988. O Recenseamento Geral da Agricultura 2004 enquadra-se nos planos de actividades do MAAP, no “Plano Estatístico Nacional de Médio Prazo” e insere-se igualmente no Programa Mundial de Recenseamento Agrícola da FAO de 2000. Trata-se de uma das operações estatísticas estruturantes do Sistema Estatístico Nacional (SEN). Os referidos recenseamentos constituem referências históricas importantes e permitem seguir e comparar a evolução da estrutura agrária nacional em termos de número de explorações agrícolas, situação fundiária entre outras informações. O recenseamento Geral da Agricultura 2004, realizado de Maio à Julho de 2004, o quarto na série de recenseamentos já realizados, cujos dados ora se publicam, começou a ser planeado desde 1996 com a concepção de um documento de projecto integrado (RGA e Sistema Permanente) que serviu de suporte a procura de financiamento junto dos parceiros. Esse projecto era constituído por três componentes principais sendo cada componente um projecto específico porém interligado com os outros, a saber: - Fase preparatória – financiado e executado pela FAO, tendo tido início em 1999 e terminado em 2001. - Fase principal, ou seja, de execução do recenseamento propriamente dito, financiado pela cooperação Sueca (ASDI) e executado com a assistência técnica do Bureau Central de Estatística (SCB) da Suécia. Teve o seu início em 2003 e termina nos finais de 2005. - Sistema permanente de estatísticas sectoriais, financiado pela cooperação Italiana e executado conjuntamente com o Instituto Nacional de Estatística (ISTAT) italiana. Teve o seu começo em 2003 e prolongar-se-á até 2006.

Noctuidae moths occurring in grape orchards in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil and their relation to fruit-piercing

There is no study aiming to investigate if Noctuidae moths are responsible for piercing cultivated fruits in South America. This research aims to survey noctuid moths and list the species with mouth-parts (proboscis) morphology that suggest the capacity to cause damages to grape orchards in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Catches were carried out weekly from late November 2007 to late March 2008 (fructification period) using light traps and McPhail traps in three grape orchards in the region of Serra Gaúcha. The catches resulted in 187 taxa, with 149 identified at the specific level and 38 at genus level. The proboscises of representative taxa were removed and analyzed under stereomicroscope and scan electron microscope. It was verified that only Oraesia argyrosema (Hampson, 1926) and Gonodonta biarmata Guenée, 1852 show proboscis with suitable morphology for piercing rind and pulp of a grape berry. Achaea ablunaris (Guenée, 1852); Ascalapha odorata (Linnaeus, 1758); Letis mineis Geyer, 1827; Mocis latipes Hübner, 1823; Ophisma tropicalis Guenée, 1852, and Zale exhausta (Guenée, 1852) show proboscis only adapted to lacerate the pulp. The proboscis morphology of the remaining noctuid moths suggests lack of capacity to cause damage. Despite the presence of species capable of piercing grape berries, the populations of such species are very reduced and unable to cause damage of economic level.

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 3. Serra district - area of hostels for tourists who visit the Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), state of São Paulo, Brazil

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 3. Area of hostels for tourists who visit the Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study characterizes some ecological aspects of the phlebotomine fauna in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) situated in the Serra district, Iporanga municipality where the hostels for tourists visiting the PETAR are located. Captures were undertaken on a smallholding and a small farm situated near the hostels, monthly between January/2001 and December/2003 with automatic light traps (ALT) in pigsty, hen-house and veranda of a domicile at the two sites, and in peridomicile of the small farm also with black/white Shannon traps. With the ALT a total of 87,224 phlebotomines representing 19 species and also two hybrids of Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) and two anomalous specimens were captured. The standardized index species abundance was for Ny. intermedia = 1.0 and Ny. neivai = 0.935. The highest frequencies of the smallholding occurred in the pigsty, the Williams' mean/capture for Ny. intermedia being 63.7 specimens and for Ny. neivai 29.2, and on the small farm, in the hen-house, Ny. intermedia 402.6 and Ny. neivai 116.2. A total of 863 phlebotomines (Ny. intermedia: 75.4%; Ny. neivai: 24.3%) were captured with black/white Shannon traps; females of both species being predominant in the white trap. The high frequencies of Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, both implicated in CL transmission, indicate the areas presenting risk of the disease.

Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in lotic systems from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in lotic systems from Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. A systematic survey was carried out in four lotic systems from Serra da Bodoquena, the largest natural forests of the State, from August 2007 to November 2008. 548 specimens belonging to 33 species, distributed in 5 families were sampled. Libellulidae was dominant, with 13 species, followed by Gomphidae, Coenagrionidae, Protoneuridae and Calopterygidae.

Relatório de Estágio: Direção Geral da Administração Pública de Cabo Verde (DGAP)

O presente Relatório pretende apresentar o trabalho desenvolvido durante o estágio curricular realizado entre abril e agosto de 2014, na Direção Geral da Administração Pública de Cabo Verde (DGAP), no departamento de Gestão de Recursos Humanos. Nesse sentido é dada uma abordagem que descreve no primeiro capítulo o empreendedorismo, a criação de negócios e também o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, todos estes temas relacionados com Cabo Verde. O segundo capítulo aborda a administração pública cabo-verdiana e o terceiro capítulo apresenta a entidade acolhedora (DGAP). O quarto capítulo aborda todo o desenvolvimento do estágio que incidiu em diversas áreas: Programa de Qualificação de Recursos Humanos (PQRH), Recrutamento Centralizado (BQE), Implementação do Modelo CAF na DGAP e Programa de Estágios Profissionais na Administração Pública (PEPAP). Por fim, no último capítulo, efetua-se a conclusão desta etapa.

cAMP-dependent chloride secretion mediates tubule enlargement and cyst formation by cultured mammalian collecting duct cells.

Polycystic kidney diseases result from disruption of the genetically defined program that controls the size and geometry of renal tubules. Cysts which frequently arise from the collecting duct (CD) result from cell proliferation and fluid secretion. From mCCD(cl1) cells, a differentiated mouse CD cell line, we isolated a clonal subpopulation (mCCD-N21) that retains morphogenetic capacity. When grown in three-dimensional gels, mCCD-N21 cells formed highly organized tubular structures consisting of a palisade of polarized epithelial cells surrounding a cylindrical lumen. Subsequent addition of cAMP-elevating agents (forskolin or cholera toxin) or of membrane-permeable cAMP analogs (CPT-cAMP) resulted in rapid and progressive dilatation of existing tubules, leading to the formation of cystlike structures. When grown on filters, mCCD-N21 cells exhibited a high transepithelial resistance as well as aldosterone- and/or vasopressin-induced amiloride-sensitive and -insensitive current. The latter was in part inhibited by Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (bumetanide) and chloride channel (NPPB) inhibitors. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed the expression of NKCC1, the ubiquitous Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) in mCCD-N21 cells. Tubule enlargement and cyst formation were prevented by inhibitors of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporters (bumetanide or ethacrynic acid) or CFTR (NPPB or CFTR inhibitor-172). These results further support the notion that cAMP signaling plays a key role in renal cyst formation, at least in part by promoting chloride-driven fluid secretion. This new in vitro model of tubule-to-cyst conversion affords a unique opportunity for investigating the molecular mechanisms that govern the architecture of epithelial tubes, as well as for dissecting the pathophysiological processes underlying cystic kidney diseases.

Interleukin-12p40 overexpression promotes interleukin-12p70 and interleukin-23 formation but does not affect bacille Calmette-Guérin and Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance.

Interleukin (IL)-12p40, a subunit of IL-12p70 and IL-23, has previously been shown to inhibit IL-12p70 activity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. However, recent evidence has suggested that the role of IL-12p40 is more complex. To study the contribution of IL-12p40 to immune responses against mycobacterial infections, we have used transgenic (tg) mice overexpressing IL-12p40 under the control of a major histocompatibility complex-II promoter. The IL-12p40 transgene was expressed during steady state at concentrations of 129 +/- 25 ng/ml of serum and 75 +/- 13 ng per spleen, while endogenous IL-12p40 was hardly detectable in control littermates. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection strongly induced the expression of IL-12p40 transgene in infected organs, and IL-12p40 monomeric and dimeric forms were identified in spleen of IL-12p40 tg mice. Excessive production of IL-12p40 resulted in a 14-fold increase in IL-12p70 serum levels in tg mice versus non-transgenic mice. IL-23 was also strongly elevated in the serum and spleens of IL-12p40 tg mice through BCG infection. While IFN-gamma and tumour necrosis factor protein levels were similar in IL-12p40 tg and non-transgenic mice, Th2 type immune responses were reduced in IL-12p40 tg mice. The number of BCG granulomas and macrophage expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase were similar in IL-12p40 tg and non-transgenic mice. IL-12p40 tg mice were as resistant as non-transgenic mice to BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections as they could efficiently control bacillary growth. These data show that high amounts of IL-12p40 promotes IL-12p70 and IL-23 formation, but that does not affect T helper 1 type immune responses and granuloma function, thus leading to normal mycobacterial clearance in infected organs.

Diversity of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) of the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil

The aim of this study was to inventory the mayfly fauna, based on nymphal and alate stages, in Serra da Mantiqueira and in Serra do Mar, São Paulo State, as well as to present information about habitats used by the genera. Nymphs were collected in several streams and mesohabitats with a Surber sampler and the winged stages with light attraction methods, entomological nets, and Malaise traps. In all, eight families and 33 genera were recorded, representing a very significant portion of the Brazilian fauna (80% of families and 49% of genera). Furthermore, it was possible to identify 11 species, of which two are new records for the state: Tricorythodes santarita Traver and Caenis reissi Malzacher. Despite the high diversity recorded, the accumulation curves presented an ascending form, indicating an increase in the number of genera with additional sampling effort. The high richness found in these areas are in agreement with the high biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest biome and the sampling effort employed, which included the use of different methods, the collection of both nymphs and winged stages, and the sampling of a large area with diverse streams and habitats.

In-vitro testing of biofilm formation on infected bone grafts and bone substitutes

Background: Bacteria form biofilms on the surface of orthopaedic devices, causing persistent infections. Monitoring biofilm formation on bone grafts and bone substitutes is challenging due to heterogeneous surface characteristics. We analyzed various bone grafts and bone substitutes regarding their propensity for in-vitro biofilm formation caused by S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Methods: Beta-tricalciumphosphate (b-TCP, ChronOsTM), processed human spongiosa (TutoplastTM) and PMMA (PalacosTM) were investigated. PE was added as a growth control. As test strains S. aureus (ATCC 29213) and S. epidermidis RP62A (ATCC 35984) were used. Test materials were incubated with 105 cfu/ml. After 24 h, test materials were removed and washed, followed by a standardised sonication protocol. The resulting sonication fluid was plated and bacterial counts were enumerated and expressed as cfu/sample. Sonicated samples were transferred to a microcalorimeter (TA Instrument) and heat flow monitored over a 24 h period with a precision of 0.0001°C and a sensitiviy of 200 μW. Experiments were performed in triplicates to calculate the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA analysis was used for statistical analysis. Results: Bacterial counts (log10 cfu/sample) were highest on b-TCP (S. aureus 7.67 ± 0.17; S. epidermidis 8.14 ± 0.05) while bacterial density (log10 cfu/surface) was highest on PMMA (S. aureus 6.12 ± 0.2, S. epidermidis 7.65 ± 0.13). Detection time for S. aureus biofilms was shorter for the porous materials (b-TCP and Tutoplast, p <0.001) compared to the smooth materials (PMMA and PE) with no differences between b-TCP and TutoplastTM (p >0.05) or PMMA and PE (p >0.05). In contrast, for S. epidermidis biofilms the detection time was different (p <0.001) between all materials except between Tutoplast and PE (p >0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate biofilm formation with both strains on all tested materials. Microcalorimetry was able to detect quantitatively the amount of biofilm. Further studies are needed to see whether calorimetry is a suitable tool also to monitor approaches to prevent and treat infections associated with bone grafts and bone substitutes.

Adaptive sequence evolution in a color gene involved in the formation of the characteristic egg-dummies of male haplochromine cichlid fishes.

BACKGROUND: The exceptionally diverse species flocks of cichlid fishes in East Africa are prime examples of parallel adaptive radiations. About 80% of East Africa's more than 1 800 endemic cichlid species, and all species of the flocks of Lakes Victoria and Malawi, belong to a particularly rapidly evolving lineage, the haplochromines. One characteristic feature of the haplochromines is their possession of egg-dummies on the males' anal fins. These egg-spots mimic real eggs and play an important role in the mating system of these maternal mouthbrooding fish. RESULTS: Here, we show that the egg-spots of haplochromines are made up of yellow pigment cells, xanthophores, and that a gene coding for a type III receptor tyrosine kinase, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor a (csf1ra), is expressed in egg-spot tissue. Molecular evolutionary analyses reveal that the extracellular ligand-binding and receptor-interacting domain of csf1ra underwent adaptive sequence evolution in the ancestral lineage of the haplochromines, coinciding with the emergence of egg-dummies. We also find that csf1ra is expressed in the egg-dummies of a distantly related cichlid species, the ectodine cichlid Ophthalmotilapia ventralis, in which markings with similar functions evolved on the pelvic fin in convergence to those of the haplochromines. CONCLUSION: We conclude that modifications of existing signal transduction mechanisms might have evolved in the haplochromine lineage in association with the origination of anal fin egg-dummies. That positive selection has acted during the evolution of a color gene that seems to be involved in the morphogenesis of a sexually selected trait, the egg-dummies, highlights the importance of further investigations of the comparative genomic basis of the phenotypic diversification of cichlid fishes.

When rare is just a matter of sampling: unexpected dominance of clubtail dragonflies (Odonata, Gomphidae) through different collecting methods at Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

When rare is just a matter of sampling: Unexpected dominance of clubtail dragonflies (Odonata, Gomphidae) through different collecting methods at Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Capture of dragonfly adults during two short expeditions to Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais State, using three distinct collecting methodsaerial nets, Malaise and light sheet trapsis reported. The results are outstanding due the high number of species of Gomphidae (7 out of 26 Odonata species), including a new species of Cyanogomphus Selys, 1873, obtained by two non-traditional collecting methods. Because active collecting with aerial nets is the standard approach for dragonfly inventories, we discuss some aspects of the use of traps, comparing our results with those in the literature, suggesting they should be used as complementary methods in faunistic studies. Furthermore, Zonophora campanulata annulata Belle, 1983 is recorded for the first time from Minas Gerais State and taxonomic notes about Phyllogomphoides regularis (Selys, 1873) and Progomphus complicatus Selys, 1854 are also given.

O Clima Organizacional e sua Influência na Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho: Um Estudo de Caso na Direcção Geral do Ambiente

A presente memória monográfica teve como objectivo estudar a influência do clima organizacional na qualidade de vida no trabalho, tendo como público-alvo os colaboradores da Direcção Geral do Ambiente ( DGA ) . Esta pesquisa aprofunda e esclarece múltiplos aspectos dos sujeitos afectos a estrutura sede da DGA, realçando a importância que o clima tem para uma organização. A metodologia usada nesse trabalho foi a pesquisa de carácter exploratória, descritiva e quantitativa. Participaram 28 colaboradores, do qual extraímos aleatoriamente 27 para a amostra com as seguintes características: 48,1% ( sexo masculino) e 51,9% ( sexo feminino) . Os dados foram organizados com o auxílio do software estatístico SPSS versão 18.0, considerando um erro amostral de 7,3% e 95% de confiança, a partir da técnica de amostragem aleatória simples, sob a qual todos os elementos de uma população têm igual oportunidade em fazer parte da amostra. Foi empregado um inquérito, por questionário, na obtenção dos dados empíricos, elaborado segundo a escala de Liker e submetidos a análise do software estatístico acima mencionado. A análise dos dados resultou na produção e interpretação das tabelas, gráficos, as medidas estatísticas particularmente as medias e os testes estatísticos ( teste t de student e ANOVA ) e a correlação entre itens.Na abordagem teórica foram abordados assuntos como comportamento organizacional, clima organizacional, estilos de liderança, cultura organizacional, Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho ( QVT) . De acordo com o modelo de análise, os tópicos revelam que os colaboradores da DGA de um modo geral estão satisfeitos com os aspectos considerados na avaliação do clima organizacional, o que realça fortes indícios de satisfação com a QVT no contexto da DGA. Além disso, a percepção do clima organizacional com foco nas variáveis moderadoras demonstra que esses não explicam/ influenciam a percepção do clima organizacional. Conclui-se que o método adoptado é pertinente para o estudo da QVT em pesquisa de campo, desenvolvidas em organizações.

Gestão dos Parques Naturais em Cabo Verde

O Presente trabalho que se intitula “Gestão dos Parques Naturais em Cabo Verde”, enquadra-se no âmbito do curso de licenciatura em Administração Pública e Autárquica, realizado pela Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde. Em Cabo Verde, a criação dos parques naturais, bem como das outras áreas protegidas, têm vindo a aumentar, mas os modelos de gestão utilizados nem sempre são eficazes e eficientes, o que nem sempre se verifica, condicionando os princípios desses parques naturais de Serra Malagueta, de Monte Gordo e de Fogo. Tendo em consideração as vantagens do modelo de gestão participativa para as áreas protegidas e, particularmente, para os parques naturais, o presente trabalho tem, entre outros objectivos, analisar a gestão desses e propor medidas de políticas e estratégias que contribuam para uma melhor gestão dos mesmos. Para a realização deste trabalho, foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, com enfoque na análise SWOT, apresentado assim nas informações das entrevistas aplicadas aos sujeitos de pesquisas e análise dos relatórios, bem como os estudos realizados, em Cabo Verde, sobre as áreas protegidas, com realce para os dos parques naturais . Com a realização deste trabalho, concluiu-se que, em Cabo Verde, os parques naturais, para além de terem potencialidades (a biodiversidade e existência de um contexto institucional e legislativo geral favorável a gestão dos Parques) e oportunidades (parceria especial de Cabo Verde com a União Europeia, adesão de Cabo Verde a OMC e as Organizações Internacionais e Regionais sobre o Ambiente), deparam-se com fraquezas (não existência de sinergias entre gestão dos Parques e as Câmaras Municipais e a falta de concertação institucional e sistémica na elaboração dos planos estratégicos) e ameaças (alterações climáticas globais que podem provocar a seca e indutoras de alterações na distribuição dos habitats e espécies, a pobreza e aumento da procura dos parques naturais para o turismo), o que condicionam a sua gestão, pelo que devem ser geridos com base em novos paradigmas, nomeadamente a implementação do modelo de gestão participativa, a cooperação, a concertação e a articulação estratégicas entre as instituições responsáveis directa, ou indirectamente na gestão dos parques naturais.