Effects of variation in nest curtain design on pre-laying behaviour of domestic hens

Laying hens in loose-housing systems select a nest daily in which to lay their eggs among many identical looking nests, they often prefer corner nests. We investigated whether heterogeneity in nest curtain appearance – via colours and symbols – would influence nest selection and result in an even distribution of eggs among nests. We studied pre-laying behaviour in groups of 30 LSL hens across two consecutive trials with eight groups per trial. Half of the groups had access to six identical rollaway group-nests, while the others had access to six nests of the same type differing in outer appearance. Three colours (red, green, yellow) and three black symbols (cross, circle, rectangle) were used to create three different nest curtain designs per pen. Nest position and the side of entrance to the pens were changed at 28 and 30 weeks of age, respectively, whereby the order of changes was counterbalanced across trials. Nest positions were numbered 1–6, with nest position 1 representing the nest closest to the pen entrance. Eggs were counted per nest daily from week of age 18 to 33. Nest visits were recorded individually with an RFID system for the first 5 h of light throughout weeks 24–33. Hens with access to nests differing in curtain appearance entered fewer nests daily than hens with identical nests throughout the study but both groups entered more nests with increasing age. We found no other evidence that curtain appearance affected nest choice and hens were inconsistent in their daily nest selection. A high proportion of eggs were laid in corner nests especially during the first three weeks of lay. The number of visits per egg depended upon nest position and age: it increased with age and was higher after the nest position change than before in nest position 1, whereas it stayed stable over time in nest position 6. At 24 weeks of age, gregarious nest visits (hens visiting an occupied nest when there was at least one unoccupied nest) and solitary nest visits (hens visiting an unoccupied nest when there was at least one occupied nest) accounted for a similar amount of nest visits, however, after the door switch, gregarious nest visits made up more than half of all nest visits, while the number of solitary nest visits had decreased. The visual cues were too subtle or inadequate for hens to develop individual preferences while nest position, entrance side, age and nest occupancy affected the quantity and type of nest visits.

Modification of aviary design reduces incidence of falls, collisions and keel bone damage in laying hens

Non-cage housing systems for laying hens such as aviaries provide greater freedom to perform species-specific behavior and thus are thought to improve welfare of the birds; however, aviaries are associated with a high prevalence of keel bone damage (fractures and deviations), which is a major welfare problem in commercial laying hens. Potential causes of keel bone damage are falls and collisions with internal housing structures that occur as birds move between tiers or perches in the aviary. The aim of this study was to investigate the scope for reducing keel bone damage by reducing falls and collisions through modifications of aviary design. Birds were kept in 20 pens in a laying hen house (225 hens per pen) that were assigned to four different treatments (n = 5 pens per treatment group) including (1) control pens and pens modified by the addition of (2) perches, (3) platforms and (4) ramps. Video recordings at 19, 22, 29, 36 and 43 weeks of age were used to analyze controlled movements and falls (including details on occurrence of collision, cause of fall, height of fall and behavior after fall) during the transitional dusk and subsequent dark phase. Palpation assessments (focusing on fractures and deviations) using 20 focal hens per pen were conducted at 18, 20, 23, 30, 37, 44, 52 and 60 weeks of age. In comparison to the control group, we found 44% more controlled movements in the ramp (P = 0.003) and 47% more controlled movements in the platform treatments (P = 0.014) as well as 45% fewer falls (P = 0.006) and 59% fewer collisions (P < 0.001) in the ramp treatment. There were no significant differences between the control and perch treatments. Also, at 60 weeks of age, 23% fewer fractured keel bones were found in the ramp compared with the control treatment (P = 0.0053). After slaughter at 66 weeks of age, no difference in keel bone damage was found between treatment groups and the prevalence of fractures increased to an average of 86%. As a potential mechanism to explain the differences in locomotion, we suggest that ramps facilitated movement in the vertical plane by providing a continuous path between the tiers and thus supported more natural behavior (i.e. walking and running) of the birds. As a consequence of reducing events that potentially damage keel bones, the installation of ramps may have reduced the prevalence of keel fractures for a major portion of the flock cycle. We conclude that aviary design and installation of specific internal housing structures (i.e. ramps and platforms) have considerable potential to reduce keel bone damage of laying hens in aviary systems.

Isak und Jakob [Illustration]

Jose de Ribera

Ueber den derzeitigen Stand der gesetzlichen Schutzbewegung zu Gunsten der Alpenflora unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Tätigkeit des "Vereins zum Schutze und zur Pflege der Alpenpflanzen" : Nachtrag IV.

von C. Schmolz

Belägerung der Vestung Poroto[!] Longone in der Insul Elba, 1650

[Stecher: Caspar Merian]

Grundtriß der Prager Stätte

Betreffend die Belagerung 1648

Bestürmbung der Prager Stätte : 1648

Aus: Theatrum Europaeum ; 6

Sefer Nishmat ḥayim : kolel derushim yeḳarim ṿe-niśgavim ʿal ʿinyan ha-neshamah ...

ha-kol bi-khtav ʿalav ... Menasheh ben Yiśraʾel

Concentrations of metals and POPs in liver tissue of wild sea bird chicks from the Norwegian arctic region

Lysosomal membrane stability, lipofuscin (LF), malondialdehyde (MDA), neutral lipid (NL) levels, as well as halogenated organic compounds (HOCs), Cr, Cd, Pb and Fe concentrations were analyzed in liver of black-legged kittiwake (BK), herring gull (HG), and northern fulmar (NF) chicks. There were significant species differences in the levels of NL, LF and lysosomal membrane stability. These parameters were not associated with the respective HOC concentrations. LF accumulation was associated with increasing Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations. HG presented the lowest lysosomal membrane stability and the highest. LF and NL levels, which indicated impaired lysosomes in HG compared to NF and BK. Lipid peroxidation was associated with HOC and Fe2+ levels. Specific HOCs showed positive and significant correlations with MDA levels in HG. The study indicates that contaminant exposure can affect lysosomal and lipid associated parameters in seabird chicks even at low exposure levels. These parameters may be suitable markers of contaminant induced stress in arctic seabirds.

Nuevos movimientos sociales. Resistencia al desplazamiento forzoso. El caso de los vecinos de El Brete (Posadas, Misiones. Argentina). 16H236

Esta investigación se plantea analizar la organización de la resistencia al desplazamiento forzoso que desarrollan los vecinos del barrio El Brete, en la costa norte de la ciudad de Posadas, ante la inminente elevación de la cota del embalse de la Represa Hidroeléctrica Binacional Yacyretá. Los terrenos en que residen quedarán en parte bajo las aguas y, en parte, serán base de la continuidad del proyecto de prolongación de la avenida costanera de la ciudad. Así, con precios inmobiliarios fuertemente incrementados, el sitio de los antiguos pobladores de El Brete, forma parte de un proyecto de “renovación urbana” del que estos vecinos son excluidos. Los efectos de desgarramiento del tejido social provocados tanto por el desplazamiento compulsivo de la población, como por la espera a ser trasladados por el programa operativo de reasentamiento de la EBY que se prolongado más de 2 décadas, genera stress multidimencional por relocalización y agrava la condición de vulnerabilidad social de los vecinos de la ribera que, no obstante, se organizan para resistir estas políticas de exclusión territorial de la que son objeto. A lo largo del trabajo de investigación se registraron los principales acontecimientos desatados por la efectivización por parte de la EBY del proceso de relocalización, en el contexto del actual Programa de Terminación de Yacyretá (PTY). Se atendieron prioritariamente los aspectos políticos, sociales, económicos e ideológicos del conflicto haciendo énfasis particularmente en las acciones de resistencia desplegadas por estos vecinos, sus percepciones de la situación, sus experiencias vividas y las formas de organización que fueron articulando.