Atributos do solo e distinção de pedoambientes para a agricultura na terra indígena Mbya em Ubatuba (SP)

As terras indígenas são destinadas à reprodução física e cultural, segundo os usos, costumes e tradições de seus povos. A experiência de agricultores Guarani Mbya na terra indígena Boa Vista do Sertão do Promirim foi considerada pela distinção de atributos de solo em três pedoambientes agrícolas denominados yvy porã (terra boa, TB ; terra para o cultivo do milho avaxi etei). A pesquisa de campo (etnográfica e pedográfica) foi realizada em ambiente de floresta ombrófila densa submontana, em Ubatuba, SP. Foram feitas análises morfológicas, físicas e químicas, em perfis dos solos de três áreas yvy porã (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo e Cambissolo Háplico) e em amostras de terra, das camadas de 0,0-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m. A aptidão das terras foi avaliada segundo o Sistema de Avaliação da Aptidão Agrícola das Terras (SAAAT). As áreas foram definidas por quatro informantes Guarani Mbya, que localizaram as yvy porã e as ordenaram pelo potencial agrícola. Na profundidade de 0,0-0,05 m, os atributos teores de argila total (AT), Ca + Mg e Ca, soma de bases, V% e pH definiram a TB3 como a de maior potencial. Na profundidade de 0,05-0,10 m, os atributos foram os teores de H, Ca, H + Al e AT, o valor T, a soma de bases, o volume total de poros (VTP) e o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), e o pH. A análise de componente principal permitiu explicar a qualificação das yvy porã (TB3 > TB1 > TB2) segundo os Mbya, em termos dos atributos do solo, e corroborar TB3 como a área de maior potencial para a cultura do milho tradicional. Contudo, o SAAAT não diferenciou a aptidão agrícola entre as yvy porã e, em função do fator deficiência de fertilidade, o grupo de aptidão seria regular para pastagem natural (5n). A incongruência nas avaliações evidencia a relevância do conhecimento tradicional na gestão agroambiental das terras indígenas, visando à sua sustentabilidade.

Madot tappoivat suden Hämeessä : kuolemaan johtanut Alaria sp. -imumatoinfektio sudella

Summary: Alaria sp. causing fatal enteritis in a wolf

Identification of opsA, a gene involved in solute stress mitigation and survival in soil, in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium Novosphingobium sp. strain LH128.

The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in solute and matric stress mitigation in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading Novosphingobium sp. strain LH128. The genes were identified using plasposon mutagenesis and by selection of mutants that showed impaired growth in a medium containing 450 mM NaCl as a solute stress or 10% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 as a matric stress. Eleven and 14 mutants showed growth impairment when exposed to solute and matric stresses, respectively. The disrupted sequences were mapped on a draft genome sequence of strain LH128, and the corresponding gene functions were predicted. None of them were shared between solute and matric stress-impacted mutants. One NaCl-affected mutant (i.e., NA7E1) with a disruption in a gene encoding a putative outer membrane protein (OpsA) was susceptible to lower NaCl concentrations than the other mutants. The growth of NA7E1 was impacted by other ions and nonionic solutes and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), suggesting that opsA is involved in osmotic stress mitigation and/or outer membrane stability in strain LH128. NA7E1 was also the only mutant that showed reduced growth and less-efficient phenanthrene degradation in soil compared to the wild type. Moreover, the survival of NA7E1 in soil decreased significantly when the moisture content was decreased but was unaffected when soluble solutes from sandy soil were removed by washing. opsA appears to be important for the survival of strain LH128 in soil, especially in the case of reduced moisture content, probably by mitigating the effects of solute stress and retaining membrane stability.

Seeds with high molybdenum concentration improved growth and nitrogen acquisition of rhizobium-inoculated and nitrogen-fertilized common bean plants

Seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with high molybdenum (Mo) concentration can supply Mo plant demands, but to date no studies have concomitantly evaluated the effects of Mo-enriched seeds on plants inoculated with rhizobia or treated with N fertilizer. This work evaluated the effects of seed Mo on growth and N acquisition of bean plants fertilized either by symbiotic N or mineral N, by measuring the activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase and the contribution of biological N2 fixation at different growth stages. Seeds enriched or not with Mo were sown with two N sources (inoculated with rhizobia or fertilized with N), in pots with 10 kg of soil. In experiment 1, an additional treatment consisted of Mo-enriched seeds with Mo applied to the soil. In experiment 2, the contribution of N2 fixation was estimated by 15N isotope dilution. Common bean plants grown from seeds with high Mo concentration flowered one day earlier. Seeds with high Mo concentration increased the leaf area, shoot mass and N accumulation, with both N sources. The absence of effects of Mo application to the soil indicated that Mo contents of Mo-enriched seeds were sufficient for plant growth. Seeds enriched with Mo increased nitrogenase activity at the vegetative stage of inoculated plants, and nitrate reductase activity at late growth stages with both N sources. The contribution of N2 fixation was 17 and 61 % in plants originating from low- or high-Mo seeds, respectively. The results demonstrate the benefits of sowing Mo-enriched seeds on growth and N nutrition of bean plants inoculated with rhizobia or fertilized with mineral N fertilizer.

Brachiaria sp yield and nutrient contents after nitrogen and sulphur fertilization

Among the production factors, adequate fertilization is an important tool to raise the productivity of pastoral systems and consequently increase the share of Brazil in the supply chain of primary agricultural products at the global level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS: Stapf. The experiment in pots with Dystrophic Oxisol was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement, involving five N doses (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg dm-3) in the form of ammonium nitrate and three S doses (0, 20 and 80 mg dm-3) in the form of calcium sulfate, with a total of 15 treatments. In the treatments with low S dose, calcium was provided as calcium chloride, to ensure a homogeneous Ca supply in all treatments. The results showed that the tiller production and dry weight of green leaves and of stems + sheaths and total dry weight were favored by the combination of N and S fertilizer, while the proportion of dry leaves was reduced. Nitrogen fertilization raised the N contents in green leaves and stems + sheaths and reduced K contents in fresh and dry leaves. The response to S rates in the N content of green leaves was quadratic.

Saccamoeba lacustris, sp. nov. (Amoebozoa: Lobosea: Hartmannellidae), a new lobose amoeba, parasitized by the novel chlamydia 'Candidatus Metachlamydia lacustris' (Chlamydiae: Parachlamydiaceae).

An amoeba isolated from an aquatic biotope, identified morphologically as Saccamoeba limax, was found harbouring mutualistic rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria. During their cultivation on agar plates, a coinfection also by lysis-inducing chlamydia-like organisms was found in some subpopulations of that amoeba. .Here we provide a molecular-based identification of both the amoeba host and the two bacterial endosymbionts. Analysis of the 18S rRNA gene revealed that this strain is the sister-group to Glaeseria, for which we proposed the name Saccamoeba lacustris. The rod-shaped endosymbiont was identified as a member of Variovorax paradoxus group (Comamonadaceae, Beta-Proteobacteria). No growth on bacteriological agars was recorded, hence this symbiont might be strictly intracellular. The chlamydia-like parasite was unable to infect Acanthamoeba and other amoebae in coculture, showing high host specificity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA indicated that it is a new member of the family Parachlamydiaceae (order Chlamydiales), for which we proposed the name 'Candidatus Metachlamydia lacustris'.

Ciclagem e balanço de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta em um plantio de Eucalyptus sp., no Distrito Federal

As espécies do gênero Eucalyptus são as mais plantadas no mundo, tornando-se solução para diminuir a pressão sobre as florestas nativas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a biomassa seca e sua distribuição nos diferentes compartimentos das árvores (folhas, galhos, casca, lenho e raízes), bem como examinar o conteúdo de macronutrientes dela e o balanço de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta, em um plantio de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis, aos 60 meses de idade, na Fazenda Água Limpa, no Distrito Federal. Os dados foram obtidos de três árvores de eucalipto, que foram cubadas rigorosamente e tiveram as raízes escavadas até a profundidade de 60 cm. Esses dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pela correlação de Pearson. Grande parte da biomassa seca das árvores foi verificada no compartimento lenho (69,19 %), seguido de raízes (10,15 %), galhos (9,75 %), casca (6,06 %) e folhas (4,85 %). Os maiores teores de macronutrientes foram detectados nas folhas (N = 13,55 g kg-1; P = 1,33 g kg-1; K = 8,52 g kg-1; Ca = 7,12 g kg-1; Mg = 2,44 g kg-1; e S = 1,76 g kg-1), enquanto o lenho apresentou os menores (N = 1,73 g kg-1; P = 0,23 g kg-1; K = 0,34 g kg-1; Ca = 0,20 g kg-1; Mg = 0,03 g kg-1; e S = 0,43 g kg-1). A ordem dos conteúdos totais de macronutrientes verificada para a parte aérea foi: N > K > Ca >S > Mg > P, enquanto para as raízes, N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P. As raízes são responsáveis por acumular aproximadamente 11,90 % dos nutrientes contidos na biomassa das árvores; essa quantidade diminui com o aumento da profundidade. O balanço de nutrientes indica que P e S não são suficientes para um novo ciclo da floresta.

Exposure to solute stress affects genome-wide expression but not the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading activity of Sphingomonas sp. strain LH128 in biofilms.

Members of the genus Sphingomonas are important catalysts for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, but their activity can be affected by various stress factors. This study examines the physiological and genome-wide transcription response of the phenanthrene-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain LH128 in biofilms to solute stress (invoked by 450 mM NaCl solution), either as an acute (4-h) or a chronic (3-day) exposure. The degree of membrane fatty acid saturation was increased as a response to chronic stress. Oxygen consumption in the biofilms and phenanthrene mineralization activities of biofilm cells were, however, not significantly affected after imposing either acute or chronic stress. This finding was in agreement with the transcriptomic data, since genes involved in PAH degradation were not differentially expressed in stressed conditions compared to nonstressed conditions. The transcriptomic data suggest that LH128 adapts to NaCl stress by (i) increasing the expression of genes coping with osmolytic and ionic stress such as biosynthesis of compatible solutes and regulation of ion homeostasis, (ii) increasing the expression of genes involved in general stress response, (iii) changing the expression of general and specific regulatory functions, and (iv) decreasing the expression of protein synthesis such as proteins involved in motility. Differences in gene expression between cells under acute and chronic stress suggest that LH128 goes through changes in genome-wide expression to fully adapt to NaCl stress, without significantly changing phenanthrene degrading activity.

Nodulações e Produtividades de Grãos de Feijoeiros diante da Adubação Nitrogenada ou da Inoculação com Rhizobium Freirei

RESUMO O conhecimento das respostas de feijoeiros em razão da adubação nitrogenada ou da inoculação das sementes com rizóbios pode direcionar seus cultivos para diferentes nichos de mercado, em níveis tecnológicos diversos. Foram avaliadas as nodulações das raízes e as produtividades de grãos de 10 cultivares de feijão diante da adubação nitrogenada e da inoculação das sementes comRhizobium freirei, objetivando-se identificar em, termos de produtividades de grãos, as mais eficientes e responsivas à adubação nitrogenada, bem como à nutrição simbiótica de N em relação à adubação nitrogenada. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em duas safras (seca-2012 e águas-2012/2013), empregando-se, em cada qual delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 10 × 3 com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se as quantidades e massas de nódulos radiculares e produtividades de grãos de 10 cultivares de feijão dos grupos comerciais preto (IPR Gralha, IPR Tuiuiú, Rio Tibagi, BRS Esplendor e IPR Uirapuru) e carioca (IPR Tangará, Iapar 81, IPR Campos Gerais, BRS Pontal e Carioca), em razão de três tratamentos, visando variações em nutrições nitrogenadas: testemunha, sem N; com adubação nitrogenada; e inoculação das sementes com R. freirei. Feijões do grupo comercial carioca são mais produtivos e, independentemente da nodulação com rizóbios nativos ou exógenos, são mais propensos à nutrição simbiótica nitrogenada. A adubação nitrogenada é prejudicial, principalmente para as nodulações das cultivares BRS Esplendor, Carioca e BRS Pontal na safra da seca. Em termos de produtividades de grãos, as cultivares Rio Tibagi, BRS Esplendor, BRS Pontal e IPR Uirapuru são relativamente mais eficientes com a inoculação das sementes com R. freirei do que com a adubação nitrogenada, e as cultivares IPR Gralha e IPR Tangará se destacam como responsivas e eficientes à adubação nitrogenada.

Órfãos tutelados nas malhas do judiciário (Bragança-SP, 1871-1900)

Este artigo analisa autos de tutoria e contrato de órfãos pobres e desvalidos, entre 1871 e 1900, do Poder Judiciário da Comarca de Bragança Paulista, e identifica situações que envolvem exploração do trabalho de menores de idade, violência e maus-tratos. São rastreadas as iniciativas educacionais para esse grupo de crianças e adolescentes, associadas às relações de trabalho que se estabeleceram entre elas e seus tutores. Com base nas práticas da administração da Justiça, uma vez que os órfãos ficavam sob sua jurisdição, verifica-se de que forma se processava o acesso à educação dos menores e os mecanismos de controle sobre a infância pobre no momento de conformação do trabalho assalariado no país. Notadamente, é nessa época que crianças e adolescentes pobres, desvalidos, passam a ser vistos mais pontualmente. Isso porque a crença no trabalho para as classes pobres, a fim de evitar a marginalidade, ia ao encontro do discurso da carência de mão de obra, relacionado às visões sobre o trabalho que estavam sendo construídas no momento da abolição/imigração.

Sydänpussiin eksynyt Contracaecum sp. -sukkulamato aiheutti kirjoahvenen kuoleman : tapausselostus

Summary: Contracaecum sp. in the pericardial sac as a cause of death in a cichlid (Pseudotropheus saulosi) - a case report

Domicola lithodesi n.gen n.sp. (Amphipoda: Calliopiidae), inhabitant of thepleonal cavity of a South African lithodid crab

Domicola lithodesi, a new genus and species of gammaridean amphipod is described. It is placed in the family Calliopiidae. Two specimens, a male and a preparatory female, were collected in August 1990 from the pleonal cavity of the lithodid crab Lithodes ferox (Filhol, 1885), an anomuran crab caught at 300 m depth from off Namibia. The more relevant characters are: anophtalmous; body smooth, gammarid-like, male smaller than female, urosomite 1 with a prepeduncular spine; telson broad, entire, unlobed and unarmed; short rostrum; accessory flagellum scale-like, calceoli absent; lower lip without inner lobes; coxa 4 posteriorly excavated; gnathopods basic, subequal, with numerous palmar spines; dactyls on P3-7 with specialized adhesive organs; coxal gill 7 present; uropods eusirid type.