城市化影响下北京植物多样性现状与保护对策研究

城市化是引起生物多样性降低的主要原因之一，因此，应特别注意城市区域和城市化过程中的生物多样性保护。北京近三十年来经历了最为持久的城市化过程，城市的迅速扩张，人口的快速增加和经济的蓬勃发展给北京的生态环境带了巨大的压力，也给生物多样性工作带来了巨大的挑战。为有效开展生物多样性保护工作，迫切需要开展北京生物多样性现状及保护对策的研究。北京市以前在生物多样性方面作过大量工作，但缺乏系统的整理。本文通过深入的现场调查和对已有文献资料的整理，对当前北京市维管植物多样性现状及问题作了分析，并提出相应对策，以期为北京生物多样性保护工作提供参考。主要内容如下： 1．北京市自然生态系统主要有森林生态系统、灌丛生态系统、草甸生态系统和湿地生态系统4种类型。在人类长期干扰下，各生态系统多为次生。目前森林生态系统面积逐步扩大，而草甸生态系统和湿地生态系统受人为活动破坏严重，呈现严重退化趋势。 2．整理关于北京物种新纪录的各种文献，结合野外调查，构建了北京维管植物多样性数据库。北京维管植物多样性比较丰富，已知维管植物有2276种，然而特有性不强，严格属于北京特有维管束植物仅有5种。境内共分布有25种国家重点保护植物，包括野大豆、紫椴、河北梨以及22种野生兰科植物。根据调查资料初步评估，确定40种植物在北京处于受威胁状态。 3．根据北京人口密度、城市人口比例以及建设土地比例，将北京市按城市化程度的高低划分为城区，近郊区、远郊区三个区域。物种丰富度以远郊区最高，城区次之，近郊区最低，而外来物种比例则以城区最高，远郊区最低。城区分布有北京市93%以上的外来种，是其物种丰富度较近郊区为高的原因之一。对北京市特有植物、受危植物、国家保护植物和北京市保护植物的分布的分析表明，远郊区分布有93%以上的上述植物，是北京市生物多样性的重点保护区域，而城区和近郊区也分别分布有近1/4和1/3，说明保护稀有濒危物种方面，城区和近郊区也不容忽视。 4．对北京市外来植物作了分析，认为北京有126种归化植物，其中47种为入侵植物。菊科、禾本科、大戟科和苋科在入侵植物中占优势，美洲为最大起源地，其次为欧洲。园艺苗木引种是入侵物种的主要侵入途径，导致海淀、丰台、西城、朝阳等城区分布有较多的入侵种。 5．对外来物种火炬树的地理分布格局和入侵潜力作了研究。火炬树在人为大力推广下已遍布各风景区，在公路两侧也常见分布并侵入农田，甚至出现在某些自然保护区。火炬树在贫瘠和肥沃生境下均具有较高的繁殖速度，在3年内靠克隆繁殖扩散距离已超过6米，并能行成郁闭度很高的单优群落，其物种丰富度、个体密度以及物种多样性指数均显著低于本地荆条灌丛群落。由于其强阳性生长特性，使其不能侵入森林，然而却能对灌丛生态系统构成危害，其克隆繁殖的特点也使其难以根除，在北京地区具有潜在的入侵能力，不适合继续作为绿化北京的主要树种。 6．北京市生物多样性面临的主要问题包括城区本土生物多样性低、生态系统退化、湿地萎缩、污染严重、强度的旅游开发和外来物种入侵等。本文对这些问题作了分析，提出在城区大力应用本地种构建自然群落，对退化生态系统因势利导结合人工和自然力进行恢复，规范旅游活动向生态旅游方向发展，加强公众教育，促进全社会参与生物多样性保护工作。

硅在大豆低钾胁迫中的作用

钾是作物生长发育的必需矿质元素，缺钾对大豆产量和营养品质影响显著。硅是植物的有益元素，在低钾胁迫条件下，硅对大豆生长是否有改善作用还未见相关报道，本研究以对低钾敏感的不同基因型大豆品种（铁丰35和铁丰31）为试验材料，在低钾条件下（1 mmol L-1)，施加Na2SiO3，通过大豆生物量、根系形态学、生理学和抗氧化物酶活性等参数的变化，研究硅在大豆缺钾胁迫生长中的作用。主要研究结果如下： 1低钾胁迫对大豆生长发育和生理指标形状的影响 与正常钾生长条件（5 mmol L-1）相比，对低钾敏感的基因型大豆品种铁丰35，低钾胁迫使铁丰35品种主根、侧根，过氧化氢 (H2O2)和丙二醛含量(MDA)，根系和叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和光合特性指标等发生显著变化，同样地，铁丰31品种根系的SOD、CAT、POD活性和MDA含量也发生显著变化。相反，铁丰31品种的其它形态学和生理学指标参数受低钾胁迫影响差异不显著。 2 Si和Na+对大豆生长发育和生理过程中低钾胁迫的减缓作用 为探明Si对大豆生长发育和生理过程中低钾胁迫的减缓作用，我们将Na2SiO3分别设立3个浓度处理水平(0.1, 2.0, 5.0 mmol L-1)，对照CK0：5.0 mmol/L KNO3+0.0 mmol/L Na2SiO3，副对照CK1：1.0 mmol/L KNO3+4.0mmol/L NaCl，其中以Si2处理是2个品种减缓低钾胁迫效应最好的，对大豆生长发育和促进大豆根、茎和叶内钾浓度含量，低钾胁迫使SOD、POD、CAT活性，H2O2和MDA含量，以及光合特性(Pn, WUE)等指标参数得以显著地改善，但Na2SiO3对低钾敏感品种铁丰35的减缓作用远大于对低钾不敏感的品种铁丰31。为排除Na2SiO3中Na+对低钾大豆的生长作用，用等浓度NaCl进行检验，结果表明，Na+可以部分地减缓低钾胁迫，并且这减缓作用远小于等浓度的Si。本试验结果说明Si通过改变几个关键的生理过程，进而提高低钾胁迫条件下，大豆生长发育的表达活力，以有效地改善低钾对大豆生长的胁迫。 3 Si通过提高抗氧化胁迫进而减缓大豆生长发育中低钾胁迫 低钾胁迫使大豆地上和地下生物产量与对照CK0相比显著减少，增施Na2SiO3前后大豆其根冠比、过氧化氢积累、钾含量、膜质过氧化产物和抗氧化物酶活性变化显著。另外，Na2SiO3显著减缓了低钾胁迫使大豆根冠比、提高了低钾大豆根、茎、叶内钾浓度，Si还减缓了过氧化氢 (H2O2)和丙二醛含量(MDA)，这说明Si抑制了低钾的过氧化胁迫，显著地抑制了因低钾胁迫而使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等活性的升高，这些酶活性提高效应被施加的Na2SiO3消除，这些结果表明，Si通过提高抗氧化胁迫能力，进而减缓大豆生长发育的低钾胁迫，对低钾胁迫有非常重要的减缓调控作用。

National Agricultural Research Organisation. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute Annual Report 2007/2008

During the reporting period, NaFIRRI realigned its projects under ARTP II extension to focus on: 1. Determination of appropriate technologies and methods for harvesting and conservation of fish species in the Albert and Kyoga Systems 2. Impact of policies and technologies on livelihoods 3. Generation of knowledge for the management of aquatic invasive weeds and their hot spots in Lakes Albert and Kyoga 5. Determination of environmental factors influencing productivity for fisheries in Lakes Albert and Kyoga Systems 6. MSI - Nile perch project 7. Adaptation and Facilitating Dissemination of Appropriate technologies for harvesting Commercial Species 8. Identification of fish species suitable for culture and marketing, and promotion of their commercial culture in the Eastern AEZ.

National Agricultural Research Organisation. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute Annual Report 2011/2012

The annual report presents present activities and achievements for the reporting year 2011/2012. The Objectives of NaFIRRI are highlighted below: a) Generation of knowledge and technologies of strategic importance for the management, development and conservation of fisheries resources and water quality. b) Establishment and management of the human, physical and financial resources of the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute. c) Provision of technical backstopping and capacity building to the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institutes (ZARDIs) and other agencies dealing in fisheries research and water quality. d) Development and management of fisheries research information and ensuring collaboration with stakeholders. e) Planning, monitoring and evaluation of all fisheries research programmes undertaken by the institute to ensure conformity with national research strategy. f) Ensuring the quality of knowledge and technologies developed, multiplied and disseminated through uptake pathways. g) Generation of periodic reports on fisheries and water quality research programmes to National Agricultural Research Council (NARC) and other stakeholders. h) Establishment of sustainable linkages and partnerships with local, regional and international research bodies.

Trade of live brooders of the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus Monodon Fabricius 1978, at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

The demand for brooders of Penaeus monodon by the hatcheries, which are solely dependant on wild brooders for their seed production, has resulted in a vigorous fishery and trade for this species, especially along the Visakhapatnam coast. More than three hundred brooders are brought in per day for trading during the peak landing season from December to March every year. The price of gravid brooders has been declining over the years but on an average is about Rs. 30,000 per brooder. The total length of male brooders ranged from 190 to 246 mm during the three years under study and for females it varied between 210 and 330 mm. A specialized methodology for transportation, storage and trade of P. monodon brooders has been evolved over the years at Visakhapatnam Fishing Harbour. Concentrated exploitation of brooders from the wild and presence of pathogens in them makes a strong case for development of specific pathogen free brooders and conservation of wild stock.

Diversity indices of selected macrobenthos in Karanja Creek (District-Raigad), Maharashtra, west coast of India

The diversity indices can be used as a good measure for studying the effect of industrial pollution because industrial wastes and sewage almost always reduce the diversity of natural systems into which they are discharged. A measurement of diversity often provides a better index of pollution than a direct measurement of pollutants. The assessment of macrobenthos diversity with respect to diversity indices reflects the marine population and habitat disturbance, and also serves as an important indicator of environmental conditions. The present study was designed to investigate the diversity indices of selected macrobenthos at two ecologically distinct locations on the Karanja creek (District - Raigad), Maharashtra, west coast of India. Results on various diversity indices like Index of Frequency (F) or Importance Probability (Pi), Index of Dominance (c), Rarity Index (R), Shannon's Index of General Diversity (H¹) Margaf’s Richness Index (R sub(1)) and Evenness Index (e) did not vary significantly. This demonstrates that at present, Karanja creek harbours varied forms of macrobenthic community showing no effect of human disturbance, but in future, measures must be taken for the protection and conservation of macrobenthic community of the creek.

Adopt sustainable development principle in aquaculture

The inadequate planning and inefficient management of coastal aquaculture has resulted into serious socioeconomic consequences. These are the displacement of rural communities which traditionally depended on mangroves due to large-scale mangrove conversion for shrimp and fish farming, land subsidence caused by excessive pumping of groundwater for use in aquaculture, financial losses due to disease outbreaks, and public health consequences due to red tide. In order to maximize the socioeconomic benefits of coastal aquaculture the adoption of the principles of sustainable development is recommended. Sustainable development is the management and conservation of natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations.

The genetic garden

The article discusses some strategies in the establishment of a mangrove genetic garden where species could be maintained. The genetic garden is a sustainable way to prevent further damage of the remaining mangroves. Its prime function is the protection and conservation of mangroves for sustainable use.

黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护

黑长臂猿(H y lobates concolor) 是现生11 种长臂猿中其系统地位最低的灵长类。历史时期 长臂猿曾广泛分布在我国南部的大部省区。自公元4 世纪以来, 它们的分布发生了很大变化。分 布区从北到南, 从东到西急剧缩小, 现黑长臂猿缩小到只在海南岛、云南南部和越南北部, 已 分化为6 个亚种。分布于我国的5 亚种中, 海南亚种(H. c. hainanus) 现今仅20 余只, 是最 濒危的一个亚种; . 北部湾亚种(H. c. nasu tus) 50 年代曾在广西西南部发现, 60- 70 年代已绝 迹; 指名亚种(H. c. concolor) 主要分布于越南北部、滇南和滇中哀牢山。滇南约有100 余只, 滇中哀牢山可能有40- 60 群, 180- 240 只; 景东亚种(H. c. j ing d ong ensis) 为滇中无量山的 特有亚种, 现有100- 116 群, 430- 500 只; 滇西亚种(H. c. f u rvog aster) , 只分布在滇西南的 沧源、镇康、云县和耿马等地, 约有26- 42 群, 100- 150 只。现今, 黑长臂猿的分布区已不足 1 000Km 2, 总数量约1 000 只, 为高度濒危的灵长类动物。造成黑长臂猿濒危的主要原因是: 热 带和南亚热带原始森林的被破坏和缩小、人类活动的干扰使生境破碎和恶化、过度猎捕和长臂 猿自身的生物学弱点。目前, 中国的黑长臂猿已在9 个自然保护区中得到保护。

Crocodile farming: a multi-million dollar industry

Crocodiles have a long breeding life, which ranges from 25-30 years. There are 27 species and subspecies of crocodiles throughout the world, 18 of which are in danger of extinction, the rest being threatened with declining population due to overhunting and habitat destruction. Two known crocodile species exist in the Philippines: Crocodylus mindorensis (freshwater crocodile) and C. porosus (saltwater crocodile). Killing adult crocodiles, as is being done now, drastically reduces the potential population. Moreover, toxic wastes from mines, destruction of marshes and riverine habitats, and the conversion of their natural habitats for fishponds additionally threaten their populations. Estimates indicate that there are only about 100 Philippine crocodiles in the wild now. The Crocodile Farming Institute (CFI) was established in Palawan, in 1987, in order to save the crocodiles from extinction in the Philippines. It is now one of the components of the Palawan Wildlife and Conservation Center, and aims to conserve the 2 endangered species in the Philippines and also to develop and introduce a suitable crocodile farming technology that will help uplift the socio-economic well-being of the Filipino people. CFI believes in the potential of commercial utilization of crocodiles as a dollar-generating industry for the Philippines. It is a very profitable business and could be a multi-million dollar industry. A brief outline is given of the economic and marketing potentials of farming crocodiles in the Philippines.

Farming a new economically viable fish species: Kisinja (Barbus altianalis)

Kisinja (Barbus altianalis)is an indigenous omnivorous fish, of high economic value in Uganda. It was widely distributed in most lakes and rivers in the country but its stocks were depleted due to overfishing and degradation of its natural habitat. 1t can grow up to a maximum length of 120m and a weight of 15kg in the wild and grows faster, attains larger size than commonly farmed fishes in Uganda, including the Nile tilapia, the African catfish, and mirror carp. Kisinja is a highly valuable table fish with good taste and aroma especially when smoked. Increased production of Kisinja is therefore necessary to meet economic and nutritional benefits of the communities and conservation of the spedes.

East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization Annual Report 1973

The Annual report presents activities carried out by the Organization during the period 1973. It presents scientific work of the Organization which include: Tissue specificity of malate dehydrogenase in Astatoreochromis and two species of haplochromis, report on LaKe Babati Fishery, Observations on Engraulicypris orgenteus (PELLEGRIN) 1904 from Lake Victoria, Commercial trawl fishing on Lake Victoria: Fisheries development and conservation, Lunar periodicity and the breeding of Tilapia nilotica in the Northern part of Lake Victoria.

元江一红河水道开发对鱼类的影响和保护对策

元江一红河在中国境内共有鱼类90种，分隶6目16科65属，水道电站大坝建设引起生境片断化

Is UK Planning a Barrier to Energy Efficient Heritage Retrofit: A Comparative Analysis of a Selection of London Boroughs

This paper is part of a larger PhD research project examining the apparent conflict in UK planning between energy efficiency and conservation for the retrofit of the thermal envelope of the existing building stock. Review of the literature shows that the UK will not meet its 2050 emission reduction target without substantial improvement to the energy performance of the thermal envelope of the existing building stock and that significantly, 40% of the existing stock has heritage status and may be exempted from Building Regulations. A review of UK policy and legislation shows that there are clear national priorities towards reducing emissions and addressing climate change, yet also shows a movement towards local decision making and control. This paper compares the current status of thirteen London Boroughs in respect to their position on thermal envelope retrofit for heritage and traditionally constructed buildings. Data collection is through ongoing surveys and interviews that compare statistical data, planning policies, sustainability and environmental priorities, and Officer decision-making. This paper finds that there is a lack of consistency in application of planning policy across Boroughs and suggests that this is a barrier to the up-take of energy efficient retrofit. Various recommendations are suggested at both national and local level which could help UK planning and planning officers deliver more energy efficient heritage retrofits.