Nineteenth century research on cell death.

This paper reviews research on cell death in the 19th C. The first report of cell death was by Vogt in 1842, which was remarkably soon after the establishment of the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann between 1838 and 1842. Initial studies on cell death, including that of Vogt, focused on its occurrence in metamorphosis (Vogt, 1842; Prévost and Lebert, 1844; Weismann, 1863-1866) or in blatant pathology (Virchow, 1858), but as histological techniques improved it was found to be involved in more subtle roles in numerous situations including endochondral ossification (Stieda, 1872), ovarian follicle atresia (Flemming, 1885), cell turnover (Nissen, 1886), the wholesale loss of a population of sensory neurons in fish (Beard, 1889), and the naturally occurring histogenetic death of myocytes (Felix, 1889) and neurons (Collin, 1906). The current categorization of cell death into about three main morphological types has 19th century roots in that apoptosis was well described by Flemming (1885), who called it chromatolysis, and various authors including Noetzel (1895) proposed a threefold classification. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later".

Strategies to promote translational research within the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Head and Neck Cancer Group: a report from the Translational Research Subcommittee.

Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. These tumors are commonly diagnosed at advanced stages and mortality rates remain high. Even cured patients suffer the consequences of aggressive treatment that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. In the past, in clinical trials, HNSCC was considered as a single disease entity. Advances in molecular biology with the development of genomic and proteomic approaches have demonstrated distinct prognostic HNSCC patient subsets beyond those defined by traditional clinical-pathological factors such as tumor subsite and stage [Cho W (ed). An Omics Perspective on Cancer Research. New York/Berlin: Springer 2010]. Validation of these biomarkers in large prospective clinical trials is required before their clinical implementation. To promote this research, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Head and Neck Cancer Program will develop the following strategies-(i) biobanking: prospective tissue collection from uniformly treated patients in the setting of clinical trials; (ii) a group of physicians, physician-scientists, and EORTC Headquarters staff devoted to patient-oriented head and neck cancer research; (iii) a collaboration between the basic scientists of the Translational Research Division interested in head and neck cancer research and the physicians of the Head and Neck Cancer Group; and (iv) funding through the EORTC Grant Program and the Network Core Institutions Consortium. In the present report, we summarize our strategic plans to promote head and neck cancer research within the EORTC framework.

The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: a new century of malaria research

The global malaria situation has scarcely improved in the last 100 years, despite major advances in our knowledge of the basic biology, epidemiology and clinical basis of the disease. Effective malaria control, leading to a significant decrease in the morbidity and mortality attributable to malaria, will require a multidisciplinary approach. New tools - drugs, vaccine and insecticides - are needed but there is also much to be gained by better use of existing tools: using drugs in combination in order to slow the development of drug resistance; targeting resources to areas of greatest need; using geographic information systems to map the populations at risk and more sophisticated marketing techniques to distribute bed nets and insecticides. Sustainable malaria control may require the deployment of a highly effective vaccine, but there is much that can be done in the meantime to reduce the burden of disease.

Overview of some biomedical research projects in tropical medicine conducted at the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas

The Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC) is a government-funded multidisciplinary academic institution dedicated to research, development and technology in many areas of knowledge. Biomedical projects and publications comprise about 40% of the total at IVIC. In this article, we present an overview of some selected research and development projects conducted at IVIC which we believe contain new and important aspects related to malaria, ancylostomiasis, dengue fever, leishmaniasis and tuberculosis. Other projects considered of interest in the general area of tropical medicine are briefly described. This article was prepared as a small contribution to honor and commemorate the centenary of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

Essential diagnostics - the role of the Department of Biomedical Research of the Royal Tropical Institute in the 21st century

In the light of emerging and overlooked infectious diseases and widespread drug resistance, diagnostics have become increasingly important in supporting surveillance, disease control and outbreak management programs. In many low-income countries the diagnostic service has been a neglected part of health care, often lacking quantity and quality or even non-existing at all. High-income countries have exploited few of their advanced technical abilities for the much-needed development of low-cost, rapid diagnostic tests to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and accelerate the start of appropriate treatment. As is now also recognized by World Healt Organization, investment in the development of affordable diagnostic tools is urgently needed to further our ability to control a variety of diseases that form a major threat to humanity. The Royal Tropical Institute's Department of Biomedical Research aims to contribute to the health of people living in the tropics. To this end, its multidisciplinary group of experts focuses on the diagnosis of diseases that are major health problems in low-income countries. In partnership we develop, improve and evaluate simple and cheap diagnostic tests, and perform epidemiological studies. Moreover, we advice and support others - especially those in developing countries - in their efforts to diagnose infectious diseases.

Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care (PDF 351 KB)

This document sets out a framework for the governance of research conducted by or on behalf of the Health & Personal Social Services (HPSS)

Planning and conducting focus group research with nurses.

Focus groups are increasingly popular in nursing research. However, proper care and attention are critical to their planning and conduct, particularly those involving nursing staff. This article uses data gleaned from prior research to address the complexities present in clinical settings when conducting focus groups with nurses. Applying their combined experiences of conducting studies with nursing staff, the authors present a data-derived approach to thorough preparation and successful implementation of focus group research, offering a unique contribution to the literature regarding this research strategy.

Current millennium biotechniques for biomedical research on parasites and host-parasite interactions

The development of biotechnology in the last three decades has generated the feeling that the newest scientific achievements will deliver high standard quality of life through abundance of food and means for successfully combating diseases. Where the new biotechnologies give access to genetic information, there is a common belief that physiological and pathological processes result from subtle modifications of gene expression. Trustfully, modern genetics has produced genetic maps, physical maps and complete nucleotide sequences from 141 viruses, 51 organelles, two eubacteria, one archeon and one eukaryote (Saccharomices cerevisiae). In addition, during the Centennial Commemoration of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute the nearly complete human genome map was proudly announced, whereas the latest Brazilian key stone contribution to science was the publication of the Shillela fastidiosa genomic sequence highlythed on a Nature cover issue. There exists a belief among the populace that further scientific accomplishments will rapidly lead to new drugs and methodological approaches to cure genetic diseases and other incurable ailments. Yet, much evidence has been accumulated, showing that a large information gap exists between the knowledge of genome sequence and our knowledge of genome function. Now that many genome maps are available, people wish to know what are we going to do with them. Certainly, all these scientific accomplishments will shed light on many more secrets of life. Nevertheless, parsimony in the weekly announcements of promising scientific achievements is necessary. We also need many more creative experimental biologists to discover new, as yet un-envisaged biotechnological approaches, and the basic resource needed for carrying out mile stone research necessary for leading us to that "promised land"often proclaimed by the mass media.

Elaboració de membranes de fibra buida modificades amb nanopartícules metàl·liques per aplicacions catalítiques

Investigación producida a partir de una estancia en la Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III - CNRS, entre 2007 y 2009. Durante los últimos años la investigación centrada en nuevos materiales de tamaño nanoscòpico (nanopartículas, quantum dots, nanotubos de carbono,...) ha experimentado un crecimiento considerable debido a las especiales propiedades de los "nanoobjetos" con respecto a magnetismo, catálisis, conductividad eléctrica, etc ... Sin embargo, hoy en día todavía existen pocas aplicaciones de las nanopartículas en temas medioambientales. Uno de los motivos de esta situación es la posible toxicidad de los nanoobjetos, pero existe también una dificultad tecnológica dado que las nanopartículas tienden a agregarse y es muy difícil manipularlas sin que pierdan sus propiedades especiales. Así, aunque la preparación de materiales catalíticos nanoestructurados es muy interesante, es necesario definir nuevas estrategias para prepararlos. Este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo principal la preparación de nuevas membranas catalíticas con nanopartículas metálicas en el interior para aplicaciones de tratamiento de agua. La innovación principal de este proyecto consiste en que las nanopartículas no son introducidas en la matriz polimérica una vez preformadas sino que se hacen crecer en el interior de la matriz polimérica mediante una síntesis intermatricial. El único requisito es que la matriz polimérica contenga grupos funcionales capaces de interaccionar con los precursores de las nanopartículas. Una vez finalizado el proyecto se puede afirmar que se han logrado parte de los objetivos planteados inicialmente. Concreamente ha quedado demostrado que se pueden sintetizar nanopartículas metálicas de metales nobles (platino y paladio) en membranas de fibra hueca de micro- y ultrafiltración siguiendo dos metodologías diferentes: modificación fotoquímica de polímeros y deposición de multicapas de polielectrolitos. Los nuevos materiales son efectivos en la catálisis de reducción de un compuesto modelo (4-nitrofenol con borohidruro de sodio) y, en general, los resultados han sido satisfactorios. Sin embargo, se ha puesto de manifiesto que el uso de un reactivo que genera hidrógeno gas en contacto con la solución acuosa dificulta enormemente la implementación de la reacción catalítica al ser el medio de la membrana una matriz porosa. Así, como conclusión principal se puede decir que se han encontrado las limitaciones de esta aproximación y se sugieren dos posibilidades de continuidad: la utilización de las membranas sintetizadas en contactores gas-líquido o bien el estudio y optimización del sistema de membrana en configuración de membranas planas, un objetivo más asequible dada su menor complejidad. Esta investigación se ha realizado en el seno del “Laboratoire de Génie Chimique” de Toulouse y del Departamento de Química de la Michigan State University y ha sido posible gracias a un proyecto financiado por la “Agence National pour la Recherce” y al programa PERMEANT entre el CNRS y la NSF.