Profesionales vs. profanos : Poder y representación en una red de organizaciones sociales

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la división del trabajo político de una red de organizaciones sociales lideradas por una ONG de Promoción y Desarrollo (ONGPD), explorando el capital político como mecanismo para obtener reconocimiento, el que permite imponer los criterios propios de valores frente a otros y establecer las reglas de juego. El juego del campo político descansa sobre la exclusión de aquellos que poseen un capital político menor. De ahí que los ?profesionales? del campo de las políticas sociales están legitimados a decir y hacer, no por la relación directa con las organizaciones representadas (los ?profanos?) a través de la figura de la red, sino en relación con los otros miembros del campo (técnicos, políticos o funcionarios). Esta suerte de efecto de cerramiento es el resultado de la autonomización del espacio político, que cuanto más avanza según su lógica propia, profundiza la ruptura con los profanos. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que no puede cerrarse por completo: quienes forman parte del centro simbólico de la red deben hacer referencia a aquellos en nombre de los cuales se expresan y frente a quienes deben rendir cuentas, aunque sea de forma relativamente ficticia, para poder permanecer en el mundo de las políticas sociales y sus recursos. La comprensión y explicación, en sus múltiples dimensiones, de las formas locales de construcción del poder de las ONGPD a partir de la crisis de 2001, dentro del marco de las políticas sociales, permite indagar las características de la participación y representación actuales. Por un lado, ¿las ONGPD son un mecanismo de mediación entre los excluidos y el Estado? ¿O los excluidos son mecanismos de mediación entre las ONGPD y el Estado? ¿Quiénes se benefician de esta relación y cómo se construye?

Adenosine triphosphate concentrations and microplankton biomass in sea water of the Peru upwelling region

ATP distribution in coastal waters off Peru was examined and was found to differ with hydrological conditions in this area; maximal values in the vicinity of an intense upwelling were the same in 1974 and 1978. ATP distribution was highly non-uniform in 1978, particularly in upper layers of the northern section, due to disruption of a community (dense patches of bloom), which began about 10-15 days before our observations, and also because of appearance of a red tide. Unusually intense microplankton metabolism was found in Peruvian waters, particularly in the lower layers of the northern section, where ATP concentration of 3.6 ?g/l were found. Values of live microplankton biomass presented.

Epibiotic assemblages on seaweeds in the German Wadden Sea (North Sea)

After detachment from benthic habitats, the epibiont assemblages on floating seaweeds undergo substantial changes, but little is known regarding whether succession varies among different seaweed species. Given that floating algae may represent a limiting habitat in many regions, rafting organisms may be unselective and colonize any available seaweed patch at the sea surface. This process may homogenize rafting assemblages on different seaweed species, which our study examined by comparing the assemblages on benthic and floating individuals of the fucoid seaweeds Fucus vesiculosus and Sargassum muticum in the northern Wadden Sea (North Sea). Species richness was about twice as high on S. muticum as on F. vesiculosus, both on benthic and floating individuals. In both seaweed species benthic samples were more diverse than floating samples. However, the species composition differed significantly only between benthic thalli, but not between floating thalli of the two seaweed species. Separate analyses of sessile and mobile epibionts showed that the homogenization of rafting assemblages was mainly caused by mobile species. Among these, grazing isopods from the genus Idotea reached extraordinarily high densities on the floating samples from the northern Wadden Sea, suggesting that the availability of seaweed rafts was indeed limiting. Enhanced break-up of algal rafts associated with intense feeding by abundant herbivores might force rafters to recolonize benthic habitats. These colonization processes may enhance successful dispersal of rafting organisms and thereby contribute to population connectivity between sink populations in the Wadden Sea and source populations from up-current regions.

Profesionales vs. profanos : Poder y representación en una red de organizaciones sociales

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la división del trabajo político de una red de organizaciones sociales lideradas por una ONG de Promoción y Desarrollo (ONGPD), explorando el capital político como mecanismo para obtener reconocimiento, el que permite imponer los criterios propios de valores frente a otros y establecer las reglas de juego. El juego del campo político descansa sobre la exclusión de aquellos que poseen un capital político menor. De ahí que los ?profesionales? del campo de las políticas sociales están legitimados a decir y hacer, no por la relación directa con las organizaciones representadas (los ?profanos?) a través de la figura de la red, sino en relación con los otros miembros del campo (técnicos, políticos o funcionarios). Esta suerte de efecto de cerramiento es el resultado de la autonomización del espacio político, que cuanto más avanza según su lógica propia, profundiza la ruptura con los profanos. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que no puede cerrarse por completo: quienes forman parte del centro simbólico de la red deben hacer referencia a aquellos en nombre de los cuales se expresan y frente a quienes deben rendir cuentas, aunque sea de forma relativamente ficticia, para poder permanecer en el mundo de las políticas sociales y sus recursos. La comprensión y explicación, en sus múltiples dimensiones, de las formas locales de construcción del poder de las ONGPD a partir de la crisis de 2001, dentro del marco de las políticas sociales, permite indagar las características de la participación y representación actuales. Por un lado, ¿las ONGPD son un mecanismo de mediación entre los excluidos y el Estado? ¿O los excluidos son mecanismos de mediación entre las ONGPD y el Estado? ¿Quiénes se benefician de esta relación y cómo se construye?

Chemical composition of the red bed layer in DSDP Hole 38-336

Clay minerals were studied in samples from the Eocene red bed layer of DSDP Hole 336. It is shown that composition and distribution of clay minerals have zoning, which is usually typical for the terrestrial crust of chemical weathering of basic rocks.

High resolution color reflectance and hematite and goethite record of ODP Hole 184-1143A in the South China Sea

Precipitation has a larger variability than temperature in tropical monsoon regions, thus it is an important climate variable. However, reconstructions of long-term rainfall histories are scarce because of the lack of reliable proxies. Here we document that iron oxide minerals, specifically the ratio of hematite to goethite (Hm/Gt), is a reasonable precipitation proxy. Using diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry, we measured samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 1143 drilling site (9°21.72'N, 113°17.11'E, 2777 m water depth) for hematite and goethite, whose formation processes are favored by opposing climate conditions. In order to determine the content of hematite and goethite we produced a set of calibration samples by removing the iron oxides to generate the natural matrix to which hematite and goethite in known percentages were added. From these calibration samples we developed a transfer function for determining hematite and goethite concentration from a sample's spectral reflectance. Applying this method to ODP 1143 sediments (top 34 m of a 510 m core with sampling interval of 10 cm) we were able to reconstruct a continuous precipitation history for SE Asia of the past 600 kyr using the Hm/Gt ratio as a proxy of the precipitation variability of Asian monsoon. The reliability of this Hm/Gt proxy is corroborated by its consistency with the stalagmite delta18O data from South China. Comparing long-term Hm/Gt records with the surface temperature gradient of equatorial Pacific Ocean, we found that monsoon precipitation and El Niño are correlated for the last 600 kyr. The development of El Niño-like conditions decreased SE Asia precipitation, whereas precipitation increases in response to La Niña intensification

(Table 1) Chemistry of two samples of the red weathered layer at DSDP Hole 55-432A

One argument for the subaerial formation of Nintoku Seamount in the Emperor chain is the occurrence of a red claystone interlayered between two basalt flows in Hole 432A. Detailed study of this material, presented here, defines its nature and composition and strongly indicates its subaerial formation.

Light adsorption of phytoplankton and parameters of its biomass and cell biovolumes in the Black Sea in 1998-2000

Bio-optical characteristics of phytoplankton have been observed during two-year monitoring in the western Black Sea. High variability in light absorption coefficient of phytoplankton was due to change of pigment concentration and chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficient. A relationships between light absorption coefficients and chlorophyll a concentration have been found: for the blue maximum (a_ph(440) = 0.0413x**0.628; R**2 = 0.63) and for the red maximum (?_ph(678) = 0.0190x**0.843; R**2 = 0.83). Chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficients decreased while pigment concentration in the Sea increased. Observed variability in chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficient at chlorophyll a concentrations <1.0 mg/m**3 had seasonal features and was related with seasonal change of intracellular pigment concentration. Ratio between the blue and red maxima decreased with increasing chlorophyll a concentration (? = 2.14 x**-0.20; R**2 = 0.41). Variability of spectrally averaged absorption coefficient of phytoplankton (a'_ph ) on 95% depended on absorption coefficient at the blue maximum (y = 0.421x; R**2 = 0.95). Relation of a_ph with chlorophyll a concentration was described by a power function (y = 0.0173x**0.0709; R**2 = 0.65). Change of spectra shape was generally effected by seasonal dynamics of intracellular pigment concentration, and partly effected by taxonomic and cell-size structure of phytoplankton.

Light absorption and phytoplankton biomass in the Black Sea in spring 1995

Spectra of light absorption by suspended matter, phytoplankton, and detritus in the central and coastal parts of the Black Sea over the spring period (March-April 1995) were determined. Vertical homogeneity of the upper 40 m layer with respect to parameters in study was noted. Value of light absorption by phytoplankton normalized with respect to chlorophyll a was virtually independent of chlorophyll a concentration. A linear relationship between light absorption by phytoplankton and chlorophyll a concentration was established at the red spectral maximum. It is described by the equation y = 0.0153x; R**2 = 0.61. The average ratio of absorption values in the peaks was 2.29. Contribution of detritus to total light absorption at wavelength 440 nm was 23-62% regardless of depth and chlorophyll a concentration.

(Table T1) Geochemical composition of flintstones obtained from Helgoland, North Sea and Hemmoor, north Germany

The results of investigations carried out between 1975 and 1978 are summarized. Based on observed echinoid association the flintstones were assigned to the Upper Middle Turonian. The distribution of elements was determined with nuclear absorption spectrometric methods. The black and red flintstones contain similar amounts of iron but differentiate themselves in the carbon content with the carbon being present only in black flintstones. It is assumed that the red coloration of the flintstone was caused by precipitated iron (Fe2O3) during its genesis. Although the Lower Turonian red flintstones are also present in the North Sea area, only those from Helgoland are analysed In this study.