Causas do retardo na confirma����o diagn��stica de les��es mam��rias em mulheres atendidas em um centro de refer��ncia do Sistema ��nico de Sa��de no Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVO: avaliar os fatores que levam ao retardo na confirma����o diagn��stica de les��es mam��rias suspeitas de c��ncer. M��TODOS: foi realizado um estudo observacional de corte transversal. Foram inclu��das 104 mulheres que procuraram um hospital de c��ncer, com diagn��stico ou suspeita de c��ncer de mama. Foi aplicado um question��rio semiestruturado com perguntas referentes ��s caracter��sticas demogr��ficas, cl��nicas e de utiliza����o de servi��os. As vari��veis foram comparadas pelos testes t de Student, Mann-Whitney, &#967;2 de Pearson ou exato de Fisher, conforme a indica����o. A fim de identificar as vari��veis associadas ao retardo na confirma����o diagn��stica do c��ncer de mama, foram calculadas as Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo com 95% de confian��a (IC95%) e um modelo de regress��o log��stica foi elaborado. RESULTADOS: a m��dia de idade foi de 54 anos (��12,6), predominando mulheres brancas (48,1%), casadas (63,5%), residentes no Munic��pio do Rio de Janeiro (57,7%) e com baixo grau de escolaridade (60,6%). O tempo mediano entre o primeiro sinal ou sintoma da doen��a e a primeira consulta foi de um m��s, e desta ��ltima at�� a confirma����o diagn��stica de 6,5 meses. Em 51% das mulheres o diagn��stico foi tardio (est��dios II a IV). Presen��a de sintomas, longo intervalo de tempo entre o in��cio dos sintomas e a primeira avalia����o e entre o in��cio dos sintomas e a confirma����o diagn��stica, mostraram-se fatores significantes (p<0,05) para o retardo na obten����o do diagn��stico de les��es suspeitas. CONCLUS��ES: os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os esfor��os devem ser concentrados na redu����o dos tempos necess��rios para agendar a consulta m��dica e para o esclarecimento do diagn��stico de les��es suspeitas, bem como na educa����o dos m��dicos e das mulheres sobre a import��ncia dos sintomas mam��rios e o valor da avalia����o, diagn��stico e tratamento precoce.

Ades��o ao rastreamento para c��ncer do colo do ��tero entre mulheres de comunidades assistidas pela Estrat��gia Sa��de da Fam��lia da Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a ades��o ao rastreamento para c��ncer do colo do ��tero em popula����o assistida pela Estrat��gia Sa��de da Fam��lia (ESF) e identificar as causas referidas da n��o ades��o.M��TODOS: Estudo de preval��ncia seletiva sobre rastreamento para c��ncer do colo do ��tero entre mulheres assistidas pela ESF dos munic��pios de Duque de Caxias e Nova Igua��u, nove anos ap��s a participa����o em estudo conduzido pelo Instituto Nacional de C��ncer. Foram eleg��veis apenas as mulheres que n��o tiveram diagn��stico de NIC II ou les��o mais grave na avalia����o histopatol��gica, n��o se submeteram �� histerectomia no per��odo e ainda residiam nas comunidades. Foram identificados os locais, os resultados e os intervalos dos exames, as caracter��sticas socioecon��micas e demogr��ficas, e as causas referidas de n��o ades��o. Os resultados foram coletados por meio de entrevista e consulta a prontu��rios. Foi calculada a preval��ncia de ades��o ao rastreamento e o teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as propor����es das vari��veis estudadas e sua rela����o com os motivos referidos de atraso na realiza����o dos exames.RESULTADOS:Foram entrevistadas 764 mulheres, das quais 70,7% estavam com os exames atualizados. As causas referidas para n��o ades��o �� coleta dos exames foram: n��o percep����o de risco (44,6%), barreiras sociais (26,3%), barreiras percebidas �� a����o (22,3%) e barreiras institucionais (21,4%). Estas foram proporcionalmente mais frequentes entre residentes de Nova Igua��u do que de Duque de Caxias (p<0,01), exceto quanto ��s barreiras institucionais (p=0,19).CONCLUS��ES: Apesar das dificuldades e barreiras apontadas pelas mulheres, observou-se boa ades��o ao rastreamento do c��ncer do colo do ��tero. No entanto, h�� necessidade de treinamento dos profissionais para cumprimento das recomenda����es do Minist��rio da Sa��de quanto �� regularidade de exames e facilita����o do acesso ao rastreamento.

ANTI-Yersinia enterocolitica SEROTYPE 3 AGGLUTININS IN SWINE SERA FROM RIO DE JANEIRO

The slow serum agglutination test was applied to 119 healthy pigs for the determination of the possible presence of anti-Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 agglutinins. Of the 63.9% reactive animals (<FONT FACE="Symbol">&amp;sup3;</FONT>1:20), 8.4% presented positive titers (<FONT FACE="Symbol">&amp;sup3;</FONT>1:80), suggesting the presence of this pathogen among swine and consequently an additional public health problem.

MARCADORES DE PATOGENICIDADE EM Yersinia enterocolitica O: 3 ISOLADAS DE SU��NOS DO RIO DE JANEIRO

Foi realizada a caracteriza����o genot��pica e fenot��pica de fatores de patogenicidade em 16 amostras de Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 isoladas de su��nos sadios do Rio de Janeiro. Foi observado que apenas 6 cepas possu��am o plasm��dio de virul��ncia, pYV (+ 70 kb) e apresentavam depend��ncia ao c��lcio no meio MOX a 37C. Um plasm��dio cr��ptico de cerca de 8,6 kb foi encontrado em uma cepa. Doze cepas revelaram sensibilidade �� pesticina enquanto que apenas tr��s se revelaram capazes de hidrolisar a esculina. Atrav��s de PCR com "primers" espec��ficos, foi constatada a presen��a dos genes ail em 14 cepas, irp2, em 1 cepa e a aus��ncia de psaA em todas as cepas analisadas. Quanto aos quimioter��picos, a quase totalidade das cepas mostrou-se ao mesmo tempo resistente �� ampicilina e carbenicilina e sens��vel ao sulfazotrin e �� cefoxitina. As respostas foram variadas frente ao cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, kanamicina, gentamicina e ��cido nalid��xo.

Emerg��ncia de Haematobia irritans em fezes bovinas no munic��pio de Serop��dica, Rio de Janeiro

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a emerg��ncia de Haematobia irritans em fezes de bovinos mantidas a campo e em laborat��rio, al��m de observar a presen��a de outros d��pteros associados ��s massas fecais. Foram utilizados dois grupos de fezes bovinas, um �� campo e outro em laborat��rio, sendo cada grupo formado por cinco bolos fecais frescos de tamanho mediano (cerca de 30 cm de di��metro), apar��ncia opaca, cor esverdeada, presen��a de fina crosta externa e consist��ncia firme. As fezes foram cobertas com gaiolas de emerg��ncia de formato piramidal, apresentando na parte superior um orif��cio onde foi acoplado um frasco remov��vel; a substitui����o das fezes foi realizada quinzenalmente. Foram coletados um total de 355 esp��cimens de H. irritans, sendo 151 provenientes das gaiolas mantidas no campo e 204 em laborat��rio. Estas diferen��as deveram-se provavelmente �� menores oscila����es de temperatura verificadas no laborat��rio do que ��quelas ocorridas no campo, al��m da a����o de artr��podes predadores, competidores e parasit��ides que, provavelmente, interferiram na emerg��ncia de H. irritans nas fezes bovinas mantidas no campo. Foi observado maior n��mero de f��meas em compara����o com machos em ambas as condi����es investigadas. Al��m de H. irritans, obteve-se outros d��pteros associados ��s fezes bovinas, pertencentes as seguintes fam��lias: Aulacigastridae, Muscidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Sepsidae, Tachinidae e Ulidiidae. Sepsidae foi a mais abundante, com 5.224 exemplares do total de 8.928 d��pteros obtidos, seguida por Sarcophagidae com 2.235 esp��cimens coletados, Muscidae com 1.357, Aulacigastridae com 54, Psychodidae com 46, Ulidiidae com 6 e Tachinidae com 5 exemplares.

Neospora caninum seropositivity in cattle breeds in the South Fluminense Para��ba Valley, state of Rio de Janeiro

The infection by Neospora caninum of different cattle breeds in dairy properties in two municipalities of the South Fluminense Para��ba Valley, state of Rio de Janeiro, was evaluated. Considering a sampling universe of 2,491 cows, blood samples were collected from 563 dairy cows in 57 farms, which were randomically selected in proportion to the number of animals, using a random stratified sampling system. For each property the number of selected cows was proportional to the herd size. Abortion or other reproductive disorders were not considered as criteria for selecting the animals, and seropositivity was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A high association (p=0.006) between seropositivity and racial patterns was found. The analysis revealed that in comparison of pure black-and-white Holstein cows versus Zebu (p=0.0028), Holstein cows showed 2.65 times greater odds for seropositivity. In the same way, by comparing black-and-white Holstein versus Zebu + crossbreed Zebu/Holstein (p=0.01), it was noted that there is 2.23 times more chance for seropositivity in Holstein cattle. There were no significant differences concerning the comparison of Holstein cattle versus crossbreed Zebu/Holstein (p=0.08) or Zebu versus crossbreed Zebu/Holstein (p=0.11). This study supports the hypothesis that there is a close association between cattle breeds and the frequency of infection by N. caninum.

First identification of natural infection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick, in the State of Rio de Janeiro

The Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, more frequently, Amblyomma cajennense. The aim of this paper was to report the first molecular detection of R. rickettsii on R. sanguineus naturally infected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ticks were collected from dogs in a rural region of Resende municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (22��30'9.46"S, 44��42'44.29"WO), where occurred five human cases of BSF in 2006. The ticks were identified under a stereoscopic microscope and separated in pools by stages, species and sex. DNA extraction was carried out using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN��). The DNA was submitted to PCR amplification using 04 set of primers: Rr190.70p/Rr190.602n (OmpA, 532bp), BG1-21/BG2-20 (OmpB, 650bp), Tz15/Tz16 (17 kDa protein-encoding gene, 246bp) and RpCS.877p/RpCS.1258n (gltA, 381bp). PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels and visualized under ultraviolet light with ethidium bromide. PCR products of the expected sizes were purified by QIAquick�� and sequenced by ABI PRISM��. The generated nucleotide sequences were edited with using Bioedit�� software and compared with the corresponding homologous sequences available through GenBank, using Discontiguous Mega Blast (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). It was confirmed R. rickettsii by sequencing of the material (GenBank FJ356230). The molecular characterization of R. rickettsii in the tick R. sanguineus emphasizes the role of dogs as carriers of ticks from the environment to home. Moreover, this result suggests that there is a considerable chance for active participation of R. sanguineus as one of tick species in the transmission of R. ricketsii to human being in the Brazilian territory.

Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Rio de Janeiro

The study was conducted to characterize pheno-genotypically the virulence factors and resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples of cows with subclinical mastitis. All hemolytic isolates presented beta-hemolysin, and 38% of the non-hemolytic isolates were able to express hemolysins in the presence of a beta-hemolytic strain. The amplification of the coa-gene displayed four different size polymorphisms with about 400 bp, 600 bp, 700 bp and 900 bp. The spaA gene that encodes the IgG-binding region of protein A revealed sizes of 700 bp and 900 bp. The amplification of region X from spaA yielded a single amplicon for each isolate with the prevalent amplicon size being of 180 bp. Amplification of sae gene yielded an amplicon size of 920 bp in 71% of the isolates. Antibiotic resistance pattern revealed that 42% S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Seven different antibiotic patterns were observed. Our results indicated that 47% and 25% of S. aureus strains exhibited resistance to penicillin and oxacillin respectively. All oxacillin-resistant isolates were mecA-positive.

Animal infections by vaccinia-like viruses in the state of Rio de Janeiro: an expanding disease

In the present study we investigated the presence of infections by vaccinia-like viruses in dairy cattle from 12 counties in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the last 9 years. Clinical specimens were collected from adult animals with vesicular/pustular lesions mainly in the udder and teats, and from calves with lesions around the nose and mouth. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was applied to search for antibodies to Orthopoxvirus; the vesicular/pustular fluids and scabs were examined by PCR, electron microscopy (EM) and by inoculation in VERO cells for virus isolation. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in most cases. The PCR test indicated a high nucleotide homology among the isolates and the vaccinia viruses (VACV) used as controls. By EM, typical orthopoxvirus particles were observed in some specimens. The agents isolated in tissue culture were confirmed as vaccinia-like viruses by EM and PCR. The HA gene of the vaccinia-like Cantagalo/IOC virus isolated in our laboratory was sequenced and compared with other vaccinia-like isolates, showing high homology with the original Cantagalo strain, both strains isolated in 1999 from dairy cattle. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in one wild rodent (genus Akodon sp.) collected in the northwestern region of the state, indicating the circulation of poxvirus in this area. Nonetheless, PCR applied to tissue samples collected from the wild rodents were negative. Vesicular/pustular lesions in people in close contact with animals have been also recorded. Thus, the vaccinia-like virus infections in cattle and humans in the state seem to be an expanding condition, resulting in economic losses to dairy herds and leading to transient incapacitating human disease. Therefore, a possible immunization of the dairy cattle in the state should be carefully evaluated.

Development of IgY antibodies in chickens and IgG in rabbits immunized against proteins of Pythium insidiosum isolated from horses in the state of Rio de Janeiro

Pythiosis is caused by Pythium insidiosum and the occurrence of disease in horses was described in the North and Northwest State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The disease was described in cattle, sheep, humans, and horses in different states and regions across the country. This paper describes the development of IgY and IgG polyclonal antibodies, in chicken and rabbits, respectively against proteins extracted from kunkers and hyphae of P. insidiosum from affected horses. The proteins were recognized by chicken, rabbit and horse antibodies by immunodiffusion and Western blot against majority bands of 27 and 43 KDa, and titrated by ELISA. The antibodies IgY developed by the first time against Brazilian strains of P. insidiosum may represent a valuable tool in the detection of antigens of the pathogen and contribute to further studies aimed at immunotherapy and knowledge about this disease in endemic areas in Rio de Janeiro and in Brazil.

Ophthalmic alterations in horses with leptospirosis by serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The objective of the study was to determine the association between clinical ophthalmic alterations and seroreactivity to leptospirosis by serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae in horses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 199 horses were studied. A microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to detect specific anti-Leptospira antibodies in blood serum. A total of 107 (53.8%) horses were seroreactive (titres &gt; 200); 54 had high (&gt; 800) titres, of which 44 were against serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. Forty-two out of these 44, plus 40 seronegative horses (titers < 100) were given detailed ophthalmic examinations. Epiphora, ocular congestion, blepharospasm, photophobia, and peripapillary focal depigmentation were the most frequent alterations in seroreactive horses. Most ocular alterations were significantly more frequent in seroreactive horses. Horses seroreactive for leptospirosis (serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae) had a significantly higher prevalence of ophthalmic alterations than seronegative horses, providing additional evidence for an association between leptospirosis and equine uveitis.

Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in dairy cattle, state of Rio de Janeiro

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonoses throughout the world. Infection in man and animals varies in different geographical areas influenced by many environmental conditions. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle in Brazil ranges from 1.03 to 71%. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 58 out of 453 farms in the South Fluminense Paraiba Valley, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Over 3-year-old cattle (n=589) from dairy herds were selected for blood collection and detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IFA) with initial titration of 1:16; titers > 64 were considered positive. Univariate analysis of risk factors showed that cats in contact with cattle, cats in contact with drinking water, and number of cats were associated with T. gondii seroprevalence. Logistic regression revealed a two-fold increased risk for infection of cattle (p=0.0138) through larger number of cats (>3) compared with low numbers of cats (1-2) on the farm. In contrast, the presence of chickens was considered a protective factor (p=0.025).

Causes of death of thoroughbred racehorses at Octavio Dupont Veterinary Hospital, Brazilian Jockey Club, Rio de Janeiro

There are few studies that approach the epidemiology of deaths in racehorses in a broad manner. The majority focus on a specific affection or procedure. Brazil does not have a program instituted for the monitoring of deaths of horses. By means of a descriptive study in association with a multivariate analysis method, an epidemiologic profile was determined for deaths related to musculoskeletal (MS), gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory (RES) systems, neurologic origin (NEU) and sudden death (SD) for the years of 2002 to 2008, at the Octavio Dupont Veterinary Hospital-Rio de Janeiro (ODVH). Males comprised the majority of deaths and that deaths were related to, decreasing order, MS&gt;GI&gt;SD&gt;NEU&gt;RES, with respect to general mortality rate per large group of determined causes (TSPMr). The majority of deaths registered included horses aged four to five years (ID4-ID5). We observed the following correspondence relations: (3-year period = SM - ID&gt;5 - SD; ID&gt;5 - GI; ID4-5 - MS; SF - ID<4 - RES/ NEU); (4-year period = SM - ID&gt;5 - GI; SF - ID<4 - NEU; ID4-5 - MS; GI - ID&gt;5). The present study points out the importance and necessity of epidemiologic studies of lesions in horses, based on diagnosis for the recognition of predisposing factors and prevention.

Contracaecum pelagicum and C. plagiaticium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) infection in Magellanic penguins (Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae) on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State

The occurrence of infections and the disease induced by Contracaecum plagiaticium and Contracaecum pelagicum in Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus Foster. 1781 (Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae) were reported on the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Parasites of the genus Contracaecum were present in all of the 11 studied animals. Co-infections by Csontracaecum pelagicum and C. plagiaticium were observed in three hosts (27.27%). Gross lesions included hyperemia of the esophagus and/or stomach in six animals (54.54%). One of these animals (9.09%), parasitized by C. plagiaticium, presented a hemorrhagic area in the gastric mucosa. Histopathological findings demonstrated esophagitis with helminthes segments inserted in the epithelium, showing discrete mixed inflammatory infiltrate of heterophils and mononuclear cells. These parasites may be associated with other diseases, implicating in death of the penguins.

Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract: From 2012 to 2013 were surveyed gastrointestinal parasites from pig farms located in different municpaliyies in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples from 790 pigs were collected from the rectum on 88 family farms and 702 farms with industrial production. The samples were subjected to Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz and direct examination faecal techniques. The estimated parasite prevalence was 93.1% in family farms and 59.1% in industrial farms. Balantidium coli, coccidia and Entamoeba sp. were the parasites with the highest frequencies, and the male and female reproductive categories and fatteners pigs the most infected (p<0.05). Trophozoites of B. coli were most evident in stool samples from semi-solid followed by solid and diarrheal consistencies. Strongyles eggs and Trichuris suis have been detected exclusively in family farms. Ascaris suum eggs and Strongyloides ransomi showed low frequency. The high degree of parasitism, especially protozoa, indicates the need to reassess the management of pigs in both types of production.