Segurança privada

This work aims to reflect on the way as the security has come to evolue, fitting new private actors who now play functions, long ago private the public beings. This new situation raises issues of privatization of public authority, which puts into question the ius imperii and rights of citizens. Although private security is a growing reality, and that it needed to study.

Detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis by conjunctival swab PCR

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Conjunctival swab PCR was evaluated as a tool to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. METHODS: Conjunctival swab PCR was compared to indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and blood PCR. RESULTS: Indirect immunofluorescence was significantly correlated with conjunctival swab PCR (p < 0.05), but not with blood PCR (p > 0.05). In addition, conjunctival swab PCR was significantly associated with presence of clinical symptoms (p < 0.05), whereas blood PCR was associated with absence of clinical symptoms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that conjunctival swab PCR is useful in epidemiological surveys of canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Occurrence of Mansonella ozzardi diagnosed using a polycarbonate membrane in a riverside population of Lábrea in the Western Brazilian Amazon

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Mansonella ozzardi is a widely distributed filaria worm in the Amazon region. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of M. ozzardi infection in riverine communities of Lábrea municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil. METHODS A diagnostic blood filtration method in a polycarbonate membrane was used. RESULTS M. ozzardi was found in 50.3% of the sample, with the highest prevalence in farmers/fishermen (69.4%; χ 2 = -19.14, p<0.001). The prevalence was higher in longer-term residents (≥11 years; 60.2%). CONCLUSIONS M. ozzardi infection rates are high near the Purus River, much greater than those previously reported based on diagnosis using thick blood smears.

Necrotizing fasciitis in a newborn infant: a case report

We report the case of a one-day-old newborn infant, female, birth weight 1900 g, gestational age 36 weeks presenting with necrotizing fasciitis caused by E. coli and Morganella morganii. The newborn was allowed to fall into the toilet bowl during a domestic delivery. The initial lesion was observed at 24 hours of life on the left leg at the site of the venipuncture for the administration of hypertonic glucose solution. Despite early treatment, a rapid progression occurred resulting in a fatal outcome. We call attention to the risk presented by this serious complication in newborns with a contaminated delivery, and highlight the site of the lesion and causal agents.

Vancomycin monitoring in term newborns: comparison of peak and trough serum concentrations determined by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence polarization immunoassay

INTRODUCTION: Peak and trough serum concentrations of vancomycin were determined in term newborn infants with confirmed or suspected Staphylococcus sp sepsis by high performance liquid chromatography and flourescence polarization immunoassay. OBJECTIVE: To statistically compare the results of the high performance liquid chromatography and flourescence polarization immunoassay techniques for measuring serum vancomycin concentrations. METHODS: Eighteen peak and 20 trough serum samples were assayed for vancomycin concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography and flourescence polarization immunoassay from October 1995 to October 1997. RESULTS: The linear correlation coefficients for high performance liquid chromatography and flourescence polarization immunoassay were 0.27 (peak, P = 0.110) and 0.26 (trough, P = 0.1045) respectively, which were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There was wide variation in serum vancomycin concentrations determined by high performance liquid chromatography as compared with those determined by flourescence polarization immunoassay. There was no recognizable pattern in the variability; in an apparently random fashion, the high performance liquid chromatography measurement was sometimes substantially higher than the flourescence polarization immunoassay measurement, and at other times it was substantially lower.

Diffuse panbronchiolitis: an underdiagnosed disease? Study of 4 cases in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a clinical pathologic condition characterized by chronic inflammation of respiratory bronchioles, with clinical features that position it as a differential diagnosis among the sinopulmonary syndromes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We present 4 cases (1 Black, 2 Japanese descendants, and 1 Japanese), living in Brazil, in which the diagnosis was made by the clinical and radiological features and confirmed by transbronchial biopsy. The clinical findings included chronic sinusitis, productive cough, rhonchi, and wheezes. The pulmonary function tests showed an obstructive pattern. High resolution computerized tomography showed a diffuse nodular pattern, airway ectasia, and airway wall thickening. The biopsy showed interstitial accumulation of foam cells and lymphoid cells in the walls of respiratory bronchioles: 2 of our cases had bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. We searched for the HLA Bw54 in all of our patients, but only 1 was positive. A low dose macrolide treatment was introduced, resulting in with clinical and functional improvement. A score that rated the extent of nodules, airway ectasia, mucus plugging, and airway wall thickening was applied on pre- and post-treatment High resolution computerized tomography results, revealing an improvement in tomographic pattern related to that observed in the pulmonary function tests. CONCLUSION: We conclude that diffuse panbronchiolitis is a systemic disease that is not exclusive to the Asian population, whose clinical and radiological features should be better known by occidental pulmonary physicians.

Hepatitis B: epidemiological, immunological, and serological considerations emphasizing mutation

The global prevalence of hepatitis B virus is estimated to be 350 million chronic carriers, varying widely from low (<2%, as in Western Europe, North America, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan) to high (>8% as in Africa, Southeast Asia, and China). The overall prevalence in Brazil is about 8%. There are currently 7 genotypic variations, from A to G, and also 4 main surface antigen subtypes: adw, ayw, adr, and ayr. There has been great interest in identifying the geographic distribution and prognosis associated with the various genotypes and subtypes. Although the serologic test is highly sensitive and specific, it does not detect cases of mutant hepatitis B, which is increasingly common worldwide due to resistance and vaccine escape, antiviral therapy, and immunosuppression, among other causes. Alterations in surface, polymerase, X region, core, and precore genes have been described. The main mutations occur in surface and in core/precore genes, also known as occult hepatitis, since its serologic markers of active infection (HBsAg) and viral replication (HBeAg) can be negative. Thus, mutation should be suspected when serologic tests to hepatitis B show control of immunity or replication coincident with worsened clinical status and exclusion of other causes of hepatitis.

Renal and urinary findings in 20 patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

PURPOSE: Williams-Beuren syndrome is a rare multiple anomalies/mental retardation syndrome caused by deletion of contiguous genes at chromosome region 7q11.23. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and the types of renal and urinary tract anomalies in 20 patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. METHODS: The fluorescence in situ hybridization test using a LSI Williams syndrome region DNA probe was performed for all 20 patients to confirm the diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome. A prospective study was performed in order to investigate renal and urinary aspects using laboratory assays to check renal function, ultrasonography of the kidneys and urinary tract, voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamics. RESULTS: Deletion of the elastin gene (positive fluorescence in situ hybridization test) was found in 17 out of 20 patients. Renal alterations were diagnosed in 5 of 17 (29%) the patients with the deletion and in 1 of 3 patients without the deletion. Fourteen patients with the deletion presented dysfunctional voiding. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 3 patients with deletions and 1 of these presented bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the high incidence of renal and urinary abnormalities in Williams-Beuren syndrome, performing a systematic laboratory and sonographic evaluation of the patients is recommended.

Influence of nephrotic state on the infectious profile in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome present alterations in their cellular and humoral immune reactions that predispose them to the development of infectious processes. PURPOSE: To characterize the infectious processes in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-two children and adolescents with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were assessed retrospectively. The types of infection were grouped as follows: upper respiratory tract infections; pneumonia; skin infections; peritonitis; diarrhea; urinary tract infection ; herpes virus; and others. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I (steroid-responsive) n = 75, with 4 subgroups-IA (single episode) n = 10, IB (infrequent relapsers) n = 5, IC (frequent relapsers) n = 14, and ID (steroid-dependent) n = 46; and Group II (steroid-resistant) n = 17. The incidence-density of infection among the patients was assessed throughout the follow-up period. Comparisons for each group and subgroup were done during the periods of negative and nephrotic proteinuria. RESULTS: The analysis revealed a greater incidence-density of infections during the period of nephrotic proteinuria in all the groups and subgroups, with the exception of subgroup IA. During the period of nephrotic proteinuria, subgroups IC, ID, and Group II presented a greater incidence-density of infections as compared to subgroup IA. For the period of negative proteinuria, there was no difference in the incidence-density of infections between the groups and subgroups. Upper respiratory tract infections were the most frequent infectious processes. CONCLUSION: The nephrotic condition, whether as part of a course of frequent relapses, steroid dependence, or steroid resistance, conferred greater susceptibility to infection among the patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. The results of this study suggest that the best preventive action against infection in this disease is to control the nephrotic state.

Parasitoses intestinais e a sua relação com a desnutrição em crianças dos 0 aos 5 anos de São Tomé e Príncipe

Introdução: Os países de clima subtropical, tropical e húmido, onde as populações têm acesso limitado a água potável, saneamento básico efectivo, educação e cuidados de saúde, apresentam as condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de doenças transmissíveis, nomeadamente as parasitoses intestinais, cuja prevalência é elevada. A infecção por parasitas intestinais patogénicos pode provocar diversas alterações patológicas tais como anemia, desnutrição e outras patologias orgânicas, afectando principalmente as crianças. Objectivos: Avaliar a prevalência das parasitoses intestinais e determinar a sua relação com o estado nutricional, em crianças dos 0 aos 5 anos de São Tomé e Príncipe. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, com colheita de dados antropométricos e de fezes, entre Fevereiro e Março de 2011, nos distritos de Água Grande, Mé-Zochi e Lobata, em São Tomé e Príncipe, numa amostra de 390 crianças. A detecção microscópica dos parasitas intestinais foi executada no Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. O estado nutricional de cada criança foi avaliado através dos z-scores do peso para a idade (PIZ), da estatura para a idade (EIZ), do peso para altura (PEZ) e do IMC para a idade (IMCZ). A relação entre a infecção por parasitas intestinais e a desnutrição foi analisada através de métodos estatísticos. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída maioritariamente por crianças com idade inferior a 24 meses (58%). Foram detectados parasitas intestinais patogénicos em 38,7% das crianças, tendo-se observado uma probabilidade mais alta de infecção em crianças com idade superior a 24 meses. Destacaram-se as infecções simples ou mistas por G. lamblia (27,4%), A. lumbricoides (12,8%), T. trichiura (2,6%), Hymenolepis nana (1%), E. histolytica (0,5%), ancilostomideos (0,5%), Schistosoma intercalatum (0,3%) e Taenia spp. (0,3%). No que se refere à desnutrição, 35,6% de crianças tinham baixo peso, 33,6% apresentavam desnutrição crónica, 27,7% e 27,4% desnutrição aguda (PEZ e IMCZ), destacando-se o grau ligeiro em cada uma. Verificou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a infecção por parasitas intestinais patogénicos e a desnutrição crónica. Discussão e Conclusão: Este estudo contribuiu para um melhor conhecimento das prevalências e relação das parasitoses intestinais patogénicas com a desnutrição em crianças menores de 5 anos em São Tomé e Príncipe, nomeadamente da associação entre desnutrição crónica e a infecção por parasitas intestinais patogénicos. Sugere-se a execução de estudos semelhantes a este nas restantes regiões do país para fundamentar a adopção de medidas adequadas de combate às infecções por parasitas intestinais patogénicos. Considerando o número de crianças infectadas com G. lamblia encontrada neste estudo, seria recomendável medidas específicas de combate à transmissão de protozoários e a realização de exames anuais das fezes de todas as crianças seguida de tratamento dos casos positivos.

Parâmetros para o conforto bioclimático urbano insular – casos na Cidade da Praia, Cabo Verde

A cidade é, hoje, o reflexo dos modelos de desenvolvimento da sociedade. A sua forma e dimensão são decorrentes de um conjunto de dinâmicas de difícil conformação e que, em grande parte, se suportam em parâmetros que permitem influenciar o futuro desenvolvimento, operacionalidade e desempenho da cidade. O resultado visível do crescimento das cidades em contexto insular tem, na sua génese, um conjunto de elementos que são muito diferentes de qualquer dos outros contextos geográficos e desenvolvidos em sociedades sem a especificidade da insularidade. A importância da identificação dos parâmetros que determinaram a evolução da cidade nos seus diferentes modelos é uma problemática que ganha acrescida relevância torna-se num desafio na procura do atingir de uma dinâmica ambiental, social e económica, resultado de um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. A presente investigação desenvolve um estudo sobre a cidade em contexto insular, questionando se será possível definir um conjunto de parâmetros para a construção da cidade insular tropical. Elabora um modelo suportado em elementos paramétricos que, quando aplicados à cidade insular, possibilita o seu desenvolvimento, numa base de desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade. O modelo de planeamento das cidades beneficia do conhecimento e identificação de parâmetros determinantes para o seu desenvolvimento futuro e sustentável. Quando conjugado com a realidade social, económica e ambiental, tal saber auxilia ao processo de desenvolvimento e, quando necessário, às acções de regeneração da cidade, dado estas dependerem de inúmeros interesses e relações. O recurso a soluções consideradas como bem-sucedidas noutras regiões nem sempre é significado de poderem ser adoptadas noutros contextos mais fragilizados: assegurar a integração da população no processo do planeamento para que esta se sinta identificada e não obrigada a aceitar um contexto que lhe pode ser completamente adverso. A funcionalidade, a estética, harmonia e identidade devem ser, também, elementos definidores de uma solução adoptada para o contexto insular. A construção de um conjunto de parâmetros para a determinação do modelo de planeamento e a sua aplicabilidade, conduz a proposta de nova forma de desenvolvimento urbano estruturado em contexto adaptado à realidade insular e no quadro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. A investigação desenvolvida permite concluir que a utilização do modelo paramétrico pode contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade de vida na cidade insular, presente e futura.

Economics consulting project for the Iberian Marketing Oil department of Galp Energia: Strategy and Marketing guidelines for Galp Energia’sconvenience business in the Iberian market

Field lab: Consulting lab

Aspectos biológicos de peixes amazônicos. IV. Padrões eletroforéticos de hemoglobinas de 22 espécies coletadas na ilha da Marchantaria (Manaus - AM).

Foram estudados hemolisados de 22 espécies de peixes coletados na Ilha da Marchantaria (rio Solimões, Manaus - AM), através de eletroforeses em gel de amido e gel de ágar-amido. Uma grande heterogeneidade hemoglobínica interespecífica foi detectada, a exemplo do observado para espécies de zona subtropical e temperada. A capacidade de resolução de dois suportes eletroforéticos é discutida. Os resultados são discutidos em função da possível adaptabilidade conferida pelos sistemas de múltiplas hemoglobinas.

Relatório de estágio curricular realizado na Câmara Municipal de Lisboa

The experience of an internship is always considered an experience that should be enriching, a first contact with the employment world. The intention is to build a bridge between the theory and practice - applying what has been learnt throughout the course. Therefore, it was started a new learning phase that seeks to take advantage and obtain experiences useful for a professional life based in efficiency and efficacy. The curricular internship was carried out within the Masters in Public Law and held by Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FDUNL)(Law School Of University New Of Lisbon) in the Câmara Municipal de Lisboa (CML) (Lisbon's Town Hall), in the Departamento de Política de Solos e Valorização Patrimonial (DPSVP) (Soil Politics and Patrimonial Valuation Department) of the Direção Municipal de Planeamento, Reabilitação e Gestão Urbanística (Municipal Direction of Planning, Rehabilitation and Urban Management) between September and December 2013. Throughout this internship, several activities within the DPSVP were developed. In an early stage, there was a presentation of the organic structure of Lisbon's Town Hall, and the Department where I was going to do the internship, and its competencies. Therefore I acquired key concepts and researched jurisprudence and legislation needed to the analysis and understanding of the activities done in the internship. In a second stage, it was done the analysis and understanding of the division into lots administrative procedures, as well as the solving of the problems occurred throughout that analysis. Besides that, there was the need to help preparing some procedural acts to be applied regarding the Department competencies, namely within the alienation, procurement, encumbrance and rental of immovable assets owned by the Municipality of Lisbon.