1000 resultados para PORCIÓN ACUOSA DE LA LÁGRIMA EN PERROS - PEQUEÑOS ANIMALES
Resumo:
Seeing and analyzing crowd control : considerations on the study of festive gatherings through the use of audiovisual material. The goal of our research project was to analyze the mechanisms of crowd control on the occasion of the 2008 European Football Championship held in Geneva. In this article, we describe the necessary ambiguity of these occasions for public authorities. On the one hand, they must guarantee that the occasion is sufficiently secure to avoid infractions or incivilities by fans ; on the other hand, they must create the conditions for a festive event of which exuberance is a central part. Police forces aim not to eliminate excesses but to contain them, since some degree of excess is indispensable to ensure the accomplishment of the event. How does the police deal with this complicated situation ? Where is the limit between preventive and repressive measures ? How do they implement management of the public order in the setting of a sports event ? We aim to render visible the practical conditions of the event by making use of video sequences recorded during a match in Geneva. The empirical materials collected will be used to describe three different situations that highlight how quickly fan action can radically switch natures and how complex it is for the police to face a jubilant crowd. In such a context, we show that assuring the smooth progress of the event requires a redefinition of the role of the police, whose interventions must tread a fine line between permissiveness and prohibition.
Resumo:
Summary : International comparisons in the area of victimization, particularly in the field of violence against women, are fraught with methodological problems that previous research has not systematically addressed, and whose answer does not seem to be agreed up~n. For obvious logistic and financial reasons, international studies on violence against women (i.e. studies that administer the same instrument in different countries). are seldom; therefore, researchers are bound to resort to secondary comparisons. Many studies simply juxtapose their results to the ones of previous wòrk or to findings obtained in different contexts, in order to offer an allegedly comparative perspective to their conclusions. If, most of the time, researchers indicate the methodological limitations of a direct comparison, it is not rare that these do not result in concrete methodological controls. Yet, many studies have shown the influence of surveys methodological parameters on findings, listing recommendations fora «best practice» of research. Although, over the past decades, violence against women surveys have become more and more similar -tending towards a sort of uniformization that could be interpreted as a passive consensus -these instruments retain more or less subtle differences that are still susceptible to influence the validity of a comparison. Yet, only a small number of studies have directly worked on the comparability of violence against women data, striving to control the methodological parameters of the surveys in order to guarantee the validity of their comparisons. The goal of this work is to compare data from two national surveys on violence against women: the Swiss component of the International Violence Against Women Survey [CH-IVAWS] and the National Violence Against Women Survey [NVAWS] administered in the United States. The choice of these studies certainly ensues from the author's affiliations; however, it is far from being trivial. Indeed, the criminological field currently endows American and Anglo-Saxon literature with a predominant space, compelling researchers from other countries to almost do the splits to interpret their results in the light of previous work or to develop effective interventions in their own context. Turning to hypotheses or concepts developed in a specific framework inevitably raises the issue of their applicability to another context, i.e. the Swiss context, if not at least European. This problematic then takes on an interest that goes beyond the particular topic of violence against women, adding to its relevance. This work articulates around three axes. First, it shows the way survey characteristics influence estimates. The comparability of the nature of the CH-IVAWS and NVAWS, their sampling design and the characteristics of their administration are discussed. The definitions used, the operationalization of variables based on comparable items, the control of reference periods, as well as the nature of the victim-offender relationship are included among controlled factors. This study establishes content validity within and across studies, presenting a systematic process destined to maximize the comparability of secondary data. Implications of the process are illustrated with the successive presentation of comparable and non-comparable operationalizations of computed variables. Measuring violence against. women in Switzerland and the United-States, this work compares the prevalence of different forms (threats, physical violence and sexual violence) and types of violence (partner and nonpartner violence). Second, it endeavors to analyze concepts of multivictimization (i.e. experiencing different forms of victimization), repeat victimization (i.e. experiencing the same form of violence more than once), and revictimization (i.e. the link between childhood and adulthood victimization) in a comparative -and comparable -approach. Third, aiming at understanding why partner violence appears higher in the United States, while victims of nonpartners are more frequent in Switzerland, as well as in other European countries, different victimization correlates are examined. This research contributes to a better understanding of the relevance of controlling methodological parameters in comparisons across studies, as it illustrates, systematically, the imposed controls and their implications on quantitative data. Moreover, it details how ignoring these parameters might lead to erroneous conclusions, statistically as well as theoretically. The conclusion of the study puts into a wider perspective the discussion of differences and similarities of violence against women in Switzerland and the United States, and integrates recommendations as to the relevance and validity of international comparisons, whatever the'field they are conducted in. Résumé: Les comparaisons internationales dans le domaine de la victimisation, et plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne les violences envers les femmes, se caractérisent par des problèmes méthodologiques que les recherches antérieures n'ont pas systématiquement adressés, et dont la réponse ne semble pas connaître de consensus. Pour des raisons logistiques et financières évidentes, les études internationales sur les violences envers les femmes (c.-à-d. les études utilisant un même instrument dans différents pays) sont rares, aussi les chercheurs sont-ils contraints de se tourner vers des comparaisons secondaires. Beaucoup de recherches juxtaposent alors simplement leurs résultats à ceux de travaux antérieurs ou à des résultats obtenus dans d'autres contextes, afin d'offrir à leurs conclusions une perspective prétendument comparative. Si, le plus souvent, les auteurs indiquent les limites méthodologiques d'une comparaison directe, il est fréquent que ces dernières ne se traduisent pas par des contrôles méthodologiques concrets. Et pourtant, quantité de travaux ont mis en évidence l'influence des paramètres méthodologiques des enquêtes sur les résultats obtenus, érigeant des listes de recommandations pour une «meilleure pratique» de la recherche. Bien que, ces dernières décennies, les sondages sur les violences envers les femmes soient devenus de plus en plus similaires -tendant, vers une certaine uniformisation que l'on peut interpréter comme un consensus passif-, il n'en demeure pas moins que ces instruments possèdent des différences plus ou moins subtiles, mais toujours susceptibles d'influencer la validité d'une comparaison. Pourtant, seules quelques recherches ont directement travaillé sur la comparabilité des données sur les violences envers les femmes, ayant à coeur de contrôler les paramètres méthodologiques des études utilisées afin de garantir la validité de leurs comparaisons. L'objectif de ce travail est la comparaison des données de deux sondages nationaux sur les violences envers les femmes: le composant suisse de l'International Violence Against Women Survey [CHIVAWSj et le National Violence Against Women Survey [NVAWS) administré aux États-Unis. Le choix de ces deux études découle certes des affiliations de l'auteure, cependant il est loin d'être anodin. Le champ criminologique actuel confère, en effet, une place prépondérante à la littérature américaine et anglo-saxonne, contraignant ainsi les chercheurs d'autres pays à un exercice proche du grand écart pour interpréter leurs résultats à la lumière des travaux antérieurs ou développer des interventions efficaces dans leur propre contexte. Le fait de recourir à des hypothèses et des concepts développés dans un cadre spécifique pose inévitablement la question de leur applicabilité à un autre contexte, soit ici le contexte suisse, sinon du moins européen. Cette problématique revêt alors un intérêt qui dépasse la thématique spécifique des violences envers les femmes, ce qui ajoute à sa pertinence. Ce travail s'articule autour de trois axes. Premièrement, il met en évidence la manière dont les caractéristiques d'un sondage influencent les estimations qui en découlent. La comparabilité de la nature du CH-IVAWS et du NVAWS, de leur processus d'échantillonnage et des caractéristiques de leur administration est discutée. Les définitions utilisées, l'opérationnalisation des variables sur la base d'items comparables, le contrôle des périodes de référence, ainsi que la nature de la relation victime-auteur figurent également parmi les facteurs contrôlés. Ce travail établit ainsi la validité de contenu intra- et inter-études, offrant un processus systématique destiné à maximiser la comparabilité des données secondaires. Les implications de cette démarche sont illustrées avec la présentation successive d'opérationnalisations comparables et non-comparables des variables construites. Mesurant les violences envers les femmes en Suisse et aux États-Unis, ce travail compare la prévalence de plusieurs formes (menaces, violences physiques et violences sexuelles) et types de violence (violences partenaires et non-partenaires). 11 s'attache également à analyser les concepts de multivictimisation (c.-à-d. le fait de subir plusieurs formes de victimisation), victimisation répétée (c.-à.-d. le fait de subir plusieurs incidents de même forme) et revictimisation (c.-à-d. le lien entre la victimisation dans l'enfance et à l'âge adulte) dans une approche comparative - et comparable. Dans un troisième temps, cherchant à comprendre pourquoi la violence des partenaires apparaît plus fréquente aux États-Unis, tandis que les victimes de non-partenaires sont plus nombreuses en Suisse, et dans d'autres pays européens, différents facteurs associés à la victimisation sont évalués. Cette recherche participe d'une meilleure compréhension de la pertinence du contrôle des paramètres méthodologiques dans les comparaisons entre études puisqu'elle illustre, pas à pas, les contrôles imposés et leurs effets sur les données quantitatives, et surtout comment l'ignorance de ces paramètres peut conduire à des conclusions erronées, tant statistiquement que théoriquement. La conclusion replace, dans un contexte plus large, la discussion des différences et des similitudes observées quant à la prévalence des violences envers les femmes en Suisse et aux États-Unis, et intègre des recommandations quant à la pertinence et à la validité des comparaisons internationales, cela quel que soit le domaine considéré.
Resumo:
Les enquêtes menées auprès des officines vaudoises en 1994 et 2003 avaient montré que les pharmacies étaient des partenaires importants dans le réseau de prise en charge des usagers de drogue par injection (UDI), en particulier en ce qui concerne la dispensation et le suivi des cures de méthadone. Elles avaient aussi mis en évidence les besoins de formation/information des pharmaciens et de leur personnel. La troisième vague de l'enquête pharmacie 2011 avait pour objectif : o de mesurer l'évolution de la remise de seringues par les pharmacies aux UDI o de repérer les lacunes éventuelles dans l'accès au matériel stérile du point de vue géographique o d'apprécier le rôle des pharmacies dans la remise de traitements de méthadone o d'identifier d'éventuels problèmes rencontrés dans ces deux activités (vente de seringues et dispensation de méthadone) o d'identifier les besoins en formation des pharmaciens et du personnel des pharmacies o d'identifier les actions qui favoriseraient une meilleure intégration des pharmacies dans le dispositif de prise en charge des personnes toxicodépendantes o de recueillir l'avis des pharmaciens sur la pose d'automates de distribution de seringues et sur la nécessité d'une extension de la remise de matériel stérile. Méthode L'enquête pharmacie 2011 comprend deux volets. Un premier volet quantitatif, sous la forme d'un questionnaire adressé à toutes les pharmacies du canton (n=248). Le taux de participation de 92% (n=227) est remarquable. Les analyses portent sur 220 questionnaires valides. Un second volet, qualitatif, permet de compléter les données statistiques. Parmi les pharmaciens disposés à s'exprimer dans le cadre d'un entretien (n=90), nous en avons échantillonné [...] [Auteurs, p. 5]
Resumo:
The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.
Resumo:
El imaginario colectivo actual, reflejado sobre todo en el cine, muestra una profunda transformación de las características esenciales de la humanidad. La racionalidad ha sido desplazada por otros aspectos tradicionalmente relegados a lo irracional, lo animal, lo corporal, como la emotividad, el deseo, las pasiones. La ciencia-ficción y el cine expresan perfectamente esta deriva, pero no son las únicas manifestaciones. Juntamente con algunos ejemplos cinematográficos, este artículo extrae otros provenientes de la filosofía o la literatura modernas, así como de las barbaries sociales contemporáneas -genocidio, colonialismo¿ y alguna otra nota del campo de la neurología científica y la inteligencia artificial.
Resumo:
Aquest article és una primera aproximació al concepte d'allò polític en Jeanne Hersch i presta especial atenció a la lectura de Kant i Maquiavel i a la idea del nexe entre força i moral en l'obra de 1956, Idéologies et realité.
Resumo:
From Hesiod on, Gctiywv denotes a passionate figure, useful to ffee divinity from the charge of evil. Plutarch conceives Gaiywv as an active and changeable entity between God and rnatter; he must complete a catharsis that makes him better (more akin to God; Being in a higher degree). The task of Gaiyov is to take care of oracles and to guide human lives. If this task has been done correctly, Gaipov ascends to the sun; if not, he falls down to the earth.
Resumo:
After a few historical references, from Homer to Plato, to the problem of death and permanence, this paper focuses on the different ways by which ~irgilO, vid and ~ucietiustr y to refute the phantom of death by means of a philosophy of the perennial substratum and the dissolution of phenomenic and episodic compounds.
Resumo:
A partir de la declaración de Foucault según la cual éste reconocía ¿no haber escritomás que fi cciones¿ se trata de desentrañar el estatuto de la fi cción en su pensamiento y lalegitimidad de su uso en el pensamiento crítico. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar quelejos de deslegitimar la indagación histórica de Foucault, el discurso fi ccionante halla suautoridad en la concepción nitezscheana de la verdad. Ésta se opone tanto a la concepciónrepresentativa como a la concepción heideggeriana de la verdad, la cual trata también desortear la representación.Nuestro análisis se centra con este fi n en el texto introductorio a La verdad y lasformas jurídicas en el que Foucault ofrece un comentario de Sobre verdad y mentira ensentido extramoral.
Resumo:
Como la música, la palabra posee -según Platón- una dimensión mágica que la hace capaz de fascinar (kelein) y encantar(epaidein) al alma que la escucha. La eficacia de la retórica sofística reside ahí, pero dicha retórica vincula al alma con el nivel deser inferior de las sombras y de las imágenes. Existe, sin embargo, otro uso mágico de la palabra y otro empleo -positivo- dela retórica: en los diálogos de transición y madurez Platón presenta en los mitos escatológicos un uso de la palabra en el queésta actúa como imagen (eikon) de un nivel superior del ser, imagen que con su belleza seduce al alma, obtiene su asentimiento(pistis) y la moviliza en la dirección de lo ontológicamente superior, supliendo así la falta de una "razón demostrativa" y colmandocon la belleza de sus imágenes el "peligro" que la adhesión comporta.