Natural mortality rate, annual fecundity, and maturity at length for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean

Mortality, fecundity, and size at maturity are important life history traits, and their interactions determine the evolution of life history strategies (Roff, 1992; Stearns, 1992; Charnov, 2002). These same traits are also important for population dynamics models (Hunter et al., 1992; Clark, 1999). It is increasingly important to accurately determine Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) life history traits and to correctly assess the status of its stocks because low recruitment or low biomass estimates have led to catch restrictions in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (Ianelli et al.1), the Northeastern Arctic (Ådlandsvik et al., 2004), and the Northwest Atlantic (Bowering and Nedreaas, 2000).

The relationships between fish assemblages and the amount of bottom horizontal beam exposed at California oil platforms: fish habitat preferences at man-made platforms and (by inference) at natural reefs

Between 1995 and 2002, we surveyed fish assemblages at seven oil platforms off southern and central California using the manned research submersible Delta. At each platform, there is a large horizontal beam situated at or near the sea floor. In some instances, shells and sediment have buried this beam and in other instances it is partially or completely exposed. We found that fish species responded in various ways to the amount of exposure of the beam. A few species, such as blackeye goby (Rhinogobiops nicholsii), greenstriped rockfish (Sebastes elongatus), and pink seaperch (Zalembius rosaceus) tended to avoid the beam. However, many species that typically associate with natural rocky outcrops, such as bocaccio (S. paucispinis), cowcod (S. levis), copper (S. caurinus), greenblotched (S. rosenblatti), pinkrose (S. simulator) and vermilion (S. miniatus) rockfishes, were found most often where the beam was exposed. In particular, a group of species (e.g., bocaccio, cowcod, blue (Sebastes mystinus), and vermilion rockfishes) called here the “sheltering habitat” guild, lived primarily where the beam was exposed and formed a crevice. This work demonstrates that the presence of sheltering sites is important in determining the species composition of man-made reefs and, likely, natural reefs. This research also indicates that adding structures that form sheltering sites in and around decommissioned platforms will likely lead to higher densities of many species typical of hard and complex structure.

Do oil and gas platforms off California reduce recruitment of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) to natural habitat? An analysis based on trajectories derived from high-frequency radar

To investigate the possibility that oil and gas platforms may reduce recruitment of rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) to natural habitat, we simulated drift pathways termed “trajectories” in our model) from an existing oil platform to nearshore habitat using current measurements from high-frequency (HF) radars. The trajectories originated at Platform Irene, located west of Point Conception, California, during two recruiting seasons for bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis): May through August, 1999 and 2002. Given that pelagic juvenile bocaccio dwell near the surface, the trajectories estimate transport to habitat. We assumed that appropriate shallow water juvenile habitat exists inshore of the 50-m isobath. Results from 1999 indicated that 10% of the trajectories represent transport to habitat, whereas 76% represent transport across the offshore boundary. For 2002, 24% represent transport to habitat, and 69% represent transport across the offshore boundary. Remaining trajectories (14% and 7% for 1999 and 2002, respectively) exited the coverage area either northward or southward along isobaths. Deployments of actual drifters (with 1-m drogues) from a previous multiyear study provided measurements originating near Platform Irene from May through August. All but a few of the drifters moved offshore, as was also shown with the HF radar-derived trajectories. These results indicate that most juvenile bocaccio settling on the platform would otherwise have been transported offshore and perished in the absence of a platform. However, these results do not account for the swimming behavior of juvenile bocaccio, about which little is known.

Avaliação da biodegradabilidade de filmes de polihidroxibutirato com borracha natural

A modernidade exige materiais versáteis, resistentes e, durante um longo tempo os plásticos serviram a esse propósito. Entretanto, o acúmulo desses materiais ao serem descartados no meio ambiente tornou-se um problema Os polímeros biodegradáveis surgiram neste cenário como alternativa para evitar o acúmulo de resíduos plásticos no meio ambiente. O polihidroxibutirato (PHB) representa uma classe de polímeros biodegradáveis, mas que apresenta um alto custo e possui ainda propriedades térmicas limitadas. A borracha natural possui excelentes propriedades mecânicas, resistência ao envelhecimento, flexibilidade e apresenta melhor custo benefício se comparada com as borrachas sintéticas. Neste estudo, foram elaboradas misturas poliméricas de polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e látex de borracha natural em diferentes concentrações, por prensagem à quente. Os ensaios de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectrometria na região do infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades das misturas poliméricas. O PHB e as misturas com borracha natural foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, conforme a norma ASTM G 160-03, variando por um período de 2 a 17 semanas. Ao final de cada período foram determinadas a perda de massa, a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas as análises de DSC, TGA e FTIR. As misturas poliméricas apresentaram menor resistência térmica do que o PHB. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, as misturas foram consideradas biodegradáveis, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03 e tiveram a porcentagem de cristalinidade reduzida, tendo o teor de borracha natural contribuído para aumentar a taxa de biodegradação. As análises por MEV comprovaram a existência de consórcios de microrganismos, responsáveis pela biodegradação do PHB e das misturas poliméricas

An approach to estimate the natural mortality rate in fish stocks

A simple approach is introduced to estimate the natural mortality rate (M) of fish stocks. The approach is based on the age at maximum cohort biomass, or critical length (L*) concept. The ratio of the critical length to the asymptotic length ( = L*/L8) is relatively constant in 141 fish stocks at 0.62 (CV = 21.4 per cent) and the relationship M = 3K(1- )/ is derived and could be used to estimate M, where K is the growth coefficient of the von Bertalanffy growth function. Average values of are given for the various Families of fish in order to estimate M based on closely related species.

A reassessment of equations for predicting natural mortality in Mediterranean teleosts

This brief article presents new empirical models for prediction of natural mortality (M) from growth parameters (L and K, W and K) in Mediterranean teleosts, based on 56 data sets presented in an earlier paper in the January 1993 issue of Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly in which models were presented that included temperature as a predictor variable, although its effect was nonsignificant and its partial slope had the "wrong" sign.

Empirical equations for the estimation of natural mortality in Mediterranean teleosts

Empirical relationships were established linking estimates of the instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M), the von Bertalanffy growth parameters, L sub( infinity ) (or W sub( infinity )) and K, and annual mean water temperature in 56 stocks of Mediterranean teleosts fish. It is suggested that these relationships generate for these fish more reliable estimates of M than the widely-used model of Pauly (1980, J. Cons. CIEM 33(3):175-192), which was based on 175 fish stocks, but included only five stocks from the Mediterranean.

Natural Variation In Recovery From A Short Period Of Anoxia Due To A cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in Drosophila melanogaster

[EN] Protein Kinase G (PKG) or cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) have been shown to play an important role in resistance to abiotic stressors such as high temperatures or oxygen deprivation in Drosophila melanogaster. In Drosophila, the foraging gene encodes a PKG; natural variants for this gene exist, which differ in the level of expression of PKG: rovers (forR allele) which express high PKG levels, and sitters (forS allele) which express lower PKG levels. This project explores the differences in recovery from short periods of anoxia between natural variants (focusing on forS2, flies with a sitter gene in a rover background), as well as mutants with insertions in the foraging gene and RNAi recombinants that show a reduced PKG expression. The parameters measured were time to recovery and level of activity after anoxia. The results showed lower activity after anoxia in sitters than in rovers, reflecting a worse recovery from the anoxic coma in flies with lower PKG levels.

Modelagem e simulação da formação de hidrocarbonetos na combustão do gás natural

A exaustão de um veículo de motor a diesel é uma importante fonte de poluentes atmosféricos, pois forma uma matriz complexa composta de poluentes regulados e não regulados pelos órgãos governamentais. Dentre os poluentes regulados podemos citar óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) e material particulado. Os poluentes não regulados são pouco estudados até hoje e dentre estes encontra-se a classe dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e seus derivados nitrados (nitro-HPA). Estes são encontrados na exaustão do diesel na forma gasosa ou agregados ao material particulado. Hoje, o interesse em estudos destes compostos vem aumentando, devido às suas atividades carcinogênicas e mutagênicas às quais estão sujeitas as populações dos centros urbanos. O impacto causado pelos nitro-HPA emitidos por motores a ciclo diesel ao ambiente não está ainda completamente estabelecido. Este estudo consiste na modelagem e simulação do processo de combustão de hidrocarbonetos na faixa de C1 a C4 com o objetivo de descrever a formação de compostos aromáticos, principalmente HPA, e óxidos de nitrogênio a partir de modelos cinéticos de combustão propostos na literatura como referência e fazendo uso do software de simulação Kintecus. Este projeto tem como objetivo em longo prazo propor um modelo cinético para combustão do óleo Diesel. Foi iniciada a construção de um modelo cinético de combustão a partir de modelos de hidrocarbonetos simples de C1 a C4, com formação de aromáticos, HPA e óxidos de nitrogênio. Os modelos originais foram avaliados e modificados a fim de estudar como parâmetros do modelo afetam a concentração das espécies de interesse. Foi observado a tendência de formação de benzeno e fulveno em baixas temperaturas e a tendência de formação de antraceno, pireno, fenantreno a temperaturas mais altas. Foi avaliado que a conversão NO-NO2 ocorre em maiores proporções em reações iniciadas a baixas temperaturas, 600 K. Os resultados indicam que propano é o maior responsável por esta conversão. O modelo final obtido resultou da união dos modelos de combustão Hori e Marinov mais inclusão do GRI-Mech 3.0 e reações adicionais de NOx retiradas da base de dados NIST