Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs : versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner.

1

Sex-Specific Equations to Estimate Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Cycle Ergometry

AbstractBackground:Aerobic fitness, assessed by measuring VO2max in maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) or by estimating VO2max through the use of equations in exercise testing, is a predictor of mortality. However, the error resulting from this estimate in a given individual can be high, affecting clinical decisions.Objective:To determine the error of estimate of VO2max in cycle ergometry in a population attending clinical exercise testing laboratories, and to propose sex-specific equations to minimize that error.Methods:This study assessed 1715 adults (18 to 91 years, 68% men) undertaking maximum CPX in a lower limbs cycle ergometer (LLCE) with ramp protocol. The percentage error (E%) between measured VO2max and that estimated from the modified ACSM equation (Lang et al. MSSE, 1992) was calculated. Then, estimation equations were developed: 1) for all the population tested (C-GENERAL); and 2) separately by sex (C-MEN and C-WOMEN).Results:Measured VO2max was higher in men than in WOMEN: -29.4 ± 10.5 and 24.2 ± 9.2 mL.(kg.min)-1 (p < 0.01). The equations for estimating VO2max [in mL.(kg.min)-1] were: C-GENERAL = [final workload (W)/body weight (kg)] x 10.483 + 7; C-MEN = [final workload (W)/body weight (kg)] x 10.791 + 7; and C-WOMEN = [final workload (W)/body weight (kg)] x 9.820 + 7. The E% for MEN was: -3.4 ± 13.4% (modified ACSM); 1.2 ± 13.2% (C-GENERAL); and -0.9 ± 13.4% (C-MEN) (p < 0.01). For WOMEN: -14.7 ± 17.4% (modified ACSM); -6.3 ± 16.5% (C-GENERAL); and -1.7 ± 16.2% (C-WOMEN) (p < 0.01).Conclusion:The error of estimate of VO2max by use of sex-specific equations was reduced, but not eliminated, in exercise tests on LLCE.

A Novel Algorithm to Quantify Coronary Remodeling Using Inferred Normal Dimensions

Background:Vascular remodeling, the dynamic dimensional change in face of stress, can assume different directions as well as magnitudes in atherosclerotic disease. Classical measurements rely on reference to segments at a distance, risking inappropriate comparison between dislike vessel portions.Objective:to explore a new method for quantifying vessel remodeling, based on the comparison between a given target segment and its inferred normal dimensions.Methods:Geometric parameters and plaque composition were determined in 67 patients using three-vessel intravascular ultrasound with virtual histology (IVUS-VH). Coronary vessel remodeling at cross-section (n = 27.639) and lesion (n = 618) levels was assessed using classical metrics and a novel analytic algorithm based on the fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI), which quantifies the total change in arterial wall dimensions related to the estimated normal dimension of the vessel. A prediction model was built to estimate the normal dimension of the vessel for calculation of FVRI.Results:According to the new algorithm, “Ectatic” remodeling pattern was least common, “Complete compensatory” remodeling was present in approximately half of the instances, and “Negative” and “Incomplete compensatory” remodeling types were detected in the remaining. Compared to a traditional diagnostic scheme, FVRI-based classification seemed to better discriminate plaque composition by IVUS-VH.Conclusion:Quantitative assessment of coronary remodeling using target segment dimensions offers a promising approach to evaluate the vessel response to plaque growth/regression.

Influence of Smoking Consumption and Nicotine Dependence Degree in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation

Abstract Background: Smoking consumption alters cardiac autonomic function. Objective: Assess the influence of the intensity of smoking and the nicotine dependence degree in cardiac autonomic modulation evaluated through index of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: 83 smokers, of both genders, between 50 and 70 years of age and with normal lung function were divided according to the intensity of smoking consumption (moderate and severe) and the nicotine dependency degree (mild, moderate and severe). The indexes of HRV were analyzed in rest condition, in linear methods in the time domain (TD), the frequency domain (FD) and through the Poincaré plot. For the comparison of smoking consumption, unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney was employed. For the analysis between the nicotine dependency degrees, we used the One-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's post test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test. The significance level was p < 0,05. Results: Differences were only found when compared to the different intensities of smoking consumption in the indexes in the FD. LFun (62.89 ± 15.24 vs 75.45 ± 10.28), which corresponds to low frequency spectrum component in normalized units; HFun (37.11 ± 15.24 vs 24.55 ± 10.28), which corresponds to high frequency spectrum component in normalized units and in the LF/HF ratio (2.21 ± 1.47 vs 4.07 ± 2.94). However, in the evaluation of nicotine dependency, significant differences were not observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Only the intensity of smoking consumption had an influence over the cardiac autonomic modulation of the assessed tobacco smokers. Tobacco smokers with severe intensity of smoking consumption presented a lower autonomic modulation than those with moderate intensity.

Comportamento do Heterocromossômio em alguns Ortópteros do Brasil

In the present paper the behavior of the heterochromoso-mes in the course of the meiotic divisions of the spermatocytes in 15 species of Orthoptera belonging to 6 different families was studied. The species treated and their respective chromosome numbers were: Phaneropteridae: Anaulacomera sp. - 1 - 2n = 30 + X, n +15+ X and 15. Anaulacomera sp. - 2 - 2n - 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Stilpnochlora marginella - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15= X and 15. Scudderia sp. - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Posldippus citrifolius - 2n = 24 + X, n = 12+X and 12. Acrididae: Osmilia violacea - 2n = 22+X, n = 11 + X and 11. Tropinotus discoideus - 2n = 22+ X, n = 11 + X and 11. Leptysma dorsalis - 2n = 22 + X, n = 11-J-X and 11. Orphulella punctata - 2n = 22-f X, n = 11 + X and 11. Conocephalidae: Conocephalus sp. - 2n = 32 + X, n = 16 + X and 16. Proscopiidae: Cephalocoema zilkari - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+ X and 8. Tetanorhynchus mendesi - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+X and 8. Gryliidae: Gryllus assimilis - 2n = 28 + X, n = 14+X and 14. Gryllodes sp. - 2n = 20 + X, n = 10- + and 10. Phalangopsitidae: Endecous cavernicola - 2n = 18 +X, n = 94-X and 9. It was pointed out by the present writer that in the Orthoptera similarly to what he observed in the Hemiptera the heterochromosome in the heterocinetic division shows in the same individual indifferently precession, synchronism or succession. This lack of specificity is therefore pointed here as constituting the rule and not the exception as formerly beleaved by the students of this problem, since it occurs in all the species referred to in the present paper and probably also m those hitherto investigated. The variability in the behavior of the heterochromosome which can have any position with regard to the autosomes even in the same follicle is attributed to the fact that being rather a stationary body it retains in anaphase the place it had in metaphase. When this place is in the equator of the cell the heterochromosome will be left behind as soon as anaphase begins (succession). When, on the contrary, laying out of this plane as generally happens (precession) it will sooner be reached (synchronism) or passed by the autosomes (succession). Due to the less kinetic activity of the heterochromosome it does not orient itself at metaphase remaining where it stands with the kinetochore looking indifferently to any direction. At the end of anaphase and sometimes earlier the heterochromosome begins to show mitotic activities revealed by the division of its body. Then, responding to the influence of the nearer pole it moves to it being enclosed with the autosomes in the nucleus formed there. The position of the heterochromosome in the cell is explained in the following manner: It is well known that the heterochromosome of the Orthoptera is always at the periphery of the nucleus, just beneath the nuclear membrane. This position may be any in regard of the axis of the dividing cell, so that if one of the poles of the spindle comes to coincide with it, the heterochromosome will appear at this pole in the metaphasic figures. If, on the other hand, the angle formed by the axis of the spindle with the ray reaching the heterochromosome increases the latter will appear in planes farther and farther apart from the nearer pole until it finishes by being in the equatorial plane. In this way it is not difficult to understand precession, synchronism or succession. In the species in which the heterochromosome is very large as it generally happens in the Phaneropteridae, the positions corresponding to precession are much more frequent. This is due to the fact that the probabilities for the heterochromosome taking an intermediary position between the equator and the poles at the time the spindle is set up are much greater than otherwise. Moreover, standing always outside the spindle area it searches for a place exactly where this area is larger, that is, in the vicinity of the poles. If it comes to enter the spindle area, what has very little probability, it would be, in virtue of its size, propelled toward the pole by the nearing anaphasic plate. The cases of succession are justly those in which the heterochromosome taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis it can adjust its large body also in the equator or in its proximity. In the species provided with small heterochromosome (Gryllidae, Conocephalidae, Acrididae) succession is found much more frequently because here as in the Hemiptera (PIZA 1945) the heterochromosome can equally take equatorial or subequatorial positions, and, furthermore, when in the spindle area it does offer no sereous obstacle to the passage of the autosomes. The position of the heterochromosome at the periphery of the nucleus at different stages may be as I suppose, at least in part a question of density. The less colourability and the surface irregularities characteristic of this element may well correspond to a less degree of condensation which may influence passive movements. In one of the species studied here (Anaulacomera sp.- 1) included in the Phaneropteridae it was observed that the plasmosome is left motionless in the spindle as the autosomes move toward the poles. It passes to one of the secondary spermatocytes being not included in its nucleus. In the second division it again passes to one of the cells being cast off when the spermatid is being transformed into spermatozoon. Thus it is regularly found among the tails of the spermatozoa in different stages of development. In the opinion of the present writer, at least in some cases, corpuscles described as Golgi body's remanents are nothing more than discarded plasmosomes.

Seleção de variedades de soja (Glycine Max (L.) Merril ): I. Analises Bromatológicas

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o fito de estabelecer uma seleção prévia entre 32 variedaeds de soja (Glycine max. (L.) Merril), com base nas análises bromatológicas das sementes. Foram determinados teores de umidade (U), cinzas (RM), proteína bruta (PB), gordura bruta ou extrato etéreo (EE), fibra bruta (F) e extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN). As análises da variância permitem tirar as seguintes conclusões: 1) Entre as variedades classificadas no grupo forrageiro e comestível, tem-se: Mandarin 8a (40,16% PB), Bicolor de Calai (39,64% PB) e Aliança (38,70% PB). 2) De acordo com a classificação estabelecida, para o grupo produtor de óleo, as variedades Lee, Hood, Lincoln (Blanco) Improved Pelican (2), Lincoln (Morado) e Improved Pelican (1), se destacam com 21,76, 21,65, 21,62, 21,35, 21,13 e 21,04% de EE respectivamente. 3) As variedades que apresentaram menor percentagem de fibra são: Hernónjn.0 107, Hood, Mogiana, Hill e Selection n.° 135, com 9,59; 9,62; 9,68; 10,02 e 10,12% F respectivamente. 4) Encontrou-se uma correlação positiva entre o teor de proteína bruta e o de cinzas.

Efeitos de doses crescentes de nitrogênio e da inoculação de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio atmosférico, na cultura da soja (Glycine max, Merril)

Para estudar os efeitos de doses crescentes de nitrogênio, na presença e ausencia de Rhizobium, na cultura da soja, foram instalados ensaios em dois solos arenosos pobres em mate ria orgânica dos municipios de Herculandia e de Regente Feijó. No ensaio de Herculandia constatou-se efeitos de Rhizobium, enquanto no de Regente Feijo houve efeitos linear e cúbico das doses de nitrogênio, nao sendo observado efeito de inoculação. Em ambos os casos notaram-se cloroses nos tratamentos sem nitrogênio, todavia no ensaio de Regente Feijo foi temporária enquanto no de Herculândia a clorose persistiu ate o fim do ciclo nas parcelas sem inoculaçao e sem nitrogênio.

Influência do tamanho sobre a conservação, germinação e vigor de sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Sementes do Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura da E. S. A. «LUIZ DE QUEIROZ», constando de testes de germinação e de vigor (envelhecimento prococe) realizados em seis épocas bimestrais, com sementes de três cultivares de soja (Santa Rosa, IAC-2 e Viçoja), de três tamanhos (Peneira 17-grandes, Peneira 16-médias e Peneira 15 pequenas), conservadas em dois ambientes diferentes: em câmara seca e em ambiente não controlado. A análise dos dados obtidos permitiu conclusões como: a germinação variou entre cultivares e foi diretamente proporcional ao tamanho das sementes; houve decréscimo da germinação no decorrer do período considerado, sendo mais acentuado para sementes pequenas; o vigor foi maior para sementes pequenas; as sementes conservadas em câmara seca superaram as demais em todas as circunstâncias.

Efeitos do tratamento de sementes de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.), arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e soja [Glycine max (L.) Merril] com alguns fungicidas não mercuriais

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento de sementes de arroz, algodão e soja, quando tratadas com íungicidas não mercuriais, através de testes de germinação e de vigor. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos: Arasan (Thiram 75% i.a.), Panoctine (Guazatine 75% i.a.) e Terracoat (23,2% PCNB + 5,8% Terrazole). A dosagem do 1º produto foi de 100 g/100 kg de sementes enquanto que, para os outros dois, foram de 200, 400 e 600 cm³/100 kg. Nas condições do experimento, as três dosagens de Panoctine foram tóxicas para sementes de arroz e a dose mais alta prejudicou o vigor de soja e de algodão. Por outro lado Arasan e Terracoat não prejudicaram a germinação e vigor de arroz e de soja e apresentarm efeitos benéficos sobre o vigor de sementes de algodão.

Deficiências de macronutrientes na sota (Glycine max L., Merril, var. IAC-2)

Sintomas de deficiência de macronutrientes foram induzidos na soja, var. IAC-2. Foi verificado o efeito da omissão de N, R, K, Ca, Mg e S no crescimento, produção e composição mineral das folhas.

Destacadas de soja (Glycine max (L.) merril absorção de cálcio e fósforo por raízes var. IAC-2)

A absorção do cálcio e do fósforo por raízes destacadas da soja var. IAC-2 foi estudada com ajuda de traçadores. Foram verificados os efeitos da concentração iônica externa do tempo, do pH, da temperatura, da aeração e de venenos respiratórios. Os dados sugerem que a absorção do cálcio tenha se dado passivamente, sendo ativa a do fósforo. A absorção cresceu com o pH e a temperatura. Os valores das constantes de Michaelis encontrados concordam com os da literatura.

Produção de matéria seca, nodulação e absorção de nutrientes pela soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) em função de níveis de fósforo e zinco, em solos de Minas Gerais

O efeito de níveis de fósforo e zinco na produção de matéria seca, nodulação e absorção de nutrientes pela soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. 'UFV-1) foi estudado em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Foram testadas três doses de fósforo equivalentes a 0. 200 e 400 kg de P2O5/ha, e três de zinco equivalentes a 0, 15 e 30 kg de sulfato de zinco/ha, em três solos, em vasos contendo 7 kg de terra. Os solos estudados foram os seguintes: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV), Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura média (LEm), e Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (LE). As sementes, no plantio, foram inoculadas com estirpes de Rhizobium japonicum. Foram observados aumentos da produção de materia seca das plantas e da nodulação, com a adubação fosfatada. A fertilização com zinco não alterou estes parâmetros. Produções menores de matéria seca das plantas foram verificadas no LEm, no entanto, este solo e o LV, foram os substratos que propiciaram as maiores nodulações. As concentrações de N, Ca, Mg e Zn decresceram com a adubação fosfatada, sugerindo-se um efeito de diluição, propiciado pelo intenso crescimento das plantas. A fertilização fosfatada, na maior dose, diminuiu o teor de K nas folhas velhas e aumentou-o nas novas e nas hastes, indicando ter havido translocação do referido nutriente.

Extração de macronutrientes pela soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) em função dos níveis de NPK

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido visando atingir os seguintes objetivos: 1. quantidade de nutrientes extraídos pelas diversas partes da planta; 2. quantidade exportada pela produção. Foi instalado em fatorial 3³ com três repetições em solo da série Guamium em Piracicaba, SP, usando-se a cultivar IAC-2 de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. Foram aplicados no sulco: 0, 20 e 40 kg de N por ha; 0, 60 e 120 kg de p2O5 por ha, e 0, 30 e 60 kg de K2O por ha. Foram colhidas amostras de plantas, em intervalos de 21 dias, a partir da emergência, até a queda parcial das folhas (105 dias) e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os grãos, também foram analisados para os elementos citados. O período de maior velocidade da absorção dos nutrientes pelas folhas e caules esta entre 44 a 58 dias de idade para as folhas e entre 55-76 dias para os caules. As quantidades de nutrientes extraídos foram afetados pelas partes da planta, com exceção de N e Mg e pelas doses de P aplicados. O acumulo de N, P, K e Mg nos grãos foi afetado somente pelas doses de P aplicados. O acúmulo de Ca e S nos grãos não sofreu influência da adubação NPK.