Paleodistributions and Comparative Molecular Phylogeography of Leafcutter Ants (Atta spp.) Provide New Insight into the Origins of Amazonian Diversity

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Levels of persistent organic pollutants and residual pattern of DDTs in small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Physical, chemical and microbiological characterization of the intertidal sediments of Pereque Beach, Guaruja (SP), Brazil

Physical and chemical characteristics of intertidal sediments and their relationships with bacteria and cyanobacteria, were analyzed at four stations at Pereque Beach. Granulometric analysis showed that Pereque beach has sediment that is classified as sand. The lowest value of the sediment C/N rates (6.08), mainly due to a higher concentration of organic nitrogen, was found at the northern part of Pereque Beach, where organic matter of marine source was more prominent. In this area, density (9.6 x 106 cells cm(-3)), biomass (1992.04 ngC cm(-3)) and activity of bacteria were higher than at the southern end. In contrast, cyanobacteria density varied from 2.0 to 4.0 x 10(5) cells cm(-3), with biomass and total chlorophyll a of the sediment being higher at the southern part, where there are water input from Pereque River and higher organic matter of continental origin. The variability in the microbial population is discussed in the light of the sediment granulometry, organic matter quality, fresh water inflow and pollution. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Integrated assessment of multilevel biomarker responses and chemical analysis in Mussels from Sao Sebastiao, São Paulo, Brazil

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of contaminants in the mussel Perna perna from Sao Sebastiao Channel, São Paulo, Brazil, and to evaluate the effects of these contaminants on these organisms at biochemical (catalase [CAT], glutathione-S-transferase [GST], and cholinesterase [ChE]), cellular (neutral red retention time [NRRT] assay), and physiological (cardiac monitoring) levels. Two sampling surveys were performed (winter of 2001 and summer of 2002) at six stations along the channel: Cigarras, station 1; late Clube de Ilhabela, station 2; Oil Terminal, station 3; Toque Toque, station 4; Ponta da Sela, station 5 (reference station); and Taubate, station 6. Differences in CAT activity were observed between mussels from stations 3 and 5 during the winter, but no differences were detected in the summer. No differences in GST activity were found among stations during the winter, although animals from station 3 showed higher activity during the summer. The ChE activity was significantly higher in the mussels from stations I and 2 during the winter and from stations I and 3 during the summer. Organisms from stations I through 4 showed statistically lower NRRT in both seasons. Similar heart rates were observed in the mussels from all stations. Hydrocarbons were detected in organisms from all the stations in both seasons. During the winter, higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels were observed in organisms from station 3, whereas during the summer, higher levels of metals were found in organisms from stations 1, 3, and 4. The multivariate analyses showed a strong influence of PAHs on the winter biological results, but metals showed higher influence on these responses in the summer, indicating multiple contaminant sources.

Plastic debris collars on juvenile carcharhinid sharks (Rhizoprionodon lalandii) in southwest Atlantic

Three juvenile Brazilian sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon lalandii) caught in gillnets in southeast Brazil, southwest Atlantic, were found with plastic debris rings around their gill or mouth region. The rings caused severe abrasion on the sharks' tissues as the animal grew, the collars probably hampering normal feeding and/or ventilation since two of the collared individuals were emaciated. The rings were identified as detachable lid parts from plastic bottles, likely thrown overboard by fishery and/or recreation boats. As several carcharhinid shark species dwells and reproduce in shallow waters, the impact of discarded plastic debris likely is greater on this shark type. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Organotin compounds in the Paranagua Estuarine Complex, Parana, Brazil: Evaluation of biological effects, surface sediment, and suspended particulate matter

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Integrated assessment for establishing an oil environmental vulnerability map: Case study for the Santos Basin region, Brazil

The growth of maritime transport and oil exploitation activities may increase the risk of oil spills. Thus, plans and actions to prevent or mitigate impacts are needed to minimize the effects caused by oil. However, tools used worldwide to support contingency plans have not been integrated, thus leading to failure in establishing priority areas. This investigation aimed to develop indices of environmental vulnerability to oil (IEVO), by combining information about environmental sensibility to oil and results of numerical modeling of spilled oil. To achieve that, a case study concerning to oil spills scenarios in a subtropical coastal area was designed, and IEVOs were calculated and presented in maps, in order to make the information about the areas' vulnerability more easily visualized. For summer, the extension of coastline potentially affected by oil was approximately 150. km, and most of the coastline presented medium to high vulnerability. For winter, 230. km coastline would be affected, from which 75% were classified as medium to high vulnerability. Thus, IEVO maps allowed a rapid and clearer interpretation of the vulnerability of the mapped region, facilitating the planning process and the actions in response to an oil spill. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Integrated quality assessment of sediments from harbour areas in Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System, Southern Brazil

Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System is a highly populated coastal zone in Brazil and where it is located the major port of Latin America. Historically, port activities, industrial and domestic effluents discharges have constituted the main sources of contaminants to estuarine system. This study aimed to assess the recent status of sediment quality from 5 zones of Port of Santos by applying a lines-of-evidence approach through integrating results of: (1) acute toxicity of whole sediment and chronic toxicity of liquid phases; (2) grain size, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes and butyltins; (3) benthic community descriptors. Results revealed a gradient of increasing contamination for metals and organic compounds, alongside with their geochemical carriers. Sediment liquid phases were more toxic compared to whole sediment. Low number of species and individuals indicated the impoverishment of benthic community. The use of site-specific sediment quality guidelines was more appropriate to predict sediment toxicity. The integration of results through Sediment Quality Triad approach and principal component analysis allowed observing the effects of natural stressors and dredging on sediment quality and benthic distribution. Even with recent governmental efforts to control, pollution is still relevant in Port of Santos and a threat to local ecosystems. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Dinâmica populacional de Lepidophthalmus siriboia Felder & Rodrigues, 1993 (Decapoda: Callianassidae) da Ilha de Maiandeua-PA

Os Thalassinidea são invertebrados marinhos de grande importância na ecologia de ambientes de fundos moles, especialmente dado sua influência nos fluxos de oxigênio, energia e nutrientes e, atividades bioturbadoras. Estes organismos vivem em galerias das quais dependem para diversas necessidades, como proteção, reprodução e alimentação. Em alguns lugares do mundo este grupo tem sido explorado para utilização como isca. A espécie Lepidophthalmus siriboia Felder & Rodrigues, 1993 (Crustacea: Callianassidae) ocorre desde a Flórida até o Brasil. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica e a estrutura populacional de L. siriboia na ilha de Maiandeua (PA), associando os processos observados com características ambientais ligadas ao sedimento e à água. As coletas ocorreram mensalmente entre junho de 2007 e maio de 2008, sendo os organismos capturados utilizando bomba de sucção. Em laboratório, os animais foram sexados, medidos e pesados. Nas fêmeas ovígeras foi contado o número de ovos aderidos aos pleópodos. O crescimento foi estimado através da equação de crescimento de Von Bertalanffy que estabelece a relação entre o comprimento total (CT) e a idade (t). Foi capturado um total de 1268 indivíduos (753 machos e 515 fêmeas), cujos comprimentos variaram de 0,3 a 1,85 cm e o peso de 0,01 a 3,09 g. Os comprimentos médios mensais das fêmeas foram significantemente maiores do que dos machos (p<0.05) em quase todos os meses do ano. O comprimento da carapaça e o comprimento do propódio para os machos tiveram alta e significante correlação, com crescimento alométrico positivo para ambos os sexos. O tamanho de primeira maturação obtido foi de 0,7 cm para as fêmeas e 0,6 cm para os machos. Os machos foram proporcionalmente mais abundantes, totalizando 59,4% de todos os organismos capturados (proporção sexual de 1,46 machos: 1 fêmea). Houve predomínio significativo de machos nas classes de comprimento entre 0,2 e 1,2 cm e de fêmeas nas classes de comprimento maior/igual a 1,2 cm. Foram registradas 139 fêmeas ovígeras, na qual a maioria (48,2% do total) ocorreu no intervalo de classe 1,1 a 1,2 cm de comprimento da carapaça. A fecundidade absoluta variou de 0 a 1546 ovos/fêmea, com valor médio de 826,25 ovos/fêmea. Observou-se correlação significativa entre o número de ovos, peso e comprimento da carapaça. As fêmeas tiveram crescimento maior que dos machos, sendo observados valores para machos de L_: 1,63 , K: 1, C: 0,2, WP: 0,18 e para fêmeas; L_: 1,68, K: 0,8, C: 0,2 e WP: 0,09. As estimativas de mortalidade dos machos foram maiores que para as fêmeas em todos os métodos utilizados: curva de captura (Z=1,67 e Z=0,11 para machos e fêmeas), Beverton e Holt (Z=1,9 e Z= 1,76 para machos e fêmeas) e Powell–Wetherall (Z/K=3,98 e Z/K= 2,25 para machos e fêmeas). Foram registrados três pulsos principais, sendo um pulso registrado em novembro, um em fevereiro e outro em maio. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir: 1. comprimento médio dos machos é inferior ao das fêmeas ao longo do ano; 2. fêmeas são dominantes nas classes de comprimento superiores (_1,2 cm); 3. a reprodução é contínua com a ocorrência de fêmeas ovígeras ao longo do ano; 4. parâmetros de crescimento estimados foram maiores para as fêmeas do que para machos; 5. Fêmeas tiveram redução da taxa de crescimento em janeiro (WP: 0,09) e machos em fevereiro (WP: 0,18); 6. a mortalidade é maior para os machos; 7. Recrutamento ocorre ao longo do ano com três picos pronunciados em novembro, fevereiro e maio.

Heavy metals and TPH effects on microbial abundance and diversity in two estuarine areas of the southern-central coast of São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Use, development and improvements in the protocol of whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation using benthic copepods

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Levels of persistent organic pollutants and residual pattern of DDTs in small cetaceans from the coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil

The State of Sao Paulo is the most developed area in Brazil and was impacted by persistent organic pollutants for several decades. This study investigated organochlorines in five species of small cetaceans (Pontoporia blainvillei, Stenella frontalis, Sotalia guianensis, Tursiops truncatus and Steno bredanensis) found dead along the coast of Sao Paulo between 1997 and 2003. DDTs (15.9 mu g g(-1) lipid: mean for all pooled individuals) and PCBs (8.08 mu g g(-1)) exhibited the highest concentrations in the animals, reflecting large amounts formerly used in Brazil. Lower levels of mirex (0.149 mu g g(-1)), HCB (0.051 mu g g(-1)), CHLs (0.008 mu g g(-1)) and HCHs (0.007 mu g g(-1)) were detected in all species. Residual pattern of DDTs in dolphins suggests that o,p`-DDT is more recalcitrant than p,p`-DDT in the body of the animals and/or the environment. In contrast to p,p`-DDT, residues of o,p`-DDT seem to be preferentially converted into o,p`-DDD rather than op-DDE. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plastics ingested by seabirds

The occurrence of plastic objects in the digestive tract was assessed in eight species of Procellariiformes collected in southern Brazil and the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the ingested plastics pellets and plastic fragments was evaluated. PCBs were detected in plastic pellets (491 ng g(-1)) and plastic fragments (243-418 ng g(-1)). Among the OCPs, p,p`-DDE had the highest concentrations, ranging from 68.0 to 99.0 ng g(-1). The occurrence of organic pollutants in post-consumer plastics supports the fact that plastics are an important source carrying persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment. Although transfer through the food chain may be the main source of exposure to POPs to seabirds, plastics could be an additional source for the organisms which ingest them, like Procellariiformes which are the seabirds most affected by plastic pollution. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fat tissue of seabirds from King George Island, Antarctica

Antarctic Brazilian Program (PROANTAR)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a large South American industrial coastal area (Santos Estuary, Southeastern Brazil): Sources and depositional history

Located in southeastern Brazil, the Santos Estuary has the most important industrial and urban population area of South America. Since the 1950`s, increased urbanization and industrialization near the estuary margins has caused the degradation of mangroves and has increased the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents. The main objectives of this work were to determine the concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores in order to investigate the input of these substances in the last 50 years. The PAHs analyses indicated multiple sources of these compounds (oil and pyrolitic origin), basically anthropogenic contributions from biomass, coal and fossil fuels combustion. The distribution of PAHs in the cores was associated with the formation and development of Cubatao industrial complex and the Santos harbour, waste disposal, world oil crisis and the pollution control program, which results in the decrease of organic pollutants input in this area. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.