Effect of mola (Amblypharyngodon mola Ham.) on the growth and production of carps in polyculture

The effect of introduction of mola (Amblypharyngodon mala) in polyculture with rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla) and mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) was studied in semi-intensive culture system in the pond complex of the Fisheries Faculty, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Mala, a small indigenous fish was found to exert a negative impact on growth and production of carps. After four months' rearing, significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the net production between the treatments.

Performance of paddy-cum-prawn culture in rainfed low land ecosystem of Sunderbans

Performance of both paddy (Var. NC 492) and prawn Penaeus monodon were assessed for two years during wet-season in rainfed lowland ecosystem with a view to study the economic viability of paddy-cum-prawn culture in the coastal saline zone of West Bengal. Both mono and dual culture of paddy and prawn were tried in the study. Fingerlings of prawn (α 35,000 haˉ¹) of 10-15 mm size were reared for about three and half months with and without fish feed. It was observed that addition of fish feed resulted in higher (57.7%) production of prawn (2.65 mg/haˉ¹) but not rice. Such increase in prawn production was 1.6 times higher when no feed was provided and 1.4 times higher when grown as sole crop. However, paddy, whether grown as mono or mixed culture, did not differ in yield significantly. In dual culture, the benefit - cost ratio was higher (6.83) when prawn was grown with feed and it was maximum (36.0) when grown without feed as sole crop. The study, therefore, indicates that paddy-cum-prawn culture under low land ecosystem of the coastal saline zone is enterprising particularly for small and marginal farmers who fear to take risk of growing prawn alone at the cost of paddy.

A record production from an integrated farming system utilising sewage enriched water

The results of experiments conducted on a pond dyke (655m²) in the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, during 1992-93 for maximising production through optimum utilisation of resources are communicated. Round the year intensive cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus and A. viridus), water-bind weed (Ipomea aquatica), Indian spinach (Basella rubra), radish (Raphanus sativum), amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitota) and papaya (Carica papaya) was undertaken using the treated sewage water from fish ponds for irrigation. The pond dyke yielded 5,626.5 kg vegetable which worked out to 85.9 tons per ha per year. Multiple cropping with these vegetables excluding papaya on a 460 m² dyke recorded a production of 4,926.5 kg at the rate of 107.1t per ha/yr. An improved yearly net return of about 35% over investment could be achieved through the selection of highly productive and pest resistant vegetable crops of longer duration for integration into the system. Introduction of this type of integrated farming would enhance the overall productivity and returns from farming.

Utilisation of vegetable leaves for carp production

The results of two sets of experiments on mono-culture of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and mixed culture of carps (grass carp 50 : catla 20 : rohu 15 : mrigal 15) fed exclusively with vegetable leaves are reported. The experiments were conducted with two replicates each in 0.02 ha ponds of Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara during 1991-93. Monoculture of grass carp stocked at 1000/ha demonstrated an average net production of 21.0 kg/ 0.02 ha/8 months (1501 kg/ha/yr). Mixed culture of carps stocked at 5000 /ha recorded an average net production of 22.5 kg/0.02 ha/8 months (1903.7 kg/ha/yr). Field studies revealed that water bind weed (Ipomoea aquatica) is the most preferred feed of grass carp amongst vegetable leaves followed by amaranths (Amaranthus gangeticus and Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitata) leaves. Through selection of highly productive leaf vegetables and suitable crop planning on fallow fish pond dykes, round the year feeding programme of grass carp has been explored. Recycling of sewage effluent for vegetable production and utilisation of vegetable leaves for fish production is considered an ideal way of integrated resource management for low cost production.

棉纤维发育相关基因的克隆和鉴定

棉纤维是棉花子房内的胚珠外珠被上的一种单细胞表皮毛.为了解胚珠表皮细胞发育启动为棉纤维的分子控制机制,我们用同源克隆的方法,从棉纤维发育早期的幼嫩子房和胚珠中克隆到了72个棉花MYB基因.序列分析的结果表明它们属于MYB转录因子家族的55个成员,其中有一个MYB蛋白-GhMYB9的氨基酸序列与控制拟南芥单细胞表皮毛的发育启动基因GL1和WER高度同源.它们之间的序列一致性,不仅表现在保守区-DNA结合区,而且也表现在5’和3’的非保守区内.根据序列相似功能相似的原理,我们推测GhMYB9很可能是控制棉纤维发育启动的一个MYB基因.对GhMYB9的Southern杂交结果表明,该基因在棉花基因组中是单拷贝基因;对它的Northern表达分析可知,该基因在花前5天的子房、花前3天的胚珠、花期及花后3天的胚珠中都有表达,但在花前3天的棉纤维发育启动期（我们的扫描电镜结果）高表达.此外,还构建了一个陆地棉可转化人工染色体TAC文库,并通过PCR的方法从中筛选到了含有GhMYB9的TAC克隆.这些结果为进一步对GhMYB9做功能分析、揭示棉纤维发育启动的分子机制奠定了了事实上的基础.

青藏高原几种植物的光合特性研究

通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学以及反射光谱等技术研究了两个青稞（Hordeum vulgare L.）品种的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明，青稞的光饱和点1000 μmol m-2 s-1左右。在0～500 μmol m-2 s-1的光强范围里，青稞叶片的光呼吸(Pr)随着光强升高而增加;光强超过500 μmol m-2 s-1以后，光呼吸变化不明显。光呼吸占总光合的比例(Pr/Pm)随光强增强下降。随着光强增强，PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率（Fv′/Fm′），PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学量子效率（ΦPSⅡ），光化学猝灭系数（qP）不断降低而青稞叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)不断升高，说明越来越多的光能以热耗散的形式耗散掉。光谱分析表明△PRI 随着青稞叶片暴露于光下的时间迅速增大。因此，我们认为光呼吸不是青稞主要的光破坏防御机制，依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散可能是田间青稞耗散过剩光能的主要途径。 通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学等技术研究了四种乔木在拉萨和那曲的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明，四种乔木藏川杨（Populus szechuanica var. tibetica schneid.），银白杨（Populus alba L.），左旋柳(Salix paraplesia var. subintegra C. Wang et P. Y. Pu)，墨竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis N. Chao)在拉萨市的光合速率（Pn），叶片气孔导度（Gs），蒸腾速率（Tr）均显著高于那曲。藏川杨和墨竹柳的光下实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）在拉萨显著高于那曲，银白杨和左旋柳的光下实际光化学效率在拉萨和那曲没有显著差异。四种乔木开放反应中心激发能捕获效率（Fv′/Fm′）和天线热耗散（1－Fv′/Fm′）在拉萨和那曲的差异不显著。测量光合时的气温（Tair）拉萨显著高于那曲，除墨竹柳外叶温（Tleaf）也显著高于那曲，墨竹柳的上述两参数在两地间无显著差异。除藏川杨外其余三种乔木在拉萨的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）显著高于那曲，气孔限制值(Ls)显著低于那曲，藏川杨的上述两指标在两地间无显著差异。除墨竹柳外，其余三种乔木在两地的光合（Pn）与叶温（Tleaf）成显著正相关。对银白杨和左旋柳来说，低叶温通过降低气孔导度（Gs）从而降低胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）是造成那曲光合低的主要因素之一。对于墨竹柳来说，可能有其他非温度的环境条件影响其气孔导度进而造成气孔限制。此外，叶温可能主要通过非气孔限制来影响藏川杨的光合速率。因此，我们认为在西藏地区不同乔木对海拔高度的响应机制可能不同，但具体机制还需要进一步研究。

番茄种子萌发的高温耐性诱导及其生理效应

番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Miller）原产于南美西部高原地带，适应原产地赤道附近高地干燥冷凉的气候特点，不耐高温多湿，种子萌发期间对高温非常敏感。本研究以佳粉17番茄种子为材料，试图寻找诱导番茄种子萌发期间高温耐性的方法，并通过研究高温耐性被诱导前后种子内部发生的生理生化变化，探索番茄种子萌发期间不耐高温以及高温耐性诱导的机理。试验结果显示： 25 ℃是种子萌发的最适温度，种子发芽率为97.5%。高温抑制种子的萌发，33 ℃和35 ℃条件下萌发率分别为58.5%和8.5%。 萌发适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干预处理可提高番茄种子萌发期间的高温耐性，而水杨酸处理则没有明显效果。种子经25 ℃预吸胀30 h、0 ℃预吸胀10 h、吸湿-回干预处理后在33 ℃条件下的萌发率分别为81.5%、78.0%、90%，在35 ℃下的萌发率分别达到33.5%、42%、48.5%。经以上处理后，种子萌发速率提高，萌发高峰期提前，幼苗生长健壮，根干重增加，活力指数变大。 番茄种子萌发期间遭受高温危害时，电解质渗漏增加，相对电导率升高；脂膜过氧化作用加剧，其产物MDA的含量增加。经萌发适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干等方法预处理后，高温伤害减轻，膜的完整性增强，电解质渗漏减缓，膜脂过氧化作用减弱，因而相对电导率降低，MDA含量减少。 高温抑制了抗氧化酶的活性，种子内部SOD、APX、CAT、GR等抗氧化酶活性降低。经萌发适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干等方法预处理以后，抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的提高，清除细胞内超氧阴离子自由基的能力增强，因而使过氧化伤害减弱， 适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干等预处理方法在保护生物膜的同时，增强抗氧化作用，抑制过氧化伤害，从而提高了番茄种子萌发的高温耐性，这是番茄种子高温耐性提高的生理机制之一。

苦苣苔科植物的组织培养和离体保存

苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)植物种类繁多, 全世界约150属3700余种,我国有58属470余种，大部分具有极高的观赏价值，许多是传统的民间草药。虽然我国苦苣苔科植物资源丰富，然而很多种类分布区域狭窄，种群数量稀少，加之生境受到破坏，许多已经面临灭绝的危险。本研究拟通过组织培养、玻璃化超低温保存以及快速繁殖，达到保护和扩繁珍稀濒危苦苣苔科植物的目的。 以药用唇柱苣苔（Chirita medica D. Fang ex W. T. Wang）和粉绿异裂苣苔（Pseudochirita guangxiensis W.T.Wang var. glauca Y. G. Wei et Y. Liu）为材料，取幼嫩叶片为外植体，通过组织培养实验得到最佳诱导不定芽培养基：MS培养基附加30 g l-1蔗糖，7.5 g l-1琼脂，药用唇柱苣苔附加0.10 mg l-1 BA ，0.10 mg l-1 NAA，粉绿异裂苣苔附加0.05 mg l-1IAA，1.00 mg l-1BA。最高不定芽诱导率分别为：90.3%和85.0%。最佳生根培养基：1/2MS培养基附加30 g l-1蔗糖，5 g l-1活性炭，7 g l-1琼脂，生根率为100%，诱导产生6.11条根，根长为18.8mm（药用唇柱苣苔）；1/2MS培养基附加10-20g l-1蔗糖，1 g l-1活性炭，7 g l-1琼脂，诱导生成6.8-7.4条根，均长17.7-22.0mm（粉绿异裂苣苔）。 在组织培养的基础上进行了苦苣苔科植物的玻璃化超低温冷冻保存研究。以烟叶唇柱苣苔（C. heterotricha Merr.）和濒危植物药用唇柱苣苔叶片外植体为材料，经过自然干燥、装载液处理、玻璃化溶液处理、液氮冷冻保存，成功实现了玻璃化超低温冷冻保存，经过液氮冷冻保存后的材料可以继续分化、生长。适当时间的玻璃化试剂处理对于材料无致死作用，不经液氮冷冻，可以达到100%存活。-20 oC 、-40 oC、液氮保存后，存活率随温度下降而下降，表明冷冻致死的原因在于冰晶形成；提高冷冻后成活率的关键是控制干燥脱水，经过适当的自然干燥，材料存活率分别达到50.0%和27.8%。 以叶片为外植体材料，通过组织培养和快速繁殖可以大规模扩繁苦苣苔科植物。主要步骤为：外植体叶片消毒→不定芽诱导培养→生根诱导培养→继代保存或炼苗移栽，经过3-4个月时间可获得大量栽培植株。已成功保存并培养了40余种苦苣苔科植物，包括濒危苦苣苔及高观赏价值苦苣苔。

Effect of contact time on the acute toxicity of mercury to scale carp

The behaviour of metals in aquatic ecosystems is dependent on various environmental factors. Experiments were conducted in five different contact times (0.5, 2, 12, 24 and 48h) between soil sediment and mercury on Cyprinus carpio var communis. It was observed that contact time with soil sediment had significant effect in reducing the toxicity of mercury. Higher the time of contact, greater the effect. Medium hard water (150 mg/L CaC0 sub(3) of total hardness) had the highest effect as compared to other water in reducing the toxicity of mercury when combined with underlying soil sediment. With the increase in contact time, complexation and adsorption of inorganic mercury ions with the dissolved and particulate phases of water and soil sediment were increased; thereby bioaccumulation of mercury ions by scale carp was more. Applicability of the result of this experiment in natural ecosystems was also suggested.