Integrating diabetes self-management with the health goals of older adults: A qualitative exploration

Objective. This study investigates the life and health goals of older adults with diabetes, and explores the factors that influence their diabetes self-management. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 older adults with diabetes and other morbid conditions and/or their caregivers, when appropriate. ^ Results. Participants’ provided a consistent set of responses when describing life and health goals. Participants described goals for longevity, better physical functioning, spending time with family, or maintaining independence. Diabetes discordant conditions, but not diabetes, were seen as barriers to life goals for participants with functional impairments. Functionally independent participants described additional health goals that related to diabetes self-management as diabetes was seen often a barrier to life goals. Caregivers, co-morbid conditions, denial and retirement were among the factors that influenced initiation of diabetes self-management. ^ Conclusion. Participants endorsed health goals and diabetes self-management practices that they believed would help them accomplish their life goals. Functional capabilities and social support were key factors in the relationship between diabetes self-management and their broader goals. ^ Practice implications. When planning diabetes treatments, clinicians, patients and caregivers should discuss the relationship between diabetes self-management and health and life goals as well as the affects of functional limitations and caregiver support.^

INDUCTION OF STRONGER AND LONG LASTING VACCINE IMMUNITY TO TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis is a major cause of death due to an infection in mankind. BCG vaccine protects against childhood tuberculosis although, it fails to protect against adult tuberculosis. BCG vaccine localizes to immature phagosomes of macrophages, and avoids lysosomal fusion, which decreases peptide antigen production. Peptides are essential for macrophage-mediated priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells respectively through MHC-II and MHC-I pathways. Furthermore, BCG reduces the expression of MHC-II in macrophages of mice after infection, through Toll-like receptor-1/2 (TLR-1/2) mediated signaling. In my first aim, I hypothesized that BCG-induced reduction of MHC-II levels in macrophages can decrease CD4 T cell function, while activation of other surface Toll-like receptors (TLR) can enhance CD4 T cell function. An in vitro antigen presentation model was used where, TLR activated macrophages presented an epitope of Ag85B, a major immunogen of BCG to CD4 T cells, and T cell derived IL-2 was quantitated as a measure of antigen presentation. Macrophages with BCG were poor presenters of Ag85B while, TLR-7/9/5/4 and 1/2 activation led to an enhanced antigen presentation. Furthermore, TLR-7/9 activation was found to down-regulate the degradation of MHC-II through ubiquitin ligase MARCH1, and also stimulate MHC-II expression through activation of AP-1 and CREB transcription elements via p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases. I conclude from Aim-I studies that TLR-7/9 ligands can be used as more effective ‘adjuvants’ for BCG vaccine. In Aim-II, I evaluated the poor CD8 T cell function in BCG vaccinated mice thought to be due to a decreased leak of antigens into cytosol from immature phagosomes, which reduces the MHC-I mediated activation of CD8 T cells. I hypothesized that rapamycin co-treatment could boost CD8 T cell function since it was known to sort BCG vaccine into lysosomes increasing peptide generation, and it also enhanced the longevity of CD8 T cells. Since CD8 T cell function is a dynamic event better measurable in vivo, mice were given BCG vaccine with or without rapamycin injections and challenged with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Organs were analysed for tetramer or surface marker stained CD8 T cells using flow cytometry, and bacterial counts of organisms for evaluation of BCG-induced protection. Co-administration of rapamycin with BCG significantly increased the numbers of CD8 T cells in mice which developed into both short living effector- SLEC type of CD8 T cells, and memory precursor effector-MPEC type of longer-living CD8 T cells. Increased levels of tetramer specific-CD8 T cells correlated with a better protection against tuberculosis in rapamycin-BCG group compared to BCG vaccinated mice. When rapamycin-BCG mice were rested and re-challenged with M.tuberculosis, MPECs underwent stronger recall expansion and protected better against re-infection than mice vaccinated with BCG alone. Since BCG induced immunity wanes with time in humans, we made two novel observations in this study that adjuvant activation of BCG vaccine and rapamycin co-treatment both lead to a stronger and longer vaccine-mediated immunity to tuberculosis.

(Table 1) U and Th isotope analyses of pyrite and anhydrite of ODP Site 158-957

Hydrothermal circulation at oceanic spreading ridges causes sea water to penetrate to depths of 2 to 3 km in the oceanic crust where it is heated to ~400 °C before venting at spectacular 'black smokers'. These hydrothermal systems exert a strong influence on ocean chemistry (Edmond et al., 1979, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(79)90061-X), yet their structure, longevity and magnitude remain largely unresolved (Elderfield and Schultz., 1996, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.191). The active Transatlantic Geotraverse (TAG) deposit, at 26° N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is one of the largest, oldest and most intensively studied of the massive sulphide mounds that accumulate beneath black-smoker fields. Here we report ages of sulphides and anhydrites from the recently drilled (Humphris et al., 1995, doi:10.1038/377713a0) TAG substrate structures -determined from 234U-230Th systematics analysed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The new precise ages combined with existing data (Lalou et al., 1993, doi:10.1029/92JB01898; 1998, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.158.214.1998) show that the oldest material (11,000 to 37,000 years old) forms a layer across the centre of the deposit with younger material (2,300-7,800 years old) both above and below. This stratigraphy confirms that much of the sulphide and anhydrite are precipitated within the mound by mixing of entrained sea water with hydrothermal fluid (James and Elderfield, 1996, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1147:COOFFA>2.3.CO;2). The age distribution is consistent with episodic activity of the hydrothermal system recurring at intervals of up to 2,000 years.

Temperature-dependent phenology of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Temperature-dependent population growth of diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.), a prolific insect pest of crucifer vegetables, was studied under six constant temperatures in the laboratory. The objective of the study was to predict the impacts of temperature changes on the population of DBM at high-resolution scales along altitudinal gradients and under climate change scenarios. Non-linear functions were fitted on the data for modeling the development, mortality, longevity and oviposition of the pest. The best-fitted functions for each life stage were compiled for estimating the life table parameters of the species by stochastic simulations. To quantify the impacts on the pest, three indices (establishment, generation and activity) were computed using the estimates of life table parameters and temperature data obtained at local scale (current scenario 2013) and downscaled climate change data (future scenario 2055) from the AFRICLIM database. To measure and represent the impacts of temperature change along the altitude on the pest; the indices were mapped along the altitudinal gradients of Kilimanjaro and Taita Hills, in Tanzania and Kenya, respectively. Potential impact of the changes between climate scenarios 2013 and 2055 was assessed. The data files included in this database were utilized for the above analysis to develop temperature dependent phenology of Plutella xylostella to assess current and future distribution along eastern African Afromontanes.

Grapholita molesta en condiciones de laboratorio : evaluación de la relación de sexos

Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) es plaga principal del duraznero en Mendoza. El desarrollo de crías artificiales permite interpretar el comportamiento de dicha plaga y consecuentemente, aplicar estrategias para su control. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar distintas relaciones de sexos de la especie mediante la fecundidad, viabilidad y longevidad La cría se desarrolló en una cámara con temperatura, humedad relativa y fotoperíodo controlados. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar para eliminar la influencia de la luz dentro de la cámara y el desarrollo generacional. Se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el programa Statistica. El análisis de los resultados entre bloque y tratamiento no tuvo diferencias significativas en la incidencia de la luz y en el desarrollo generacional. La fecundidad tuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Por el contrario, la viabilidad y la longevidad de ambos sexos no tuvieron diferencias significativas, pero los valores de la primera fueron en todos los tratamientos más altos que el máximo citado por otros autores. La relación de sexos influyó positivamente sobre la fecundidad cuando la proporción de los machos fue mayor o igual que el sexo contrario.

Grapholita molesta : caracterización de una cría artificial

Grapholita molesta (Busck) es considerada plaga principal del duraznero en Mendoza. Sus larvas han sido criadas, en condiciones de laboratorio, con dietas naturales por diversos autores. Los objetivos fueron: 1. poner a punto la cría artificial de la especie; 2. diseñar una jaula para el apareamiento y la oviposición de los adultos; 3. evaluar la eficiencia de la jaula y la dieta larvaria mediante grados día, ciclo biológico, peso de pupas, recuperación de huevoadulto, fecundidad, viabilidad y longevidad. La cría artificial de una especie constituye una herramienta para profundizar sus conocimientos bioetoecológicos y, en consecuencia, aplicarlos en su control. En 1996 se fundó una cría con larvas salvajes alimentadas con manzanas verdes pequeñas del cv. Granny Smith. Los adultos se desarrollaron en una jaula especialmente diseñada. En el ciclo biológico, la recuperación huevo-adulto y la fecundidad se obtuvieron valores superiores a los citados por otros autores pero no ocurrió lo mismo con las otras variables. La cría artificial de Grapholita molesta (Busck) se logró desarrollar por 37 generaciones y la alta fecundidad obtenida es una clave fundamental en el éxito de su mantenimiento.

Densidad de adultos de Grapholita Molesta en jaulas : Mendoza (Argentina)

Grapholita molesta es una importante plaga que afecta brotes y frutos del duraznero en Mendoza, Argentina. Algunos autores han citado que Carpocapsa pomonella requiere, en condiciones artificiales, una densidad poblacional de 100 adultos para alcanzar una alta fecundidad y que esta situación se puede extender a la especie en estudio. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar distintas densidades poblacionales de la especie mediante la fecundidad, viabilidad y longevidad. La especie se crió en una cámara con condiciones abióticas controladas. El diseño fue en bloques al azar para eliminar la influencia de la luz y el desarrollo generacional. Se realizaron cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados se procesaron mediante el programa Statistica. El análisis de los resultados entre bloques y tratamientos no tuvo diferencias significativas por lo que no hubo variación en la incidencia de la luz y el desarrollo generacional. La viabilidad tuvo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos mientras que la fecundidad y la longevidad no las presentaron. La densidad poblacional influyó positivamente sobre la viabilidad cuando la cantidad de parejas fue la menor y disminuyó al incrementarse la proporción de las mismas. Es decir, el hacinamiento de los individuos afectó la viabilidad de Grapholita molesta pero no la fecundidad ni la longevidad.

Parámetros biológicos y demograficos de áfidos (Hemiptera: aphididae) en variedades de colza canola (Brassica napus L.)

Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Brevicoryne brassicae L. y Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) constituyen plagas del cultivo de colza canola, Brassica napus L., y de otras crucíferas cultivadas. Los pulgones fueron colectados en un cultivo de canola y se multiplicaron en un insectario. Para el estudio se criaron 2 cohortes de 20 hembras neonatas, para cada especie de áfido y cultivar de colza, a 20 ± 1°C, 60-70% de humedad relativa y 14:10 horas de fotofase. Las principales diferencias entre especies de pulgones se observaron en la duración de los períodos reproductivo y post-reproductivo, la longevidad y la fecundidad. M. persicae fue el áfido más longevo y fecundo en Impact, mientras que en Teddy el más fecundo fue L. erysimi y el más longevo M. persicae. Con respecto a los parámetros poblacionales, la mayor tasa de incremento poblacional (R0) fue de 58,43 (♀/♀/generación) para M. persicae en Impact. En cambio en Teddy la mayor R0 (63,17) fue para L. erysimi. La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural (rm) más elevada fue para L. erysimi en Teddy (0,29 ♀/♀/día) y para M. persicae en Impact (0,24 ♀/♀/día). Estos estudios indican que, de acuerdo con el cultivar de colza empleado, teniendo en cuenta la tasa de crecimiento poblacional de las diferentes especies de pulgones, se podría inferir cuál será la especie dominante y el daño potencial que ocasionarían al cultivo.

Lograr estética y función en el sector posterior con resinas compuestas

La operatoria dental actual cuenta con un conocimiento más profundo de las diferentes estructuras dentarias que sumado al gran adelanto tecnológico y científico en la ciencia de los biomateriales; fruto de innumerables investigaciones, nos permiten contar hoy, con una nueva generación de materiales restauradores, lo que hace más crítico y exigente el conocimiento y análisis por parte del profesional, de las técnicas a efectuar, la realización depurada de procedimientos y los biomateriales a utilizar, con el fin de realizar tratamientos que sean biocompatibles, eficientes y de importante longevidad.

Pollen record from Golkow, Poland

Janczyk-Kopikowa (1966): The series of the organic deposits, developed in the vicinity of Golkow near Warsaw as oil shales and peats, was laid down in a grough valley and now rests on the deposits of the Middle Polish Glaciation (Riss). The organic deposits are overlain by the fluviale deposits of the North Polish Glaciation (Würm). The locality Golkow occurs beyond the extent of the continental glacier of this glaciation. Polen analysis completed by microfloristic examinations allows to determine the age of the organic series that is thought to be Eemian. The pollen diagram from Golkow does not call in question the stratigraphical position of the deposits investigated mainly due to its characteristic features such as minimum content of coniferous trees in the climatic optimum - about 5%, high percentage of Corylus - 77.5% and well developed phase of hornbeam. It may be well compared with other Eemian diagrams from the area of Poland and reveals much similar features. The development of vegetation at Golkow has depended upon the prevailing climate. At first, the cool climate brings about the development of plants having small thermal requirements. Here belong thin, park-like forests with pine and birch (Pinus, Betula) accompanied by the heliophilic plants such as Hippohäe and Ephedra. Improvement of climate that becomes warm and humid provides for development of deciduous forests prevailing in the climatic optimum, of the interglacial. Decrease of temperature causes a repeated change in the type of forest. This latter changes into coniferous forest with prevailing spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies) at the beginning, and then with pine (Pinus) and birch (Betula). During the Eemian Interglacial, the development of plants at Golkow terminates with a new and long-lasting predominance of pine-birch forests. However, such a longevity may be apparent only. Apparent character of this phenomenon is proved by a fact that the pollen spectra of the warm climatic periods have found their reflex in the oil shale that increased considerably slower than the layers off feebly decomposed peat evidencing the existence of cool pine-birch forests from the decline of the Interglacial. The water basin, in which the polen grains were laid down from surrounding plants is characterized by a calm sedimentation as proved by the occurrence of the oil shale. An insignificant water flow left behind some thin sand laminae. The not too deep basin becomes shallower owing to the growing water vegetation, and marshy vegetation. The growing of the plants causes a complete shallowing of the basin and formation of peat bog in situ, as proved by the peat beds occurring in the section. ---- Gadomska (1966): In the vicinity of Golków a series of organic deposits occurs amounting to 6.5-9.3 m in thickness, and consisting of oil shales, lacustrine silts and sands, as well as peats and peaty silts. The organic deposits fill up an old, small, but fairly deep lake basin, probably of finger-lake origin. It may be seen to-day as a slight lowering of the relief, filled up with soaked ground, stretching from north to south. On the basis of palaeobotanical examinations the organic deposits considered are of Eemian Interglacial age (Z. Janczyk-Kopikowa, 1063). The lower part of the organic series consists of a compact oil shale horizon, the maximum thickness of which may attain up to 8 m. The oil shales contain particularly in their upper part, numerous intercalations of arenaceous silts, dark grey or black in colour, or of sands mainly of lacustrine provenance. At the top of the oil shales are found peats, up to 2.5 m in thickness, covered by black, humus silts with numerous plant remains. The Eemian Interglacial deposits are covered by a series of fluviatile sands belonging partly to the Baltic Glaciation (bottom part of the series), partly to the Holocene (top part of the series). The thickness of the sands is 0.5-3.7 m. Higher up, there are found the Holocene and present-day deposits developed as clayey alluvion, or arenaceous slide rocks, or arenaceous-silty soil.

Distribution, genesis and age of the Schlagwasser breccia (Warstein anticline, Rhenish massif)

The name "Schlagwasser breccia" is a synopsis of several debris flows in the Warstein area, which can be derived from the Warstein carbonate platform and the Scharfenberg reef. Though only locally developed, the breccia is important for the understanding of paleogeography and sedimentology in the Eastern Sauerland. Considering this breccia some gravitational-resedimentary slide movements between a high, consisting of reef carbonates, and a basin with flinz beds can be pointed out. From the uppermost Middle Devonian to the lowermost Lower Carboniferous several slides yielded the sedimentary components building up the 30 to 50 m thick polymict breccia. Some breccias were redeposited repeatedly as can be verified by different conodont maxima in single samples. Supplying area was the western part of the Warstein high, from which the slide masses glided off to the East and Southeast, more seldom to the West and Westsouthwest. All conodont zones from the upper Middle Devonian up to the lowermost Carboniferous could be identified in the Schlagwasser breccia. Therefore, an uninterrupted continuous sedimentation must have been prevalent in the supplying area; today this area nearly is denuded of flinz beds and cephalopod limestones. The slide masses spread transgressively to the East up to a substratum consisting of different units as massive limestone, flinz beds and cephalopod limestone; they are overlapped by Hangenberg beds, alum schists and siliceous rocks of the Lower Carboniferous. Parts of the substratum were transported during the progress of the slide masses. Proximal and distal parts of the flow masses can be distinguished by the diameter of the pebbles. Graded bedding and banking structures are marked only rarely. Way of transport was up to 3 km. Differently aged slide masses do not always overlap, but are placed side by side, too. Usually the slide masses do not spread out upon a greater area during sedimentation, but form closely limited debris flows. Synsedimentary fracturing and tilting of the reef platform, epirogenetic movements and seaquakes caused the slides. The entire formation period of the breccia includes about 20 millions of years. The longevity of the events points to solid paleomorphological situations around the eastern margin of the carbonate platform.

Longevidad y cambios en la periodicidad de la vida adulta : Nuevos paradigmas de una vejez emergente

La longevidad y la prolongación del envejecimiento, constituyen una fuente de confusión e incertidumbre entre personas, organizaciones y comunidades. Surgen paradigmas en oposición, con perspectivas positivas y negativas del envejecimiento, que no ayudan a la comprensión de las nuevas dimensiones de este período del ciclo vital. En el presente trabajo se enfatiza la necesidad de definir de manera clara las etapas intermedias en el interior de la vida del adulto mayor, analizar con este foco los paradigmas contrapuestos y superar la lógica binaria existente -con un análisis dialógico- de modo de rescatar algunos de los principios emergentes sobre la creciente longevidad

Desafíos actuales del envejecer

Presentamos hallazgos sobre el envejecer en la actualidad y su entrecruzamiento con la participación en grupos. Señalamos la importancia de la educación permanente en la producción de subjetividad. Se destaca la contribución de las investigaciones referidas a la: docencia, extensión universitaria y formación de investigadores. Partimos del marco teórico de la psicología, se revisan los aportes interdisciplinarios que enriquecen el campo gerontológico. A partir de la longevidad se busca identificar las transformaciones del envejecer, el proceso de revisión identificatoria y el trabajo psíquico de revisar, cuestionar y transformar las significaciones simbólicas, a la par que hacer lugar a lo nuevo en relación con sus funciones: hombre/mujer; esposo/esposa; abuelo/abuela. Se emplea metodología cualitativa: entrevistas en profundidad, historias de vida, crónicas del funcionamiento grupal. Surge la preocupación constante y conciente de los mayores, por preservar su capacidad de desear, crear, producir y gozar, la búsqueda de realización personal y la interrelación con el medio, con los otros y con sus pares. Se observan lógicas propias que promueven la horizontalidad de los vínculos y presentan representaciones, sentidos y conductas que modifican el concepto tradicional del viejo. Se destaca la riqueza del encuentro intersubjetivo entre investigadores y entrevistados, en la elaboración de los cambios.

Global habitat suitability of deep-water Antipatharia

Antipatharia are a diverse group of corals with many species found in deep water. Many Antipatharia are habitat for associates, have extreme longevity and some species can occur beyond 8500 m depth. As they are major constituents of 'coral gardens', which are Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs), knowledge of their distribution and environmental requirements is an important pre-requisite for informed conservation planning particularly where the expense and difficulty of deep-sea sampling prohibits comprehensive surveys. This study uses a global database of Antipatharia distribution data to perform habitat suitability modelling using the Maxent methodology to estimate the global extent of black coral habitat suitability. The model of habitat suitability is driven by temperature but there is notable influence from other variables of topography, surface productivity and oxygen levels. This model can be used to predict areas of suitable habitat, which can be useful for conservation planning. The global distribution of Antipatharia habitat suitability shows a marked contrast with the distribution of specimen observations, indicating that many potentially suitable areas have not been sampled, and that sampling effort has been disproportionate to shallow, accessible areas inside marine protected areas (MPAs). Although 25% of Antipatharia observations are located in MPAs, only 7-8% of predicted suitable habitat is protected, which is short of the Convention on Biological Diversity target to protect 10% of ocean habitats by 2020.