MErCuRIC1: A Phase I study of MEK1/2 inhibitor PD-0325901 with cMET inhibitor crizotinib in RASMT and RASWT (with aberrant c-MET) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients.

Background: RAS is mutated (RASMT) in ~55% of mCRC, and phase III studies have shown that patients harbouring RAS mutations do not benefit from anti-EGFR MoAbs. In addition, ~50% of RAS Wild Type (RASWT) will not benefit from the addition of an EGFR MoAb to standard chemotherapy. Hence, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed for RASMT and > 50% of RASWT mCRC patients. c-MET is overexpressed in ~50-60%, amplified in ~2-3% and mutated in ~3-5% of mCRC. Recent preclinical studies have shown that c-MET is an important mediator of resistance to MEK inhibitors (i) in RASMT mCRC, and that combined MEKi/METi resulted in synergistic reduction in tumour growth in RASMT xenograft models (1). A number of recent studies have highlighted the role of c-MET in mediating primary/secondary resistance to anti-EGFR MoAbs in mCRC, suggesting that patient with RASWT tumours with aberrant c-MET (RASWT/c-MET+) may benefit from anti-c-MET targeted therapies (2). These preclinical data supported the further clinical evaluation of combined MEKi/METi treatment in RASMT and RASWT CRC patients with aberrant c-MET signalling (overexpression, amplification or mutation; RASWT/c-MET+). Methods: MErCuRIC1 is a phase I combination study of METi crizotinib with MEKi PD-0325901. The dose escalation phase, utilizing a rolling six design, recruits 12-24 patients with advanced solid tumours and aims to assess safety/toxicity of combination, recommended phase II (RPII) dose, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) (pERK1/2 in PBMC and tumour; soluble c-MET). In the dose expansion phase an additional 30-42 RASMT and RASWT/c-MET mCRC patients with biopsiable disease will be treated at the RPII dose to further evaluate safety, PK, PD and treatment response. In the dose expansion phase additional biopsy and blood samples will be obtained to define mechanisms of response/resistance to crizotinib/PD-0325901 therapy. Enrolment into the dose escalation phase began in December 2014 with cohort 1 still ongoing. EudraCT registry number: 2014-000463-40. (1) Van Schaeybroeck S et al. Cell Reports 2014;7(6):1940-55; (2) Bardelli A et al. Cancer Discov 2013;3(6):658-73. Clinical trial information: 2014-000463-40.

Reduced risk of pancreatic cancer associated with asthma and nasal allergies

OBJECTIVE: Studies indicate an inverse association between ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC) and nasal allergies. However, controversial findings are reported for the association with asthma. Understanding PDAC risk factors will help us to implement appropriate strategies to prevent, treat and diagnose this cancer. This study assessed and characterised the association between PDAC and asthma and corroborated existing reports regarding the association between allergies and PDAC risk.

DESIGN: Information about asthma and allergies was collated from 1297 PDAC cases and 1024 controls included in the PanGenEU case-control study. Associations between PDAC and atopic diseases were studied using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Meta-analyses of association studies on these diseases and PDAC risk were performed applying random-effects model.

RESULTS: Asthma was associated with lower risk of PDAC (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.88), particularly long-standing asthma (>=17 years, OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.65). Meta-analysis of 10 case-control studies sustained our results (metaOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.89). Nasal allergies and related symptoms were associated with lower risk of PDAC (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.83 and OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.77, respectively). These results were supported by a meta-analysis of nasal allergy studies (metaOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.72). Skin allergies were not associated with PDAC risk.

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a consistent inverse association between PDAC and asthma and nasal allergies, supporting the notion that atopic diseases are associated with reduced cancer risk. These results point to the involvement of immune and/or inflammatory factors that may either foster or restrain pancreas carcinogenesis warranting further research to understand the molecular mechanisms driving this association.

Distribution, occurrence and biotoxin composition of the main shellfish toxin producing microalgae within European waters: A comparison of methods of analysis

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a natural global phenomena emerging in severity and extent. Incidents have many economic, ecological and human health impacts. Monitoring and providing early warning of toxic HABs are critical for protecting public health. Current monitoring programmes include measuring the number of toxic phytoplankton cells in the water and biotoxin levels in shellfish tissue. As these efforts are demanding and labour intensive, methods which improve the efficiency are essential. This study compares the utilisation of a multitoxin surface plasmon resonance (multitoxin SPR) biosensor with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analytical methods such as high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for toxic HAB monitoring efforts in Europe. Seawater samples (n = 256) from European waters, collected 2009-2011, were analysed for biotoxins: saxitoxin and analogues, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins 1/2 (DTX1/DTX2) and domoic acid responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), respectively. Biotoxins were detected mainly in samples from Spain and Ireland. France and Norway appeared to have the lowest number of toxic samples. Both the multitoxin SPR biosensor and the RNA microarray were more sensitive at detecting toxic HABs than standard light microscopy phytoplankton monitoring. Correlations between each of the detection methods were performed with the overall agreement, based on statistical 2 × 2 comparison tables, between each testing platform ranging between 32% and 74% for all three toxin families illustrating that one individual testing method may not be an ideal solution. An efficient early warning monitoring system for the detection of toxic HABs could therefore be achieved by combining both the multitoxin SPR biosensor and RNA microarray.

A validated UPLC–MS/MS method for the surveillance of ten aquatic biotoxins in European brackish and freshwater systems

Over the past few decades, there has been an increased frequency and duration of cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in freshwater systems globally. These can produce secondary metabolites called cyanotoxins, many of which are hepatotoxins, raising concerns about repeated exposure through ingestion of contaminated drinking water or food or through recreational activities such as bathing/ swimming. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) multi-toxin method has been developed and validated for freshwater cyanotoxins; microcystins-LR, -YR, -RR, -LA, -LY and -LF, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and the marine diatom toxin domoic acid. Separation was achieved in around 9 min and dual SPE was incorporated providing detection limits of between 0.3 and 5.6 ng/L of original sample. Intra- and inter-day precision analysis showed relative
standard deviations (RSD) of 1.2–9.6% and 1.3–12.0% respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of aquatic samples (n = 206) from six European countries. The main class detected were the hepatotoxins; microcystin-YR (n = 22), cylindrospermopsin (n = 25), microcystin-RR (n = 17), microcystin-LR (n = 12), microcystin-LY (n = 1), microcystin-LF (n = 1) and nodularin (n = 5). For microcystins, the levels detected ranged from 0.001 to 1.51 mg/L, with two samples showing combined levels above the guideline set by the WHO of 1 mg/L for microcystin-LR. Several samples presented with multiple toxins indicating the potential for synergistic effects and possibly enhanced toxicity. This is the first published pan European survey of freshwater bodies for multiple biotoxins, including two identified for the first time; cylindrospermopsin in Ireland and nodularin in Germany, presenting further incentives for improved monitoring and development of strategies to mitigate human exposure.

Protocol for the isotoxic intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a feasibility study.

Introduction The majority of stage III patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unsuitable for concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the non-surgical gold standard of care. As the alternative treatment options of sequential chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy alone are associated with high local failure rates, various intensification strategies have been employed. There is evidence to suggest that altered fractionation using hyperfractionation, acceleration, dose escalation, and individualisation may be of benefit. The MAASTRO group have pioneered the concept of ‘isotoxic’ radiotherapy allowing for individualised dose escalation using hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy based on predefined normal tissue constraints. This study aims to evaluate whether delivering isotoxic radiotherapy using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is achievable.

Methods and analysis Isotoxic IMRT is a multicentre feasibility study. From June 2014, a total of 35 patients from 7 UK centres, with a proven histological or cytological diagnosis of inoperable NSCLC, unsuitable for concurrent chemoradiotherapy will be recruited. A minimum of 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy is mandated before starting isotoxic radiotherapy. The dose of radiation will be increased until one or more of the organs at risk tolerance or the maximum dose of 79.2 Gy is reached. The primary end point is feasibility, with accrual rates, local control and overall survival our secondary end points. Patients will be followed up for 5 years.

Ethics and dissemination The study has received ethical approval (REC reference: 13/NW/0480) from the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) Committee North West—Greater Manchester South. The trial is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice (GCP). The trial results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented internationally.

Trial registration number NCT01836692; Pre-results.

Efficacy and Acceptability of Reduced Intensity Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Children Aged 9–11 years with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVE: Assess efficacy and acceptability of reduced intensity constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

METHODS: Single-subject research design and semi-structured interviews. Children (9-11y) with hemiplegia underwent five baseline assessments followed by two weeks CIMT. Six further assessments were performed during treatment and follow-up phases. The primary outcome was the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MUUL). Quantitative data were analysed using standard single-subject methods and qualitative data by thematic analysis.

RESULTS: Four of the seven participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements in MUUL (3-11%, p < .05). Two participants achieved significant improvements in active range of motion but strength and tone remained largely unchanged. Qualitative interviews highlighted limitations of the restraint, importance of family involvement, and coordination of treatment with education.

CONCLUSIONS: Reduced intensity CIMT may be effective for some children in this population; however it is not suitable for all children with hemiplegia.

Uma rapariga do liceu: o legado de um percurso

Do cruzamento da leitura de Telling Women´s Lives, de Linda Wagner-Martin, e de In a Differente Voice, de Carol Gilligan, surgiu a ideia de dar conta de um legado escolar deixado por uma aluna do Liceu de Évora, da década de 60. Destaca-se a vivência experiencial, ingénua, conservadora e trágica, que vai do reconhecimento da singularidade e da compreensão da realidade, à confrontação com a morte.

Teacher education in the United Kingdom post devolution: convergences and divergences

This paper examines the roles of research in teacher education across the four nations of the United Kingdom. Both devolution and on-going reviews of teacher education are facilitating a greater degree of cross-national divergence. England is becoming a distinct outlier, in which the locus for teacher education is moving increasingly away from Higher Education Institutions and towards an ever-growing number of school-based providers. While the idea of teaching as a research-based profession is increasingly evident in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, it seems that England, at least in respect of the political rhetoric, recent reforms and explicit definitions, is fixed on a contrastingly divergent trajectory towards the idea of teaching as a craft-based occupation, with a concomitant emphasis on a (re)turn to the practical. It is recommended that research is urgently needed to plot these divergences and to examine their consequences for teacher education, educational research and professionalism.

Primary production in systems subject to natural and anthropogenic eutrophication

Tese dout., Química, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange

Regions of Restricted Exchange (RREs) are an important feature of the European coastline. They are historically preferred sites for human settlement and aquaculture and their ecosystems, and consequent human use, may be at risk from eutrophication. The OAERRE project (EVK3-CT1999-0002 concerns ‘Oceanographic Applications to Eutrophication in Regions of Restricted Exchange’. It began in July 2000, and studies six sites. Four of these sites are fjords: Kongsfjorden (west coast of Spitzbergen); Gullmaren (Skagerrak coast of Sweden); Himmerfj.arden (Baltic coast of Sweden); and the Firth of Clyde (west coast of Scotland). Two are bays sheltered by sand bars: Golfe de Fos (French Mediterranean); and Ria Formosa (Portuguese Algarve). Together they exemplify a range of hydrographic and enrichment conditions. The project aims to understand the physical, biogeochemical and biological processes, and their interactions, that determine the trophic status of these coastal marine RRE through the development of simple screening models to define, predict and assess eutrophication. This paper introduces the sites and describes the component parts of a basic screening model and its application to each site using historical data. The model forms the starting point for the OAERRE project and views an RRE as a well-mixed box, exchanging with the sea at a daily rate E determined by physical processes, and converting nutrient to phytoplankton chlorophyll at a fixed yield q: It thus uses nutrient levels to estimate maximum biomass; these preliminary results are discussed in relation to objective criteria used to assess trophic status. The influence of factors such as grazing and vertical mixing on key parameters in the screening model are further studied using simulations of a complex‘research’ model for the Firth of Clyde. The future development of screening models in general and within OAERRE in particular is discussed. In addition, the paper looks ahead with a broad discussion of progress in the scientific understanding of eutrophication and the legal and socioeconomic issues that need to be taken into account in managing the trophic status of RREs.

Travestismos e intertextualidades em Orlando de Virginia Woolf e na obra homónima de Sally Potter

Dissertação de mest., Literatura Comparada, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

Duas poéticas individuais: a metaficção em Finisterra, de Carlos de Oliveira e em o Triunfo da Morte de Augusto Abelaira

Dissertação de mestrado, Literatura, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

A farmacogenómica no tratamento da depressão major com inibidores selectivos da recaptação da 5-hidroxitriptamina

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Le concept de variabilité chez des enseignants de mathématiques au secondaire

La place tenue par la statistique dans la société actuelle fait en sorte qu’il devient important de s’interroger sur l’enseignement de cette discipline. Or, son enseignement qui est inclus, du moins au niveau pré-universitaire, dans les cours de mathématiques pose un défi majeur dû au fait que les raisonnements statistiques se distinguent considérablement des raisonnements associés aux autres domaines des mathématiques scolaires. En statistique, nous sommes en présence d’un degré d’incertitude qui est en contraste avec les conclusions déterministes auxquelles les mathématiques scolaires nous ont trop souvent habitués. La statistique fournit des outils pour étudier, entre autres, des phénomènes aux données variables; au coeur de la statistique se trouve alors le concept de variabilité. Par ailleurs, bien que la statistique prenne de plus en plus de place dans les programmes scolaires, le concept de variabilité même est peu nommé dans les programmes. De plus, la formation à la statistique et à l’enseignement de cette discipline occupe une place peu importante dans les cursus universitaires de formation à l’enseignement. Puisque l’enseignement du concept de variabilité apparaît fondamental, car au coeur de la pensée statistique, on peut se demander quelles sont les connaissances des enseignants à ce sujet compte tenu justement du peu de formation des enseignants dans ce domaine et du peu d’explicitation qu’en font les programmes scolaires. Les recherches dans le domaine de l’enseignement de la statistique ont proliféré depuis la fin du siècle dernier. Certaines concernent le concept de variabilité, mais elles ont surtout été menées chez des élèves. Très peu se sont préoccupées de la façon dont les enseignants de mathématiques du secondaire prennent en compte le concept de variabilité. Nous avons donc entrepris de répondre de manière exploratoire à la question suivante: quelles sont les connaissances didactiques des enseignants en rapport avec le concept de variabilité compte tenu de leurs connaissances disciplinaires ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons d’abord entrepris de cerner le concept de variabilité en statistique à travers, d’une part, les travaux sur la discipline et, d’autre part, les recherches sur les élèves. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur deux dimensions du concept présentes dans le curriculum du secondaire au Québec. La première, la variabilité échantillonnale, est associée aux fluctuations d’échantillonnage qui apparaissent dans les différences entre les échantillons tirés d’une même population. La seconde, la variabilité des données, réfère à la dispersion des données statistiques. Ceci a constitué le cadre conceptuel permettant la réalisation d’une recherche qualitative de nature exploratoire. La recherche a été menée auprès de douze enseignants de mathématiques du secondaire. Dans un premier temps, les enseignants devaient répondre individuellement au premier volet du questionnaire mettant de l’avant des situations de résolution de problèmes statistiques dans lesquels le concept de variabilité intervient. Il s’en suivait, dans un deuxième temps, une entrevue où les enseignants étaient regroupés en dyade. La première partie de l’entrevue portait sur les réponses des enseignants à ce premier volet du questionnaire, et ce, afin de porter un regard sur les connaissances disciplinaires des enseignants sur le concept de variabilité. Par la suite, les enseignants devaient répondre au deuxième volet du questionnaire. À cette étape, des tâches didactiques reliées à la pratique enseignante, en lien avec les situations statistiques du premier volet du questionnaire, étaient proposées afin d’explorer, cette fois, les connaissances didactiques des enseignants sur le concept en question. La présente recherche identifie certaines conceptions et difficultés liées à l’étude du concept de variabilité et complète les recherches antérieures sur le sujet. Elle permet aussi de porter un regard sur l’enseignement de ce concept, notamment en indiquant et en documentant des pistes d’interventions possibles pour l’enseignant confronté à des raisonnements et à des réponses d’élèves. De plus, cette étude montre l’influence des connaissances disciplinaires des enseignants sur leurs connaissances didactiques et laisse aussi présager de l’insuffisance de celles-ci pour le développement des connaissances didactiques. De nos résultats émergent des considérations pour la formation de futurs enseignants et met en exergue l’importance de s’attarder aux connaissances disciplinaires et didactiques des enseignants.

Uma perspetiva atual sobre a esquizofrenia

A origem da esquizofrenia representa um dilema para muitos investigadores, sendo que até hoje a sua proveniência tem sido relacionada com diversos fatores, particularmente, ambientais, genéticos e associados aos neurotransmissores. Ao longo dos últimos anos, foram desenvolvidos diversos estudos no sentido de compreender a etiologia da esquizofrenia e qual o tratamento adequado. Contudo, surgem ainda constantemente dúvidas que dificultam a elaboração de um diagnóstico específico e permitam um tratamento personalizado. Algo que dificulta o diagnóstico da esquizofrenia é o facto dos sintomas característicos desta serem muito semelhantes aos descritos, associados a outras perturbações, tais como a perturbação esquizofreniforme, a perturbação esquizoafetiva, a perturbação esquizotípica de personalidade e a perturbação bipolar afetiva. A esquizofrenia caracteriza-se por um conjunto de sinais e sintomas (positivos ou negativos). A elaboração de um diagnóstico requer que os sintomas aferidos estejam presentes durante um período de um mês (ou mais curto no caso do tratamento ser bem sucedido), sendo que alguns sinais de perturbação deverão persistir durante pelo menos 6 meses. Atualmente, podem distinguir-se sete subtipos de esquizofrenia, nomeadamente, o tipo catatónico, o tipo desorganizado ou hebefrénico, o tipo paranóide, o tipo indiferenciado, o tipo residual, a depressão pós-esquizofrénica e o tipo simples. O tratamento habitual da esquizofrenia baseia-se, principalmente, na utilização de antipsicóticos típicos e atípicos. Este trabalho permitiu, através da análise de casos de estudo de uma amostra de 6 indivíduos em tratamento no Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, analisar a terapêutica medicamentosa prescrita em cada caso. Através desta tese, pretende-se apresentar uma perspetiva atual acerca da Esquizofrenia, tendo em conta: fatores que dificultam o seu diagnóstico, a sua origem e o tratamento aconselhado, incluindo a terapêutica medicamentosa utilizada habitualmente e algumas inovações relacionadas com a mesma.