A Experiência como ordenação da realidade: uma estratégia orgânica para a educação científica

Knowledge is understanding. According to the philosopher Gaston Bachelard our immediate contact with the reality is only worth as confusing and provisional data. This phenomenological contact requires inventory and classification. For this reason our first reading on any phenomenon is limited to a basic levels of reality. Elements such as dynamics, functioning or detailed characteristics of what is observed can only be accessed at higher levels of reality, explains the physicist Werner Heisenberg. The ideas woven by these two great intellectuals oxygenates the notion that a well-made thinking does not require only observation and description of the nature, but assigns value and meaning to the knowledge. Based on these ideas and on the cognitive horizon brought by the complexity sciences, this research aims to nurture a reflection on our understanding of the world built from a rational perspective of experience, as an organic sequence of research. This arguments, over the study, describes how the experience is able to oxygenate a well-made thinking, as the concept created by Edgar Morin and expanded by Conceição Almeida. I argue that the experience as a path of investigative research allows one to ventures in the shadows of the unknown to access upper layers of reality. The experience is, therefore, an organic strategy for a well-made thinking - A nutritious mud that oxygenates, regulates, repairs and configures the quality of understanding. As a thread to discuss this ideas I've used my professional journey over a year and a half as a Natural Sciences' teacher on the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, where I could see how experiences helped on breaking a simplified understanding of the world. I chose to work with the research problems developed by 398 students over these three semesters. The problems were essential to the questioning of the phenomena that once seemed obvious or uninteresting, bringing out operational reasons and dynamics of the observed structures. Experience, in this sense, is the founder of dynamic thinking, as the need to deconstruct the phenomena's first impressions, assigning value and meaning to gestated knowledge.

Relação entre função sexual, sintomatologia depressiva e qualidade de vida em mulheres grávidas

INTRODUCTION: Human sexuality is recognized as one of the pillars of quality of life. In women, sexual function is influenced throughout life by many factors that can lead to the appearance of changes in the cycle of sexual response, and hence the quality of life (QOL). Pregnancy is a period of change, leaving them physically and mentally vulnerable, which may affect sexual function and quality of life during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between sexual function, presence of depressive symptoms and quality of life in pregnant women. METHODS: The study included 207 pregnant women attending prenatal examination of the Maternity Divine Love, Parnamirim / RN and the participants of the Course for Pregnant Women of the Department of Physical Therapy at UFRN (central campus). Initially it was applied, a questionnaire containing questions about sociodemographic, gynecological and obstetric data, as well as body and sexual self-knowledge. Sexual function was assessed using the Sexual Function Index Female (Female Sexual Function Index - FSFI). To assess the quality of life, we used the Quality Index Ferrans Life & Powers mom. The presence of depressive symptoms was verified by applying the Beck Depression Inventory. The Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was carried variables, Mann-Whitney test for carrying out the comparisons and the Wilcoxon test for comparing the monthly sexual frequency before and during pregnancy. Multiple linear regression was used to verify the relationship between sexual function, depressive symptoms and quality of life. We used the Spearman correlation to check correlation between the variables. Ap value <0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: Sexual function and depressive symptoms were related quality of life (R2 = 0.30, p <0.001). Depression had a moderate negative correlation with quality of life (0.53; p <0.001), whereas sexual function showed a positive correlation with low quality of life (0.22; p = 0.001). The planning of pregnancy, education and income shown to influence depression scores. With respect to sexual function, it was seen that during pregnancy, a reduction in the monthly frequency of sexual partner (Z = -10.56; p <0.001). Among the sexual domain, just the pain, showed a statistically significant difference compared between the second and third quarter (Z = -1.91, p <0.05). The score of the quality of life of women with sexual dysfunction was xvii significantly lower than that pregnant women without dysfunction (Z = -2.87, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Sexual function and the presence of depressive symptoms are related to the quality of life of pregnant women.

Características psicológicas do paciente obeso grave e suas implicações pós-operatórias na cirurgia bariátrica

Obesity is a chronic disease that has multi-factorial aetiology, characterized by high degree of body fat; the degree of obesity will vary according to the Body Mass Index (BMI=m2 /kg). The severe degree of obesity is characterized by BMI>40 and it is regularly associated to endocrine-metabolic or mechanic clinical alterations, and to psychological disorders. Binge Eating (BE) results were overly high for this population. The Bariatric Surgery has been the treatment chosen by those diagnosed with severe obesity as this intervention provides prompt outcomes for loss of weight and clinical improvement conditions. However, recent research has acquiesced that after two years between 20% and 30% of people subject to this intervention gained weight. The main objective of this research is to assess the psychological and behavioral characteristics of those diagnosed with severe obesity that have been subject to Gastric Bypass Surgery in the past 24 months. Specific aspects were investigated: (1) characteristics of different personalities and diagnose of clinic and personality disorders; (2) BE and its relation with loss of weight; (2) the difference between the groups regarding post-surgery care, e.g. physical activity, psychological and dietician input. Method: 40 adults (women and men) aged 23 and 60 year-old who went through a bariatric surgery in the past 24 months, in the city of Natal-RN (Brazil); they were assembled in two groups n=20, Gain group displaying loss of < 50% of their initial surplus of weight, and the Loss group displaying loss of >50%. The research protocol is made of a socio-demographic questionnaire and 3 psychometric instruments: Rorschach – Comprehensive System; Millon Personality Inventory (MCMI-III); and the Binge Eating Scale (Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP). Through Rorschach significant differences between these groups were verified according to the kind of personality (EB) - more EB Extratensivo in Gain group and Intratensivo in Loss group – and the lack of control to express affect, increasing the answer for Color Pure at Group I. Concerning the people standardization, the sample as a whole tends to show psychic pain, denigrated selfperception, high levels of self-criticism, distorted perceptions, vulnerability to develop mood disorders and high scores regarding Suicide. MCMI-III results showed more clinic and personality disorders in Group I: Depressive Disorder and Schizotypal, Anxiety, Dysthymia, Major Depressive Disorder; Thought Disorder, Bipolar- Manic and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In relation to ECAP, the results indicated significant differences, showing increased BE results in Gain group. There were found significant differences between BE severity and the presence of clinic and personality disorders. Concerning the post-surgery care, the observed differences are statistically significant regarding physical activities with median-increased differences in Loss group. There is a difference between the initial weight and the time post-surgery, indicating that the higher the initial weight and the time after the surgery the higher the re-gain of weight post-surgery. Finally, the results show that the participants with more than 3 years of surgery will have Clinic and Major Depressive Disorders; Somatoform Disorder; Dysthymia. These results confirm prior studies related to BE post-surgery and re-gain of weight as well as the proneness of clinic disorders in severe obesity people. That means the results reinforce that the surgery process is a facet of the severe obesity treatment. The post-surgery process needs to be the main focus of attention and have a long-term input to sustain the care of the surgery results and the quality of life of the patients.

O gênero Geastrum Pers. (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): ocorrência, chave taxonômica e descrições de novas espécies do Nordeste brasileiro

Geastraceae is a monophyletic family included in the gomphoid-phalloid clade, it is composed only by two genus: Geastrum and Myriostoma. These genus are closely related in their morphology and phylogeny, both showing angiocarpic basidiomata, apical stoma, basidiospores passively released by the bellows mechanism and exoperidium dehiscent in rays, these genus are distinct by the number of stomas and pedicels. Because of dehiscense of exoperidium they are popularly known as “earthstars”. Usually they occur on decomposing leaf-litter and decaying wood. They are, thus, saprophytic, with rare exceptions of ectomycorrhizal species. Geastrum is the most diverse gasteroid genus in Brazil, with an estimated 51 records. However, there are large gaps in the geographic distribution and systematics studies about the Geastrum in this country, especially because of the characteristics found in the Brazilian territory (megadiverse, hotspots and continental size), which makes it a priority area for species inventory. Thus, this work was aimed at realizing inventory of species of Geastrum, which occur in Caatinga and Northeastern Atlantic Rainforest. At least two field expeditions were realized, during about four days on rainy season of 2013 and 2014 in the areas: Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, located in Atlantic Rainforest domain, Paraíba State and Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, located on “Brejos Paraibanos”, Paraíba State. Furthermore, specimens deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, which were collected in Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, Caatinga of Pernambuco State, were analyzed. The specimens were identified according to analysis of macro and micro morphology based on specific literature. Approximately 400 basidiomata, distributed in 73 exsiccates were analyzed. 21 species were identified, 19 are in specie level, which two are proposed to new species. (Geastrum magnosporum sp. nov. e G. pusillupilosum sp. nov.) and two in genera level (sp. e aff.). We emphasize one new record for Brazil, 12 new records for Paraíba State, four new records for semiarid region in Brazil and six new records to Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”. So, the results improved the knowledge about Geastrum in Paraíba State by 200%, 24 % in Brazilian semiarid region and 55% in Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”, evincing that Northeastern Brazil has high species richness.

Relação do polimorfismo BDNF val66met e níveis periféricos de BDNF com a doença de Parkinson e sua sintomatologia

Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently studied due to the increasing number of cases associated with the populational ageing and to the impact on the conditions on the quality of life. Parkinson’s disease (DP) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease. Despite the fact that its etiology is not completely understood, it is known that DP is caused by environmental and genetic factors. Thus, the investigation of etiologic factors and mechanisms responsible for the changes that lead to DP may help early diagnostic and prevention. A possible association between DP and the common polymorphism of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) G196A (Val66Met) has been suggested by different studies with contrasting results. For this reason, the aim of this study is to investigate if the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is related to susceptibility to DP in a cohort of Brazilian patients. Additionaly, we verify if the presence of the polymorphism implies in alterations in the BDNF whole blood concentrations, as well as variations in symptomatology. The sample comprised Brazilian patients accompanied by the neurology service of the Onofre Lopes University Hospital (HUOL) and healthy controls (CTRL). The motor aspects of DP were evaluated by Hoehn e Yahr Scale (HY), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Schwab & England Scale (SE). For the evaluation of non-motor symptoms were used the following instruments: Frontal Assessment Battery (BAF), Mini-Mental State Examination (MEEM), Beck Depression Inventory (IDB) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (IAB). Blood samples were collected for BDNF Val66Met polymorphism genotyping and BDNF whole blood measurement. As expected, DP patients performed worse in motor, cognitive and emotional battery of questionnaires. Alleles distribution between DP and CTRL was not significantly different, but the A/G genotype was significantly associated with a protector factor for DP. In contrast, the G/G genotype was significantly associated with depression and anxiety development in DP patients. However, BDNF concentrations were not different between genotypes or groups. This is the first study of genetic association of this polymorphism with DP in Brazilian subjects and the first one that associate A/G genotype with protection against DP.

Ansiedade social e cooperação em contexto de hierarquia social

The Ultimatum Game is a methodology of the Game Theory that intends to investigate the individuals cooperative behavior in situations of resources division. Studies have shown that half of the subjects don’t accept unfair division of resources, and prefer to bear a momentary cost to revenge the deceivers. However, people who have assertiveness impairment, such as social phobic individuals, could have some difficulties to reject unfair offer division resource, especially in situations that cause over anxiety, like being in the presence of an individual considered to be in a high hierarchical level. A negative perception about his own worth can also make the person thinks that he does not deserve a fair division. These individuals also have a strong desire to convey a positive impression to the others, which could cause them to be more generous in a resource division. The aim of this study was to verify, through the Ultimatum Game, if social anxiety individuals would accept more high confederate’s unfair offers that low confederate’s unfair offers; and if they would be more generous in goods division, in the same game, when compared to individuals without social anxiety. Ninety-five (95) college students participated in this study answering the Social Phobia Inventory, the Factorial Scale of Extroversion, socio-demographic questionnaire, situational anxiety scale and, finally, the Ultimatum Game in four rounds (1st and 3rd – confederate representing high or low ranking using an unfair proposal; 2nd – confederate without social status using fair proposal; 4th – subject’s research proposes the offer). The results showed a significant negative correlation between social anxiety and haughtiness, and social anxiety and assertiveness, and a significant positive correlation between social anxiety and situational anxiety. There was no significant difference in situational anxiety due to the status for anxious individuals. Also we found no significant difference in the amount of donated goods, showing that generous behavior does not differ between groups. Finally, the social status did not influence the decision in response to the game for anxious individuals. These results corroborate to other studies that show the relationship between social anxiety and assertiveness, and social anxiety and negative self-perception capability and value (low haughtiness). As show the results of situational anxiety scale, the high status stimulus was not perceived as threatening to the individual, which may have affected his answer in the game. The results for the Ultimatum Game follow the same direction as the acceptance rate for unfair proposals (approximately 50%) in studies with non-clinical sample.

Ansiedade social e cooperação em contexto de hierarquia social

The Ultimatum Game is a methodology of the Game Theory that intends to investigate the individuals cooperative behavior in situations of resources division. Studies have shown that half of the subjects don’t accept unfair division of resources, and prefer to bear a momentary cost to revenge the deceivers. However, people who have assertiveness impairment, such as social phobic individuals, could have some difficulties to reject unfair offer division resource, especially in situations that cause over anxiety, like being in the presence of an individual considered to be in a high hierarchical level. A negative perception about his own worth can also make the person thinks that he does not deserve a fair division. These individuals also have a strong desire to convey a positive impression to the others, which could cause them to be more generous in a resource division. The aim of this study was to verify, through the Ultimatum Game, if social anxiety individuals would accept more high confederate’s unfair offers that low confederate’s unfair offers; and if they would be more generous in goods division, in the same game, when compared to individuals without social anxiety. Ninety-five (95) college students participated in this study answering the Social Phobia Inventory, the Factorial Scale of Extroversion, socio-demographic questionnaire, situational anxiety scale and, finally, the Ultimatum Game in four rounds (1st and 3rd – confederate representing high or low ranking using an unfair proposal; 2nd – confederate without social status using fair proposal; 4th – subject’s research proposes the offer). The results showed a significant negative correlation between social anxiety and haughtiness, and social anxiety and assertiveness, and a significant positive correlation between social anxiety and situational anxiety. There was no significant difference in situational anxiety due to the status for anxious individuals. Also we found no significant difference in the amount of donated goods, showing that generous behavior does not differ between groups. Finally, the social status did not influence the decision in response to the game for anxious individuals. These results corroborate to other studies that show the relationship between social anxiety and assertiveness, and social anxiety and negative self-perception capability and value (low haughtiness). As show the results of situational anxiety scale, the high status stimulus was not perceived as threatening to the individual, which may have affected his answer in the game. The results for the Ultimatum Game follow the same direction as the acceptance rate for unfair proposals (approximately 50%) in studies with non-clinical sample.

Evolução da perceção de coesão, clima motivacional eficácia coletiva, e competência ao longo da época desportiva em equipas de hóquei em patins

Projeto de Investigação apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia do Desporto e do Exercício

PERSONALIDADE, ESTILOS PARENTAIS E COGNIÇÃO EM MENINOS VÍTIMAS DE ABUSO SEXUAL

Há um consenso na literatura de que a vivência do abuso sexual na infância ocasiona uma série de consequências, tanto físicas quanto psicológicas, às vítimas. O cenário de violência contra crianças e adolescentes está cada vez mais frequente na sociedade contemporânea, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública, de modo a ser necessário um olhar mais atento dos profissionais e elaboração de políticas públicas tanto para a prevenção dos casos como para o tratamento dos problemas deles decorrentes. Nas crianças, há uma associação do aumento de problemas comportamentais e psicológicos, que podem se estender até o período da idade adulta. Outros estudos enfatizam alterações em áreas cerebrais e as relacionam com o surgimento de transtornos mentais na população de crianças vítimas de violência sexual, dentre outros tipos de violência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de traços de personalidade, os estilos parentais desenvolvidos e o desempenho cognitivo, especificamente as funções executivas, em meninos com histórico de abuso sexual. Foram avaliadas 62 crianças e adolescentes (32 com histórico de abuso sexual e 30 sem), sendo que no grupo de abuso a idade média dos integrantes é de 11,7 anos de idade e seus genitores majoritariamente divorciados, diferentemente do grupo controle, no qual os genitores são, na maior parte, casados. O método constou de questionário sociodemográfico, testes neuropsicológicos que avaliam as funções executivas (Wisconsin Card Sortint Test, Figuras de Ray e Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças - Terceira Edição (WISC-III)- Semelhanças, Arranjo de Figuras, Compreensão, Cubos, Dígitos e Vocabulário), Questionário de Personalidade para Crianças e Adolescentes (EPQ-J) e Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP). Não houve resultados significativos entre o abuso e as funções executivas, tanto nos subtestes dos Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças - Terceira Edição (WISC-III) quanto no do Wisconsin; porém o grupo apresentou dados significativamente menores na memória do Figuras Complexas de Rey. Com relação ao EPQ-J, os resultados demonstraram maiores índices de neuroticismo, os quais podem ser associados com sintomas de depressão, e apresentaram menores índices em extroversão, trazendo possíveis dificuldades nas relações sociais. Com relação aos estilos parentais, o grupo apresentou dificuldades e prejuízos nas percepções sobre os genitores, especialmente com relação ao genitor, que é o maior abusador estatisticamente. Os dados mostraram uma correlação entre neuroticismo e vocabulário, estilos parentais e vocabulário, e neuroticismo e estilos parentais. Observou-se a importância de maiores estudos com o público masculino, para que possam ser elucidadas, de forma mais abrangente, as questões de abuso sexual e suas interferências nos aspectos neuropsicológicos, estilos parentais e traços de personalidade, visto que a maior parte dos estudos é relacionada ao público feminino. É necessário o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o atendimento específico do público masculino que sofre abuso, e que o profissional da saúde esteja preparado para ajudar, fortalecendo os aspectos psíquicos e emocionais.

Las estatuas-menhir noroccidentales en contexto: conectividad y conexiones materiales durante el Bronce Tardío/Final

Este artículo analiza las estatuas-menhir noroccidentales que se distribuyen en el área comprendida entre los valles del río Duero y el río Miño, pero que descubrimientos recientes han extendido a regiones fuera de este área nuclear. Partiendo de tres aspectos claves para su interpretación (la cronología, su relación con el paisaje y su sentido iconográfico), se examinan las relaciones entre estas formas materiales y un paisaje socio-material de acción específico (las formas socio-materiales de interacción propias del Bronce final atlántico). Para ello, se tiene en cuenta diferentes conexiones materiales (presencia, encuentro, coexistencia, hibridación, etc.) que permiten contextualizar las estatuasmenhir dentro de un proceso histórico particular: la integración del noroeste de la península Ibérica en un contexto de relaciones mediterráneo-atlánticas, en la segunda mitad del II milenio a.C.

Relação Terapêutica: estudo sobre a percepção dos clientes

A Relação Terapêutica, de um modo geral e a Aliança Terapêutica, de um modo particular, são elementos fundamentais da psicoterapia e comuns às diferentes abordagens psicoterapêuticas. Apesar dos estudos nacionais serem escassos, os estudos feitos além-fronteiras testemunham a existência de uma relação entre a relação terapêutica e os resultados da terapia, uma vez que esta tem sido considerada um elemento preditor de resultados, na medida em que a percepção dos clientes acerca da relação é aquela que prediz melhores resultados. No presente estudo pretendemos compreender a Aliança Terapêutica, como uma das dimensões do processo terapêutico, segundo a percepção dos clientes, nas diferentes abordagens terapêuticas consideradas. A amostra é constituída por 60 clientes de psicoterapia, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, de três distritos da zona centro do país. A recolha da amostra foi efectuada através de um questionário construído por nós e de um questionário destinado a avaliar a aliança – Inventário da Aliança Terapêutica (Machado & Horvath, 1999). A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos mostra que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as abordagens psicoterapêuticas consideradas no estudo, quanto às Dimensões da Aliança Terapêutica.

A Solidão e o Auto-Conceito na Idade Adulta e Velhice

Neste estudo propomo-nos estudar as possíveis diferenças existentes entre a idade adulta e a velhice ao nível da solidão e do auto-conceito. Analisámos o papel de variáveis psicossociais específicas e de variáveis psicológicas, como a depressão, ansiedade, stresse e estilos de coping, sobre a solidão, bem como qual o conjunto de variáveis que melhor prediz a solidão. A solidão e o auto-conceito constituem constructos relevantes na vida do ser humano nas mais variadas formas, interagindo com um grande leque de domínios pessoais e desempenhando um papel importante na compreensão da psicopatologia. Nesta investigação participaram 222 sujeitos, com idades compreendidas entre 35 e 90 anos de idade. Para avaliar as variáveis psicológicas pretendidas foi utilizada a Escala de Solidão da UCLA, o Inventário Clínico de Auto-conceito, a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Stresse (DASS-21) e o Questionário de Estratégias de Coping (CSQ). Os resultados indicaram que os indivíduos em idade adulta e na velhice não diferem na experiência de solidão, embora apresentem diferenças significativas ao nível de autoconceito, com os idosos a revelarem um pior auto-conceito. São os indivíduos com um trabalho doméstico, com menor escolaridade, com uma relação conjugal pouca satisfatória, com um nível sócio-económico baixo, com uma saúde pobre e sem suporte social que apresentam valores mais elevados de solidão. Na análise da acção conjunta das variáveis, o auto-conceito e os estilos de coping revelaram-se os melhores preditores da solidão. Não obstante as limitações reconhecidas, o presente estudo contribuiu para um melhor conhecimento desta realidade na população portuguesa adulta e idosa.

Inflexibilidade Psicológica

O presente trabalho, destinou-se à validação do Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth - AFQ- Y( Greco, Baer, & Lambert, 2008), traduzido por Questionário de Evitamento Experiencial e Fusão Cognitiva para Adolescentes. Isto porque, na prática clínica, se verifica uma escassez de instrumentos de auto-resposta que avaliam estes contructos, caracterizadores da inflexibilidade psicológica. A amostra do nosso estudo consiste em 461 adolescentes, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos, a frequentar o 3º ciclo do ensino básio e ensino secundário de escolas situadas em meio rural e urbano. Para além do citado instrumento a validar, os jovens preencheram também outras medidas de sintomas psicopatológicos e de percepção do seu auto-conceito social; nomeadamente, o Inventário Depressivo para Crianças (CDI; Kovacs, 1985), a Escala Revista de Ansiedade Manifesta para Crianças (RCMAS; Reynolds & Richmond, 1978) e a Escala de Comparação Social (SCS; Allan, & Gilbert, 1995), bem como uma medida de um construto semelhante referente à aceitação e mindfulness em crianças(CAMM; Greco, Baer & Lambert, 2008). Os resultados obtidos mostram que o questionário possui uma boa consistência interna, uma adequada estabilidade temporal, assim como uma boa validade. Sugerem ainda tratar-se de uma escala unidimensional. Estes dados permitem o avanço da psicologia, no que diz respeito à prática clínica com adolescentes, nomeadamente no domínio das chamadas terapias de terceira geração em Portugal. São apresentados e discutidos os dados normativos para a população portuguesa. Não obstante às limitações apontadas, os resultados sugerem que o AFQ-Y é um questionário útil na avaliação da inflexibilidade psicológica em adolescentes. /

A Vinculação e a Auto-Estima em Jovens Não-Institucionalizados Vs. Institucionalizados

Introdução: Uma relação de vinculação segura implica a presença de um modelo representacional das figuras de vinculação como “disponíveis” e capazes de proporcionar protecção e que a qualidade dos cuidados parentais precoce é fundamental a determinar a saúde mental dos indivíduos. Se esta relação assume um enorme relevância para a saúde mental de qualquer ser humano, a institucionalização de crianças/jovens, envolvendo ameaças em termos da disponibilidade das figuras de vinculação constitui uma condição propícia para atrasos de desenvolvimento e aumento da probabilidade do desenvolvimento de sintomatologia psicopatológica. Os objectivos deste estudo passam, então, por analisar as diferenças na vinculação, mas também na auto-estima, de jovens institucionalizados vs nãoinstitucionalizados. Metodologia: A nossa amostra é constituída por 223 jovens nãoinstitucionalizados de duas escolas do Concelho de Coimbra (média de idades M=15.3; desvio-padrão, DP=1.97) e 47 jovens institucionalizados (M=15.5 DP=1.93). Tanto os jovens institucionalizados como não-institucionalizados preencheram um questionário com questões sóciodemográficas, relacionais, escolares, de saúde e bem-estar (com pequenas particularidades em algumas variáveis conforme a sub-amostra), o Inventory of Parent Attachment (IPPA) e a Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). A sub-amostra de jovens institucionalizados respondeu ainda a questões sobre a sua adaptação/vivência ao/no Lar. Resultados: Os rapazes da amostra não institucionalizada apresentam uma pontuação média mais elevada de auto-estima vs. raparigas. Nos jovens institucionalizados não foram encontradas diferenças de género a este nível. Não existem diferenças de género, em ambas as sub-amostras, na pontuação total do IPPA e suas dimensões. Os rapazes nãoinstitucionalizados vs. institucionalizados não divergem na pontuação média total de autoestima. O mesmo sucede com as raparigas. Ambas as sub-amostras não divergem na pontuação média total do IPPA e suas dimensões. Na amostra não-institucionalizada quer nos rapazes, quer nas raparigas não existem diferenças na pontuação total média na RSES, entre os jovens mais novos vs. mais velhos. Na amostra institucionalizada também não se verificam diferenças na pontuação total na RSES por idades. Nos jovens não institucionalizados foram encontradas diferenças na pontuação total média no IPPA (e suas dimensões, à excepção da Alienação), por idade, com os mais novos a apresentarem sempre valores médios mais elevados. Na amostra institucionalizada estas diferenças não se verificaram. Nos rapazes e raparigas da amostra não-institucionalizada verificaram-se associações significativas entre a pontuação na RSES e no IPPA e em todas as suas dimensões. O mesmo se verificou na subamostra institucionalizada. Não existe uma associação significativa entre a pertença a dada sub-amostra e a pertença ao grupo “pouco seguro” vs. “muito seguro”. Apesar de outras associações terem sido encontradas, importa reforçar as associações significativas entre a pontuação na auto-estima e na vinculação total e suas dimensões (quer nos rapazes e raparigas não-institucionalizados, como na amostra institucionalizada) e variáveis como a sintomatologia depressiva, a sintomatologia ansiosa e algumas variáveis relacionais. Discussão/Conclusão: De um modo geral parecem não existir diferenças entre jovens nãoinstitucionalizados vs. institucionalizados em termos de vinculação e de auto-estima. Porém, a uma vinculação insegura e uma menor auto-estima associam-se piores outcomes (e.g. sintomatologia depressiva) em ambas as amostras. Os profissionais trabalhando com adolescentes não-institucionalizados ou institucionalizados devem preocupar-se em avaliar a sua auto-estima e vinculação, procurando, eventualmente, nelas intervir terapeuticamente. / Introduction: It is well kown that a secure attachment relation implies the presence of representational model of the attachment figures as being available and able to provide protection and that the quality of earlier parental care is crucial in determining subjects mental health and there developmental trajectories. If this relation assumes such a big relevance to the mental health of any human being, the institutionalization of children/adolescents, even when truly needed, involving threats in terms of the availability of attachment figures constitutes a condition that might lead to developmental delays and might increase the probability of psychopathological sintomatology developing. The aims of this study are, then, to analyze if there are attachment differences and, also, in self-esteem, between a sub-sample of non-institutionalized and institutionalized adolescents. Methodology: Our sample comprises 223 adolescents non-institutionalized from two schools of Coimbra Council (mean age, M=15.3; standard deviation, SD=1.97) and 47 institutionalized adolescents (M=15.5 SD=1.93). Both sub-samples filled in a questionnaire with sociodemographic, relational, about school, health and well-being questions (with small particularities in some variables, regarding each sub-sample), the Inventory of Parent Attachment (IPPA) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Institutionalized adolescents also answered questions about the adaptation/life to/in the institution. Results: Boys from the non-institutionalized sub-sample present an higher self-esteem mean score vs. girls. We did not find significant gender differences in self-esteem mean score in the subsample of institutionalized adolescents. There are no gender differences, in both sub-samples, in IPPA (and all its dimensions) total score. Non-institutionalized boys vs. institutionalized boys do not differ in their self-esteem mean score. The same is valid for girls. Both subsamples do not differ in their IPPA (and all its dimensions) mean score. In the noninstitutionalized sample, either in boys, either in girls there are no differences regarding total RSES mean score, between younger (12-15 years old) and older (16-20 years old) adolescents. In the institutionalized sample there were also no differences regarding this score, by age groups. In the non-institutionalized sub-sample we found differences in IPPA total mean score (an in all its dimensions, with the exception of Alienation), by age, with younger adolescents presenting always higher mean scores. In the institutionalized sample there were no differences. Both in boys and girls from the non-institutionalized sample there were significant associations between RSES score and IPPA (and all its dimensions) score. The same result was found in the total institutionalized sample. Although other significant associations were found, we must reinforce the presence of significant associations between self-esteem score and IPPA total score (and of its dimensions) (either in boys and girls noninstitutionalized, either in the institutionalized sub-sample) and variables such as lifetime and depressive symptomatology in the last two weeks, anxious symptomatology in the last two weeks and some relational variables. Discussion/Conclusion: In general, we did not found significant differences between non-institutionalized vs. institutionalized adolescents in terms of attachment and self-esteem. However, a secure attachment and a lower self-esteem are associated with worst outcomes (e.g. depressive symptomatology) in both samples. Professionals working with adolescents, either or not institutionalized must assess their selfesteem and attachment and might, eventually, intervene on these aspects therapeutically.

As Práticas Educativas Parentais e as Birras das Crianças

As birras das crianças são uma característica do desenvolvimento normal das crianças e surgem por volta dos 15-18 meses que, normalmente, são desencadeadas devido ao desejo de independência e à incapacidade de escolher por parte das crianças. Para que as birras não se tornem um grave problema de comportamento das crianças, os pais devem adoptar práticas educativas adequadas para promover comportamentos desejáveis. O presente estudo analisou se os diferentes tipos de práticas educativas parentais se relacionam com a existência ou não de birras. Participaram 106 pais de crianças com idade compreendida entre os 2 e os 6 anos que responderam a três questionários: (a) Questionário Sociodemográfico; (b) Questionário da Caracterização dos Filhos; (c) Inventário de Práticas Educativas (I.P.E). Concluiu-se que as práticas educativas parentais mais utilizadas são as práticas educativas adequadas porém, aquando as birras das crianças, os pais recorrem à punição física e às práticas educativas inadequadas. Verificou-se, também, que o género e o estado civil dos pais não influenciam as práticas educativas utilizadas nos filhos. Quanto à influência da idade dos filhos nas práticas educativas parentais, concluímos que quanto mais velhos os filhos, menos os pais recorrem à punição física. / The tantrums are a feature of normal development of children, which appear at around 15-18 months. The tantrums in children are usually triggered due to the desire for independence and the inability of choice. To condition the tantrums in children in become a serious behavior problem, parents should adopt appropriate education to promote desirable behaviors. The present study examined whether different types of parenting practices relate to the presence or absence of tantrums. Participants 106 parents of children aged 2 to 6 years old, who responded to three questionnaires: (a) Socio-Demographic Questionnaire, (b) Characterization of the Children's Questionnaire, (c) Educational Practices Inventory (PSI). Conclusions demonstrated that parenting practices are the most commonly used adequate educational practices, however when children does tantrums, parents resort to physical punishment and inadequate educational practices. We also verified that gender and marital status of parents do not influence the educational practices used in children. Regarding the influence of age of children in parenting practices, we conclude that the older children, unless parents resort to physical punishment.