La construcción social de saberes matemáticos. El caso del tratamiento de la información

Este trabajo centra su atención en la construcción de saberes matemáticos en un ambiente de colaboración, en el que se privilegia la interacción entre los participantes, la confrontación y la negociación. Se hace una descripción de la problemática que se vive en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas y de la necesidad de innovar a través de situaciones donde el contenido matemático es relevante para el alumno y la sociedad. De igual modo se hace una descripción sucinta acerca de que esta manera de construir saberes incluye el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas, las consideradas en el plan de estudio de educación secundaria 2006. Esta descripción contiene actividades para un taller considerando el eje sobre el manejo de la información y una versión de principios para orientar su ejecución.

Explorar y descubrir para conceptualizar: ¿Qué es un poliedro?

Esta experiencia, abordó la problemática relacionada con el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de la geometría y en particular, el proceso de conceptualización y formulación de definiciones de objetos geométricos como los poliedros. El propósito de esta experiencia en la línea de la metodología estudio de clase (MEC), es el de planificar y orientar una clase que favorezca en los estudiantes la construcción del concepto de poliedro, desde principios pedagógicos y didácticos pertinentes y válidos. Su pertinencia radica en la generación de ambientes de aprendizaje alternativos, los cuales privilegian la construcción de conocimiento desde la interacción, además se favorece el proceso de conceptualización tan importante en el desarrollo del pensamiento y las competencias matemáticas.

Comprensión del enfoque frecuencial de probabilidad de estudiantes al final del bachillerato tecnológico

Tres semanas después de recibir la enseñanza de probabilidad, diez estudiantes de un bachillerato tecnológico fueron seleccionados para desarrollar una actividad extra-aula experimental, fundamentada en la aproximación de la frecuencia relativa a la probabilidad. Se utilizaron hojas de control y se videograbó la sesión. Inicialmente los estudiantes lanzaron volados individualmente y después se organizaron en equipos para analizar sus datos. En la interacción social en dos equipos se manifestó la confusión entre los conceptos de frecuencias relativa y absoluta, y se observó la subordinación de ideas de los miembros ante un líder conceptual. Los estudiantes en un inicio confundieron los valores de la variable aleatoria con el espacio muestra, lo cual corrigieron posteriormente; si bien expresaron una aproximación intuitiva a la ley de los grandes números, no lograron progresar en ella. En general los estudiantes se mostraron dubitativos al contestar a las preguntas de las hojas de control, a pesar del poco tiempo transcurrido desde la enseñanza.

La analogía, una fase de la modelación

El presente trabajo tiene la intención de analizar las fases de las prácticas de modelación en la escuela y el papel de la analogía como una de ellas. Las prácticas de modelación las caracterizamos como prácticas recurrentes de diferentes comunidades que articulan dos entidades (fenómenos y sus referentes matemáticos) con la intensión de intervenir en una de ellas a partir de la otra. Esta caracterización plantea de entrada la interacción con el fenómeno, esto define a la primera fase, emergiendo la experimentación en el sentido amplio. La segunda fase, la caracterizamos como el acto de modelar, en donde se realiza la articulación por medio de alguna acción de las entidades participantes; la tercera fase es la articulación de los modelos con el fenómeno en una red. Una cuarta fase es la analogía que descentra la red de modelos del fenómeno original que le dio lugar. En esta fase se pretende la articulación de redes de modelos, dando lugar a redes de redes.

Desarrollo de situaciones de aprendizaje en un escenario a distancia incorporando objetos virtuales de aprendizaje

Al introducir las nuevas tecnologías a los escenarios escolares se provocan reacciones (Chevallard, 1992) debido a que altera la armonía del Sistema Didáctico (el cual está compuesto por tres componentes; estudiantes, profesor y el saber). La relación entre los componentes del sistema didáctico se modifican debido a que existe un instrumento mediador que participa transformando las prácticas. Este proceso de integración requiere establecer las condiciones de equilibrio del Sistema Didáctico, al replantear el dominio del conocimiento, al caracterizar la interacción entre los estudiantes y el profesor, al ubicar el papel de la tecnología en el currículo, Laborde, (2001) y desde la perspectiva socioepistemológica, (Cantoral, 2004; Castañeda, 2004) explicar cómo se modifican las prácticas y cómo se construyen nuevos escenarios para el estudio de las matemáticas. Este trabajo de investigación propone describir las prácticas asociadas al estudio de la derivada en un ambiente tecnológico en las que se ponen en juego diversas situaciones interrelacionadas utilizando objetos java. Estos objetos, cuyo escenario natural de aplicación es en la red de Internet, se caracterizan por la disponibilidad de manipulación.

Una resolución, un crédito europeo y la cuenta de un restaurante japonés

Los usos que la sociedad hace de los números deben merecer nuestra atención. A través de la mirada matemática podemos contribuir al desarrollo de la actitud crítica y reflexiva ante las informaciones, de todo tipo, que nos rodean. En este sentido, en el presente Clip, quisiera compartir con los lectores de SUMA tres ejemplos muy recientes.

Diversity of functional groups in the vegetation sandy seashore of the Grande, Anclitas and Caguamas Cays (Jardines de la Reina Archipelago, Cuba)

Sandy shores are known to be extreme ecosystems where the vegetation has evolved many morphological and physiological adaptations for its survival. With the aim of identify possible relationships between the vegetation´s functional diversity with abiotic factors and its corresponding quantification, we collected data on the abundance and richness of the sandy coast vegetation complex in Grande, Anclitas and Caguamas keys. Its flora is largely characterized by the dominance of hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes plants with nanophyllous leaves and displaying dispersal syndromes such as zoochory and anemochory. However, the functional groups´ richness, in the present study, varies from one key to another. Functional diversity is similar between the wet and dry seasons, and its spatial variation is influenced by the interplay of the set of abiotic factors herein studied.

Sports programs of the Spanish radio in the social network Facebook: compared study (2010-2015)

Social networks have increasingly become a showcase where the media can be promoted. Like many other media, radio stations have made use of social networks to promote themselves in a better way and, sometimes, to keep more feedback with their listeners. But not all programs make the same use and not all of them have managed to reach in the same way his followers. This article discusses the consolidation in the social networks of the major radio sports programs in Spain. Through a comparative analysis between 2010 and 2015, throughout the text, the authors have tried to observe the evolution of the programs and, at the same time, to establish comparisons between the followers that these programs have on social networks and the number of listeners as EGM.

Analysis of audiovisual production and music scene in Extremadura through YouTube channels

A study on Extremenian music and audiovisual production has been carried out through YouTube media. The purpose of this study is to analyze all audiovisual products and also assessing what broadcasting processes are conducted by creators to publicize their musical and audiovisual works. A quantitative and qualitative study of audiovisual materials of Extremadura bands was done to find out which processes are most suitable to increase the number of viewers for videos.

Places making: participatory construction of scientifi c culture cities

In the framework of the European project Platform of Local Authorities and Communicators Engaged in Science (PLACES), we analyse the articulations between scientifi c communication, public perception of science, processes of citizen participation and apropiation of space, based on a case study of the inhabitants of Teruel city, Autonomous Community of Aragon, Spain. On the interrelationships between these issues, there are a number of contradictions, such as the difference between a high interest for information about science and technology and a low level of recognition and interaction with local institutions involved in those activities, the complex conceptualization of scientifi c space in relation to the “public-private” pair, or an articulation of a claiming civic rethoric and an insuffi cient co-responsibility. We conclude that, in a local context, the dimension of territoriality and, in particular, the identifi cation with the town, is a central mediation for activating citizen participation as part of processes of appropriation of space for setting up cities of scientifi c culture.

Factores explicativos de las actitudes hacia el castigo juvenil. Evidencias de un diseño factorial

El rol desempeñado por la opinión pública en el desarrollo de la política criminal actual justifica el incremento de investigaciones destinadas a evaluar las actitudes de los ciudadanos hacia el castigo. No obstante, los avances en este ámbito han sido limitados debido a la utilización de rudimentarios instrumentos de medida. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito explorar el efecto que generan en la opinión ciudadana ciertas variables referidas al hecho delictivo y al infractor, precisando su contribución relativa y la interacción existente entre ellas. Para satisfacer este objetivo se recurrió a un diseño factorial de la encuesta, creando una población de 256 casos-escenario fruto de la combinación de cuatro factores: la edad del joven, su historial delictivo, el grado de implicación en el hecho y el tipo de delito cometido. Los mismos fueron distribuidos en grupos de ocho casos ordenados aleatoriamente y fueron suministrados a 32 sujetos. Posteriormente se aplicaron análisis de regresión logística binaria. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que la naturaleza violenta de los hechos, la implicación activa de los jóvenes y el historial delictivo son predictores importantes de las condenas punitivas. Sin embargo la edad, una variable fundamental en la configuración de la justicia juvenil, no resulta significativa. De este modo, el trabajo muestra el potencial explicativo de este conjunto de factores y debate sus implicaciones teóricas y metodológicas para la investigación futura en este terreno.

Teacher attitudes and best practices with ICT faculty Adult Continuing Education in Andalusia

The present paper reports the results of a study aiming to describe the attitudes of teachers in adult continuous education in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain) towards the use and integration of information and communication technologies (ITC) in the educational centres they work in, while identifying those factors that favour the development of good practice. It is a mixed methods descriptive research, and information collection techniques include a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. A total number of 172 teachers were surveyed, as well as 18 head teachers and coordinators, in adult education. For questionnaire validation the expert judgment technique was used, as they were selected by the «expert competence coefficient» or «K coefficient» procedure. To improve its psychometric properties, construct validity was determined by means of Varimax factor analysis and maximum likelihood extraction (two factors were extracted). Confidence was set by Cronbach's alpha (0.88). The interview guide was also validated by this group of experts. Results point out, on one hand, that teachers hold positive attitudes towards ICT regarding both ICT's role in professional development and their ease of use and access. On the other hand, among the most important factors for ICT-supported good educational practices lies in ICT's capacity to favour personalized work.

The Cuban school as a context for a proper development of the environmental perception

Environmental Psychology in Cuba is a new discipline that promotes a historical and cultural vision of mankind. Perception is one of the distinct processes that creates environmental consciousness. Depending on the perception of the environment, individuals interact with it, and vice versa. It means that a good perception of the significant elements of the environment also contributes to the formation of an environmental consciousness, in which perception is one of the main processes. In this transformation the school is one of the most important places for creating knowledge, skills, habits, and good attitudes towards the environment. As a result, the evaluation of the environmental perception development in students allows detecting weaknesses in the environmental education and proposing solutions based on specific problems. This study is based on different researches where the subjects were Cuban students from different educational levels and provides a first approach to the dynamic of the environmental perception development in these individuals. Recent researches have used some dimensions of the environment concept as development indicators: material, relational, intrapersonal, behavioural, cognitive, natural or ecological, and cultural. Generally speaking, different investigations show that school is the right context for environmental education.

Impact of the intrinsic motivation on the academic performance through voluntary assignments: An empirical analysis

The students academic performance is a key aspect for all agents involved in a higher education quality program. However, there is no unanimity on how to measure it. Some professionals choose assessing only cognitive aspects while others lean towards assessing the acquisition of certain skills. The need to train increasingly adapted professionals in order to respond to the companies’ demands and being able to compete internationally in a global labour market requires a kind of training that goes beyond memorizing. Critical and logical thinking are amongst written language skills demanded in the field of Social Sciences. The objective of this study is to empirically demonstrate the impact of voluntary assignments on the academic performance of students. Our hypothesis is that students who complete high quality voluntary assignments are those more motivated and, therefore, those with higher grades. An experiment with students from the "Financial Accounting II" during the academic year of 2012/13 at the Business and Economics School of the UCM was carried out. A series of voluntary assessments involving the preparation of accounting essays were proposed in order to develop skills and competencies as a complement to the lessons included in the curriculum of the subject. At the end of the course, the carrying-out or not of the essay together with its critical, reflective quality and style, were compared. Our findings show a relationship between the voluntarily presented papers of quality and the final grade obtained throughout the course. These results show that the students intrinsic motivation is a key element in their academic performance. On the other hand, the teachers role focuses on being a motivating element through the learning process.

Education in J.J. Rousseau: a methodological antecedent of competence based teaching

Taking into account the huge repercussion and influence that J.J. Rousseau has had on modern pedagogy, the recent tercentenary of his birth is a good opportunity to think about his outstanding relevance nowadays. This paper is a theoretical and educative research developed with an analytic and comparative hermeneutical method. The main objective is to show how some concepts of his philosophy of education have a great similarity with certain changes that the present competency based teaching is demanding, so it could be considered its methodological background. In order to achieve this objective this exposure has been divided in three parts. The first part is an analysis of Rousseau's educational theory as developed in the first three books of the Emilio, in which one of the main themes is self experience-based learning, fostering self-sufficiency, curiosity and the motivation for learning. Rousseau proposed as a method the negative education, which requires, among other conditions, a constant monitoring of the learner by the tutor. In the second part, a brief summary of the most relevant changes and characteristics of competency-based teaching is developed, as well as its purpose. The student’s participation and activity are highlighted within their own learning process through the carrying out of tasks. The new educational model involves a radical change in the curriculum, in which it is highlighted the transformation of the methodology used in the classroom as well as the role of the teacher. Finally, the aim of the third part is to offer a comparative synthesis of both proposals grouping the parallelisms found in 4 topics: origin of the two models, its aims, methodology, and change in the teaching roles.