Hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem ou cal hidratada

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito do tratamento alcalino da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem ou cal hidratada sobre a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 3, composto de três formas de processamento da cana (in natura; cana hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal virgem; e cana hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal hidratada) e três tempos de armazenamento (12, 36 e 60 horas). As formas de processamento influenciaram os teores de matéria orgânica, matéria mineral, carboidratos totais e hemicelulose, assim como os teores de fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os tempos de armazenamento influenciaram os teores de proteína bruta, matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais e hemicelulose. Entre os minerais, somente o teor de cálcio teve aumento com a inclusão de ambos os tipos de cal em relação à cana-de-açúcar, que não sofreu o processo de hidrólise. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro aumentaram com a hidrólise da cana em comparação à cana in natura. A hidrólise com cal hidratada ou com cal virgem mantém o valor nutricional da cana-de-açúcar, permitindo que possa ser utilizada depois de até 60 horas de armazenamento.

Propriedades físicas do solo em sistemas de rotação de culturas conforme o uso de corretivos da acidez

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de rotação de culturas e de corretivos da acidez nas propriedades físicas do solo. O experimento foi realizado entre outubro de 2006 e julho de 2008, em Botucatu, SP, em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e oito repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro sistemas de rotação: soja/pousio/milho/pousio, soja/aveia-branca/milho/feijão, soja/milheto/milho/guandu e soja/braquiária/milho/braquiária. As subparcelas consistiram do tratamento testemunha, sem correção, e da aplicação de 3,8 Mg ha-1 de calcário dolomítico (PRNT = 90%) ou de 4,1 Mg ha-1 de silicato de cálcio e magnésio (PRNT = 80%), na superfície de um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso. Foram determinadas: estabilidade de agregados, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, resistência do solo à penetração e umidade do solo. A aplicação dos corretivos de acidez em superfície não reduz a agregação do solo e aumenta a macroporosidade até 0,20 m de profundidade, após aplicação de silicato, e até 0,10 m, após aplicação de calcário. A manutenção do solo em pousio, na entressafra, prejudica a estruturação do solo, reduz a estabilidade de agregados e aumenta a resistência à penetração nas camadas superficiais. A semeadura de braquiária, entre as safras de verão, aumenta a estabilidade de agregados até 0,10 m de profundidade.

Isomaltulose production from Sucrose by Protaminobacter rubrum immobilized in calcium alginate

Different culture conditions for Protaminobacter rubrum and enzymatic reaction parameters were evaluated with the goal of improving isomaltulose production. P. rubrum was grown in a medium with 1% (w/v) cane molasses and 0.5% yeast extract and achieved a maximum cell yield Y(x/s) of 0.295 g of cells/g sucrose and a specific growth rate (mu) of 0.192 h(-1). The immobilization of P. rubrum cells was carried out with calcium alginate, glutaraldehyde and polyethyleneimine. Stabile immobilized cell pellets were obtained and used 24 times in batch processes. Enzymatic conversion was carried out at different sucrose concentrations and in pH 6 medium with 70% (w/v) sucrose at 30 degrees C an isomaltulose yield of 89-94% (w/v) was obtained. The specific activity of the P. rubrum immobilized pellets in calcium alginate at 30 degrees C ranged from 1.6 to 4.0 g isomaltulose g(-1) pellet h(-1), respectively with 70% and 65% sucrose solution, while in lower sucrose concentration had higher specific activities presumably due to substrate inhibition of the isomaltulose synthase in higher sucrose concentrations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photoluminescence of barium-calcium titanates obtained by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method (MAH)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of a novel soy fermented product enriched with isoflavones and calcium on bone tissue of rats.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of soy fermented product intake on the corporal weight and bone tissue of ovariectomized mature rats. This product was fermented with Enterococcusfaecium and Lactobacillus jugurti and enriched with isoflavones and calcium. The animals were divided in 5 groups: sham-ovariectomized; ovariectomized; ovariectomized treated with soy fermented product enriched with isoflavones and calcium; ovariectomized treated with soy fermented product enriched with calcium and ovariectomized treated with nonfermented product enriched only with calcium. In order to evaluate the effect of the tested product on bone tissue (femur and tibia), the following parameters were analyzed: length; mechanical assay of three points; density (Archimedes principle); mineral content; calcium content; measure of the trabecular widths. The corporal weight of group treated with soy fermented product containing isoflavones and calcium showed no statistical difference from sham-ovariectomized group and trabecular widths tended to have larger than ovariectomized group. However, there was no significant difference to the other evaluated parameters in result of the diverse treatments. Thus, soy fermented product enriched with isoflavones and calcium inhibited the increasing of corporal weight caused by ovariectomy and revealed a tendency to trabecular protection after castration.

Propriedades física de molécilas orgânicas e compostos do tipo perovskita CdSiO3 e CaPbO3

In the first part of this work our concern was to investigate the thermal effects in organic crystals using the theory of the polarons. To analyse such effect, we used the Fröhlich s Hamiltonian, that describes the dynamics of the polarons, using a treatment based on the quantum mechanics, to elucidate the electron-phonon interaction. Many are the forms to analyzing the polaronic phenomenon. However, the measure of the dielectric function can supply important information about the small polarons hopping process. Besides, the dielectric function measures the answer to an applied external electric field, and it is an important tool for the understanding of the many-body effects in the normal state of a polaronic system. We calculate the dielectric function and its dependence on temperature using the Hartree-Fock decoupling method. The dieletric function s dependence on the temperature is depicted by through a 3D graph. We also analyzed the so called Arrhenius resistivity, as a functionof the temperature, which is an important tool to characterize the conductivity of an organic molecule. In the second part we analyzed two perovskita type crystalline oxides, namely the cadmium silicate triclinic (CdSiO3) and the calcium plumbate orthorhombic (CaPbO3), respectively. These materials are normally denominated ABO3 and they have been especially investigated for displaying ferroelectric, piezoelectric, dielectrics, semiconductors and superconductors properties. We found our results through ab initio method within the functional density theory (DFT) in the GGA-PBE and LDA-CAPZ approximations. After the geometry optimization for the two structure using the in two approximations, we found the structure parameters and compared them with the experimental data. We still determined further the angles of connection for the two analyzed cases. Soon after the convergence of the energy, we determined their band structures, fundamental information to characterize the nature of the material, as well as their dielectrics functions, optical absorption, partial density of states and effective masses of electrons and holes

Biochemical, histopathological and clinical evaluation of delayed effects caused by methamidophos isoforms and TOCP in hens: Ameliorative effects using control of calcium homeostasis

This work evaluated the potential of the isoforms of methamidophos to cause organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in hens. In addition to inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calpain activation, spinal cord lesions and clinical signs were assessed. The isoforms (+)-, (+/-)- and (-)-methamidophos were administered at 50 mg/kg orally; tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) was administered (500 mg/kg, po) as positive control for delayed neuropathy. The TOCP hens showed greater than 80% and approximately 20% inhibition of NTE and AChE in hen brain, respectively. Among the isoforms of methamidophos, only the (+)-methamidophos was capable of inhibiting NTE activity (approximately 60%) with statistically significant difference compared to the control group. Calpain activity in brain increased by 40% in TOCP hens compared to the control group when measured 24h after dosing and remained high (18% over control) 21 days after dosing. Hens that received (+)-methamidophos had calpain activity 12% greater than controls. The histopathological findings and clinical signs corroborated the biochemical results that indicated the potential of the (+)-methamidophos to be the isoform responsible for OPIDN induction. Protection against OPIDN was examined using a treatment of 2 doses of nimodipine (1 mg/kg, i.m.) and one dose of calcium gluconate (5 mg/kg, iv.). The treatment decreased the effect of OPIDN-inducing TOCP and (+)-methamidophos on calpain activity, spinal cord lesions and clinical signs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of calcium gluconate and PMSF in the treatment of acute intoxication of chicken by TOCP

To examine the efficacy of calcium gluconate (two doses of Ca-Glu 5 mg/kg i.v.) to alleviate the injurious effects of organophosphorus induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in the presence or absence of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF go mg/kg i.m.), 14 groups of four isabrown hens were used. To measure the lymphocyte neuropathy target esterase (LNTE)activity, groups receiving just distilled water (control), groups receiving just Tri-orto-cresyl phosphate (TOCP; 500 mg/kg p.o.) (Positive control), and other groups receiving TOCP and Ca-Glu or PMSF simultaneously or 12 hours later following intoxication by TOCP were used. They were sacrificed 12 and 24 hours after the administration of TOCP. To observe a 28-day time course of neurotoxicity scores and calcium plasma concentration, five groups were used. Regarding free Ca(2+)in the plasma, the positive control produced a characteristic profile time course up and down (luring 28 days, and some hens with maximum score of neurotoxicity in 28 days. The treatment, which prevented greater oscillation in free Ca(2+) in the plasma, presented a decrease in OPIDN in relation to the positive control. Twelve hours after the administration of TOCP, LNTE was 70-80% inhibited when compared with control, whereas the first decrease in the free Ca(2+) in the plasma was significantly different from the control only 24 hours after the administration of TOCP. In summary, the sooner the Ca-Glu is started, the less severe the neuropathy effects.

Analysis of the efficiency of silicate clay on the control of Xanthomonas axonopodis PV. passiflorae in vitro and in seedlings of yellow passion fruit contaminated

The bacterial spot in yellow passion fruit plants, caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae, occurs in all producing areas of the country, and is responsible for great economic losses in the culture of passion fruit. This study aimed to test the efficiency of the silicate clay in the inhibition of the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae in vitro, and in both preventive and curative control of the bacterial spot in seedlings of yellow passion fruit plants. The silicate clay was added to the growth medium at concentrations of. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%, placed in Petri dishes. After the culture medium was cooler, the bacterial suspension was inoculates (10(7) UFC.mL(-1)) with a handle, and left incubating at 28 degrees C for three days, and then the bacterial growth was evaluated. Subsequently, the product at the same concentrations above was sprayed on seedlings of 'Afruvec' passion fruit, as preventive or curative. The inoculation of the bacteria was made by foliar spraying of bacterial suspension (10(7) ufc.mL(-1)), 24 hours before or after the curative and preventive treatments, respectively. The severity of the disease was measured comparing each four true leaves from bottom up, with a diagrammatic scale. In the concentrations evaluated, the silicate clay inhibited both bacteria in vitro and symptoms of bacterial spot in the curative treatment. In preventive treatment, significant results were obtained using more than 1.0% of clay silicates. Based on these results, the clay silicate can be recommended, the concentration of 1.0-2.0% for the control of bacterial spot of passion fruit plants, in foliar sprays.

Effects of strontium and calcium simultaneous substitution on electrical and structural properties of Pb1-x-y Ca (x) Sr (y) TiO3 thin films

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

DFT study of the water-assisted tautomerization process between hydrated oxide, MO(H2O)(+), and dihydroxide, M(OH)(2)(+) cations (M = V, Nb and Ta)

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations point out that the participation of water can effectively lower the barrier height for the isomerization process between hydrated oxide cation, MO(H2O)(+), and dihydroxide cation, M(OH)(2)(+), (M = V, Nb and Ta). The catalytic effect is achieved by a water-assisted mechanism in which water acts as proton donor and acceptor, via a transition structure corresponding to a six-membered ring. In the case of vanadium atom, the presence of two water molecules has been taken into account and the tautomerization becomes nearly barrierless, decreasing both the stability of the transition structures relative to intermediates and the depths of wells associated with the intermediates. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Different origins of green-light photoluminescence emission in structurally ordered and disordered powders of calcium molybdate

A strong greenish-light photoluminescence (PL) emission was measured at room temperature for disordered and ordered powders of CaMoO4 prepared by the polymeric precursor method. The structural evolution from disordered to ordered powders was accompanied by XRD. Raman spectroscopy, and TEM imagery. High-level quantum mechanical calculations in the density functional framework were used to interpret the formation of the structural defects of disorder powders in terms of band diagram and density of states. Complex cluster vacancies [MoO3 center dot V-O(z)] and [CaO7 center dot V-O(z)] (where V-O(z) = V-O(X), V-O(center dot), V-O(center dot center dot)) were suggested to be responsible to the appearance of new states shallow and deeply inserted in the band gap. These defects give rise to the PL in disordered powders. The natural PL emission of ordered CaMoO4 was attributed to an intrinsic slight distortion of the [MoO4] tetrahedral in the short range.

Growth of Calcium Phosphate Using Chemically Treated Titanium Oxide Nanotubes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Undoped and calcium doped borate glass system for thermoluminescent dosimeter

Borate glasses present an absorption coefficient very close to that of human tissue. This fact makes some borates ideal materials to develop medical and environmental dosimeters. Glass compositions with calcium tetraborate (CaB4O7) and calcium metaborate (CaB2O4), such as the xCaB(4)O(7) - (100-x)CaB2O4 System (0 <= x <= 100 wt%) were obtained by the traditional melting/quenching method. A phenomenon widely known as the 'boron anomaly' was observed in our thermal analysis measurements, as indicated by the increase of T, and the appearance of a maximum value in the composition with 40 wt% of CaB2O4. The Dy doped and Li co-doped 80CaB(4)O(7)-20CaB(2)O(4) (Wt%) glass samples were studied by the thermoluminescence technique. The addition of Dy improved the signal sensitivity in about three times with respect to the undoped glass sample. The addition of Li as a co-dopant in this glass caused a shift to a lower temperature of about 20 degrees C in the main glow peak. The structural analysis of the 80CaB(4)O(7)-20CaB(2)O(4) (wt%) undoped and doped samples were studied through infrared absorption. We have noted an increase in the coordination number of the boron atoms from 3 to 4, i.e., the conversion of the BO3 triangular structural units into BO4 tetrahedra. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dosimetric properties of UV irradiated calcium co-doped borate glass-ceramic

The thermoluminescence (TL) response of Dy and Li doped 20CaB(4)O(7)-80CaB(2)O(4) (Wt%) glass-ceramic irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation was studied. In order to act as TL activator ions, the Dy and Li ions were included in the matrix during the melting process to increase its TL efficiency. A single crystalline CaB2O4 phase was present in the glass-ceramic as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The glass-ceramic 20CaB(4)O(7)-80CaB(2)O(4):Dy,Li wt% (named 20CBO7:Dy,Li) is a newly prepared TL material. Its thermoluminescent dosimetric characteristics have shown a linear response under UV radiation exposure and a good TL signal reproducibility, thus proving to be a promising material for using as an ultraviolet radiation dosimeter. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.