Fósforo orgânico em solos sob florestas montanas, pastagens e eucalipto no Norte Fluminense

Os solos tropicais muito intemperizados possuem, de modo geral, baixa disponibilidade de P para as plantas e elevada capacidade de adsorção de P inorgânico (Pi). Dessa forma, a manutenção de fontes orgânicas, capazes de suprir P por mineralização, é de grande importância para o crescimento de plantas em condições de acentuado intemperismo. A reciclagem de resíduos orgânicos e a habilidade da comunidade vegetal em conviver com baixas concentrações de P no solo garantem a sustentabilidade em ecossistemas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o conteúdo de P orgânico (Po) total e as frações lábeis de P no solo, em duas florestas naturais (sítio 1 a 900 m de altitude e sítio 2 a 600 m), em um povoamento de Corymbia citriodora (sítio 3 a 250 m de altitude) e em pastagens adjacentes a cada cobertura florestal, em cada sítio. A taxa de recuperação de Pi + Po em relação à extração nitro-perclórica do P total variou de 50 a 82 %. O teor médio de Po total nos solos florestais foi de 160 mg kg-1 e, nos solos sob pastagem, de 69,8 mg kg-1. A maior diferença de Po total, entre floresta e pastagem, ocorreu no sítio 1 (-74 %), seguido do sítio 3 (-53 %) e sítio 2 (-25 %). O Po representou de 14,6 a 36,9 % do P total extraído. Em relação ao P lábil, o Po representou mais de 80 % nos solos sob florestas naturais e 65 % no solo sob eucalipto. O Po (total e lábil) correlacionou-se positivamente com o C orgânico, e o Po lábil com o P disponível.

Formas de fósforo em solos sob influência da calagem e adubação orgânica

A distribuição das formas de P nos diferentes compartimentos do solo (lábil, pouco lábil e não-lábil) é amplamente influenciada por processos geoquímicos e biológicos e, também, por ações antrópicas. Visando avaliar a influência da calagem e do esterco bovino sobre a distribuição do P nos diferentes compartimentos do solo, foram realizados em casa de vegetação quatro experimentos no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de calcário (0; 0,5; 1; e 2 vezes a dose recomendada para atingir V = 60 %) e cinco doses de esterco bovino (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; e 10 % do volume total de solo), aplicadas em amostras de 4 dm³ de Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico (RQo), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura média (LVAd-1), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura argilosa (LVAd-2) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura muito argilosa (LVd), sendo cada solo um experimento. Foram avaliados os teores de P Mehlich-1, P lábil (P resina + Pi e Po-NaHCO3), P pouco lábil (Pi e Po-NaOH) e P não-lábil (P-HCl + P-residual). De maneira geral, a adição de calcário e esterco bovino incrementou os teores de P Mehlich-1, principalmente nos solos menos oxídicos e com textura mais arenosa. Houve aumento em todas as formas de P nos solos, sendo a contribuição das formas pouco lábeis (Po ligado a compostos húmicos e Pi ligado a Fe e Al) bastante substancial, predominando, porém, as formas não-lábeis de P.

Formas de fósforo no solo sob leguminosas florestais, floresta secundária e pastagem no Norte Fluminense

Em solos muito intemperizados, a disponibilidade de P para as plantas está estreitamente associada às formas de P orgânico, que tem o seu conteúdo alterado por influência do tipo de cobertura vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os teores de fósforo de compostos orgânicos (Po-total, Po lábil e P microbiano do solo), em plantios de Acacia auriculiformis (acácia) e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (sabiá), em floresta secundária e em pastagem. Os teores médios ponderados de Po total e Po lábil, pelo teor de argila, foram de 375 mg kg-1 de P na argila e de 40,2 mg kg-1 de P na argila, respectivamente. Os solos sob acácia e sabiá apresentaram maior teor relativo de Po (total e lábil) do que os solos sob pastagem e capoeira. O Po representou de 22,6 a 39,6 % do P total extraído dos solos das coberturas estudadas. Em relação ao P lábil total, o Po lábil representou, em média, 67,1 %. Para o P microbiano, o maior teor foi encontrado no solo sob sabiá, seguido da floresta secundária, acácia e pastagem. Contudo, foi na capoeira que houve a maior eficiência da biomassa microbiana do solo em imobilizar P. O teor de P disponível por Mehlich-1 correlacionou-se positivamente com o teor de C e o de P da biomassa microbiana. Houve estreita correlação positiva entre o P microbiano e o C microbiano.

Fósforo orgânico em solos sob agrossistemas de cacau

A compreensão de parte do ciclo do P orgânico (Po) no solo poderá fornecer subsídios para o manejo eficiente da fertilização fosfatada no sistema de agricultura de baixos insumos na região tropical. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação de frações de Po em duas classes de solos sob diferentes agrossistemas de cacau no sul da Bahia. O Po total variou de 7,8 a 36,3 % do P total extraído, com teor médio de 193,3 mg kg-1. O teor médio de Po lábil foi de 15,2 mg kg-1, com variação de 33,1 a 81,9 % do P lábil total. Nos agrossistemas de cacau, o grupo de Latossolos apresentou menor teor de Po total, Po lábil e P microbiano do que o grupo de Cambissolos. No grupo de Latossolos, os solos sob agrossistemas de cacau apresentaram maior teor de Po total, P microbiano e P disponível, mas menor teor de Po lábil do que o solo sob floresta natural. O P disponível correlacionou-se positivamente com o Po (total, lábil e microbiano), e o Po total com o P microbiano. O Po lábil predominou amplamente sobre a fração inorgânica lábil, especialmente no grupo de Latossolos.

Soil phosphorus fractions in sandy soils amended with cattle manure for long periods

Phosphorus fractions were determined in soil samples from areas fertilized or not with farmyard cattle manure (FYM) and in samples of FYM used in the semi-arid region of Paraiba state, Brazil. Soil samples were taken from the 0-20; 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers of 18 cultivated areas, which, according to interviews with farmers, had been treated with 12 to 20 t ha-1 FYM annually, for the past 2 to 40 years. Soil samples were also collected from four unfertilized pasture areas as controls. Phosphorus in the soil samples was sequentially extracted with water (Pw), resin (Pres), NaHCO3 (Pi bic and Po bic), NaOH (Pi hid and Po hid), H2SO4 (Pacid) and, finally, by digestion with H2SO4/H2O2 (Presd). Nine FYM samples were extracted with water, resin, Mehlich-1, H2SO4, NaOH or digestion with H2SO4/H2O2, not sequentially, and the extracts analyzed for P. The sampled areas had homogeneous, sandy and P-deficient soils; increases in total soil P (Pt) above the mean value of the control areas (up to 274 mg kg-1 in the 0-20 cm layer of the most P-enriched samples) were therefore attributed to FYM applications, which was the only external P input in the region. Regression analysis was used to study the relationship between soil P fractions and Pt. The Pacid fraction, related to Ca-P forms, showed the greatest increases (p < 0.01) as a result of FYM applications, rising from 8.4 mg kg-1 in a non-fertilized sample to 43.8 mg kg-1 in the sample with the highest Pt content. The sum of Pw, Pres and Pi bic, considered as labile P, showed comparable increases with Pacid, while Pi hid showed the smallest increase due to FYM applications. Organic P forms also increased, more so the fraction Po hid, considered less labile, than the more labile one, Po bic. The residual P fraction was practically half of Pt, independently of the Pt value. Increases in labile P, Pacid and organic P were justified by the high average concentration of Pw (36 %), Pacid (34 %), and Po hid (30 %) in the FYM. Significant changes in the proportion of P forms among soil layers indicated the downward movement of P in organic forms.

TACI, unlike BAFF-R, is solely activated by oligomeric BAFF and APRIL to support survival of activated B cells and plasmablasts.

The cytokine BAFF binds to the receptors TACI, BCMA, and BAFF-R on B cells, whereas APRIL binds to TACI and BCMA only. The signaling properties of soluble trimeric BAFF (BAFF 3-mer) were compared with those of higher-order BAFF oligomers. All forms of BAFF bound BAFF-R and TACI, and elicited BAFF-R-dependent signals in primary B cells. In contrast, signaling through TACI in mature B cells or plasmablasts was only achieved by higher-order BAFF and APRIL oligomers, all of which were also po-tent activators of a multimerization-dependent reporter signaling pathway. These results indicate that, although BAFF-R and TACI can provide B cells with similar signals, only BAFF-R, but not TACI, can respond to soluble BAFF 3-mer, which is the main form of BAFF found in circulation. BAFF 60-mer, an efficient TACI agonist, was also detected in plasma of BAFF transgenic and nontransgenic mice and was more than 100-fold more active than BAFF 3-mer for the activation of multimerization-dependent signals. TACI supported survival of activated B cells and plasmablasts in vitro, providing a rational basis to explain the immunoglobulin deficiency reported in TACI-deficient persons.

Imaging the seascapes of the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean Sea is a relative newcomer to Earth"s landscape. Due to its complex tectonic history, this mid-latitude sea is composed of a cluster of basins. Their seascape is in most cases dominated by geologically young structures, but also by sedimentary processes. Among the latter, sedimentary processes related to the dynamics of the largest rivers in the Mediterranean (Ebro, Rhône, Po, Danube, and Nile) stand out. This overview article illustrates the main sedimentary processes and their products contributing to shape the Mediterranean seascape within a source-tosink approach. To highlight this approach, this article mainly focuses on one of the EUROSTRATAFORM project study areas: the northwestern Mediterranean.

Mobility of inorganic and organic phosphorus forms under different levels of phosphate and poultry litter fertilization in soils

The eutrophication of aquifers is strongly linked to the mobility of P in soils. Although P mobility was considered irrelevant in a more distant past, more recent studies have shown that P, both in organic (Po) and inorganic forms (Pi), can be lost by leaching and eluviation through the soil profile, particularly in less weathered and/or sandier soils with low P adsorption capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine losses of P forms by leaching and eluviation from soil columns. Each column consisted of five PVC rings (diameter 5 cm, height 10 cm), filled with two soil types: a clayey Red-Yellow Latosol and a sandy loam Red-Yellow Latosol, which were exposed to water percolation. The soils were previously treated with four P rates (as KH2PO4 ) to reach 0, 12.5, 25.0 and 50 % of the maximum P adsorption capacity (MPAC). The P source was homogenized with the whole soil volume and incubated for 60 days. After this period the soils were placed in the columns; the soil of the top ring was mixed with five poultry litter rates of 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 t ha-1 (dry weight basis). Treatments consisted of a 4 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to four MPAC levels, five poultry litter rates, two soils, with three replications, arranged in a completely randomized block design. Deionized water was percolated through the columns 10 times in 35 days to simulate about 1,200 mm rainfall. In the leachate of each column the inorganic P (reactive P, Pi) and organic P forms (unreactive P, Po) were determined. At the end of the experiment, the columns were disassembled and P was extracted with the extractants Mehlich-1 (HCl 0.05 mol L-1 and H2SO4 0.0125 mol L-1) and Olsen (NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1; pH 8.5) from the soil of each ring. The Pi and Po fractions were measured by the Olsen extractant. It was found that under higher poultry litter rates the losses of unreactive P (Po) were 6.4 times higher than of reactive P (Pi). Both the previous P fertilization and increasing poultry litter rates caused a vertical movement of P down the soil columns, as verified by P concentrations extracted by Mehlich-1 and NaHCO3 (Olsen). The environmental critical level (ECL), i.e., the P soil concentration above which P leaching increases exponentially, was 100 and 150 mg dm-3 by Mehlich-1 and 40 and 60 mg dm-3 by Olsen, for the sandy loam and clay soils, respectively. In highly weathered soils, where residual P is accumulated by successive crops, P leaching through the profile can be significant, particularly when poultry litter is applied as fertilizer.

The cooperative induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and STAT3 during hypoxia induced an impairment of tumor susceptibility to CTL-mediated cell lysis.

Hypoxia is an essential component of tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the influence of hypoxia (1% PO(2)) on CTL-mediated tumor cell lysis. We demonstrate that exposure of target tumor cells to hypoxia has an inhibitory effect on the CTL clone (Heu171)-induced autologous target cell lysis. Such inhibition correlates with hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) induction but is not associated with an alteration of CTL reactivity as revealed by granzyme B polarization or morphological change. Western blot analysis indicates that although hypoxia had no effect on p53 accumulation, it induced the phosphorylation of STAT3 in tumor cells by a mechanism at least in part involving vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. We additionally show that a simultaneous nuclear translocation of HIF-1alpha and phospho-STAT3 was observed. Interestingly, gene silencing of STAT3 by small interfering RNA resulted in HIF-1alpha inhibition and a significant restoration of target cell susceptibility to CTL-induced killing under hypoxic conditions by a mechanism involving at least in part down-regulation of AKT phosphorylation. Moreover, knockdown of HIF-1alpha resulted in the restoration of target cell lysis under hypoxic conditions. This was further supported by DNA microarray analysis where STAT3 inhibition resulted in a partly reversal of the hypoxia-induced gene expression profile. The present study demonstrates that the concomitant hypoxic induction of phospho-STAT3 and HIF-1alpha are functionally linked to the alteration of non-small cell lung carcinoma target susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing. Considering the eminent functions of STAT3 and HIF-1alpha in the tumor microenvironment, their targeting may represent novel strategies for immunotherapeutic intervention.

Dating human skeletal remains using a radiometric method: Biogenic versus diagenetic (90)Sr and (210)Pb in vertebrae.

In forensic science, there is a strong interest in determining the post-mortem interval (PMI) of human skeletal remains up to 50 years after death. Currently, there are no reliable methods to resolve PMI, the determination of which relies almost exclusively on the experience of the investigating expert. Here we measured (90)Sr and (210)Pb ((210)Po) incorporated into bones through a biogenic process as indicators of the time elapsed since death. We hypothesised that the activity of radionuclides incorporated into trabecular bone will more accurately match the activity in the environment and the food chain at the time of death than the activity in cortical bone because of a higher remodelling rate. We found that determining (90)Sr can yield reliable PMI estimates as long as a calibration curve exists for (90)Sr covering the studied area and the last 50 years. We also found that adding the activity of (210)Po, a proxy for naturally occurring (210)Pb incorporated through ingestion, to the (90)Sr dating increases the reliability of the PMI value. Our results also show that trabecular bone is subject to both (90)Sr and (210)Po diagenesis. Accordingly, we used a solubility profile method to determine the biogenic radionuclide only, and we are proposing a new method of bone decontamination to be used prior to (90)Sr and (210)Pb dating.

Phosphorus transformation in poultry litter and litter-treated Oxisol of Brazil assessed by 31P-NMR and wet chemical fractionation

Large quantities of poultry litter are being produced in Brazil, which contain appreciable amounts of phosphorus (P) that could be of environmental concern. To assess the immediate environmental threat, five poultry litters composed of diverse bedding material were incubated for 43 days under greenhouse conditions. The litters consisted of: coffee bean husk (CH); wood chips (WC); rice husk (RH); ground corn cobs (CC) and ground napier grass (NG) (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), in which the change in forms of soluble P was evaluated using 31P NMR spectroscopy. On average, 80.2 and 19.8 % of the total P in the extract, respectively, accounted for the inorganic and organic forms before incubation and 48 % of the organic P was mineralized to inorganic P in 43 days of incubation. Wide variation in the organic P mineralization rate (from 82 % -WC to 4 % - NG) was observed among litters. Inorganic orthophosphate (99.9 %) and pyrophosphate (0.1 %) were the only inorganic P forms, whereas the organic P forms orthophosphate monoesters (76.3 %) and diester (23.7 %) were detected. Diester P compounds were mineralized almost completely in all litters, except in the CH litter, within the incubation period. Pyrophosphates contributed with less than 0.5% and remained unaltered during the incubation period. Wood-chip litter had a higher organic P (40 %) content and a higher diester: monoester ratio; it was therefore mineralized rapidly, within the first 15 days, achieving steady state by the 29th day. Distinct mineralization patterns were observed in the litter when incubated with a clayey Oxisol. The substantial decrease observed in the organic P fraction (Po) of the litter types followed the order: CH (45 %) > CC (25 %) > RH (13 %) ≈ NG (12 %) > WC (5 %), whereas the Pi fraction increased. Incubation of RH litter in soil slowed down the mineralization of organic P.

Análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros do modelo SWAT e simulação dos processos hidrossedimentológicos em uma bacia no agreste nordestino

O processo erosivo constitui-se na principal causa de degradação dos solos e é acelerado por intervenções humanas nas bacias hidrográficas, resultando em prejuízos ao setor agrícola e ao meio ambiente. Para a previsão dos impactos de ações antrópicas ou de mudanças climáticas sobre os processos hidrossedimentológicos, os modelos distribuídos e de base física têm sido bastante eficazes. Neste estudo, aplicou-se o modelo SWAT à sub-bacia do Rio Japaratuba Mirim, em Sergipe, nas seções de medição das estações Fazenda Pão de Açúcar (PA) e Fazenda Cajueiro (CJ), com áreas de contribuição respectivamente de 137,3 e 277,8 km², visando à parametrização das duas bacias aninhadas por meio dos processos de calibração e de validação. Foram realizadas simulações do escoamento na bacia menor (PA), a partir dos parâmetros calibrados na bacia maior (CJ), e, reciprocamente, do escoamento na bacia maior (CJ). Em seguida, foram também realizadas simulações do escoamento e da produção de sedimentos para o período de dados de vazão disponíveis (1985 a 2000), para a seção CJ. Os resultados evidenciaram que o modelo calibrado simulou bem o escoamento superficial e conseguiu prever, de forma coerente, a produção de sedimentos com base nos 12 parâmetros mais sensíveis do modelo. A transposição dos parâmetros da bacia maior para a menor e, vice-versa, resultou em índices de Eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) e de Tendência Percentual (PBIAS), considerados satisfatórios para o primeiro caso e insatisfatório para o segundo.