Separation and identification fresh water leeches of waters resources in Kordistan Province

In the primary studying, known leeches have included into free living and parasitic which the parasitic group, besides of direct impacts like: growth detraction, anemia, making wound in the connecting part with the skin, with making plat for secondary bacterial and molding infections in the toll place, is able to cause to transfer blood flagellate and virus to the fish too. Therefore, by accusing information related to fauna leeches of each area a risk factor from the viewpoint of the possibility of being or accusing transferred diseases by these leeches, one can predict and forehand about them. Freshwater leeches of Iran to present accurate recognition (morphological, molecular) have not been, and there are some limited reports from different parts of the country about them. One of the areas that its leeches have not been identified yet is Kurdistan, By having five latrines and big permanent rivers and 32000 springs and a lot of deep and semi-deep wells and this province is a convenient bed for growing aquatics in the country. Therefore, identifying risk factors for development of aquaculture on water resources is one important factor to access achieving development goals. For recognizing leeches of this province, some samples from 10 stands were token. Samples from under stones, sticking to the fish, turtles, plants and solid substances in the water were separated and after recording their physical characteristics, calming with 10% ethylic alcohol with 10% formalin become fixed and after painting with Carmen acetic acid by standard keys for 7 species of Helobdella stagnalis, Placobdella costata, Hemiclepsis marginata, Erpobdella octoculata, Hirudo medicinalis, Dina lineate lineata have been identified and described. Which Helobdella stagnalis has the highest distribution in the province and the minimum one is Hirudo medicinalis. However, that the data obtained in leeches in Kurdistan is a relatively complete collection in this research, recognizing fauna of these areas needs more studying. The Placobdella costata and Hemiclepsis marginata sticking to the fish were separated among identified species which showed that these are parasites for the fish. The sticking area of those leeches to the skin was accompanied with scales cast, damage to mucous membranes beneath the parasite and bleeding Was associated with Histopathology studying effect includes observing break and disconnection in the leech connecting place to the epithelial layer of epidermis in the skin, destroyed nucleus in skin Epithelial cells with observing necrosis in ulcerative place become of the leech and the sub acute inflammated penetration until acute necrosis with opening in Dermis layer is observable. Kidney of this fish have changes such as: proliferation, like proliferative kidney disease with increasing proliferative glomerular cells and increasing in membranous cells in Capillary corpuscle, observing necrotic cells in haematopoietic tissue of kidney along with increasing in infiltration of leukocyte's cells generally mono nucluars such as lymphocytes and less poly morpho nucluars such as neutrophiles that are symptoms of disorders causing anemia become of nourishing and sucking blood by the leech and creating a chronic kidney infection that originally root is in another place like the skin. Also Hemorrhagic anemia causes losing RBC's is because of using the host blood by the leech. (In this situation, one can see immature RBC red cells in Peripheral blood. To identify potential carriers of the leech to the viruses, after finding them in recorded stands and putting them in 75% ethanol for viruses cause IPN, VHS, IHN, they were tested by PCR that the conclusion of these experiments approved IPN virus in Hemiclepsis marginata and Hirudo medicinalis. This kind of leeches can act like a mechanical carrier and causing spreading the agent of this disease. It is worth mentioning that studying the pathogenicity of this virus for aquaculture sources, mentioned before needs more research. During the study of infected fish with leeches that was done after preparing bloody slides and staining them, no case blood parasites was observed. During a research about infecting fish experimentally to known leeches it become clear that 5 days after being in aquarium including leeches, samples of sticking Hirudo medicinalis leech to the golden carp with scales cast were observed. Including leeches to the fish started with molting the scales in the sticking area in the fish and fish become too uneasy and by rubbing themselves to the malls and things inside the aquarium, tried to separate them. Finally, after around 30 hours, leeches penetrate the skin, feeding from blood and tissue liquids and cause mortality the fish and then they become separated from them. If the corpse of these fish stayed in the aquarium, the Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella octoculata would start feeding them.

Role of Aeromonas hydrophila in bacterial septicemia of cultured carps in Khouzestan Province and investigation on protectivity of bacterin (s) prepared from acute isolate(s) of it

Motile Aeromonas are the most common bacteria of freshwater in the world that cause disease in fish and other cold-blooded and warm-blooded hosts. Among this group of bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila is important in causing complications such as fin rot, skin ulcers and lethal hemorrhagic septicemia in fish. Several virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila, including extracellular enzymes (protease, lipase, elastase, gelatinase and nuclease) and toxins. From the exotoxins, hemolysin, aerolysin and cytolytic enterotoxin play an important role in pathogenesis. Detection of virulence markers by PCR as a key component of determining the pathogenesis of the bacteria and using indigenous vaccines for better immunization against this disease is important. In this study, a total of 200 fanned carps (126 common carp. 39 silver carp and 35 of grass carp) with symptoms suspected aeromonas septicemia were isolated from Khouzestan province farms. 125 bacteria belong to Aeromonas genus detected by biochemical and PCR methods. 31 of all isolates recognized as Aeromonas hydrophila with biochemical methods, I6srRNA detection and Lipase genes. Results showed that the role of Aeromonas sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila in fish with disease symptoms were 62.5% and 15.5% respectively. By using specific primers, three virulence genes including hemolysin, aerolysine and cytolytic enterotoxin were detected in these confirmed isolates, that 18 isolates (58/06%) hemolysin positive (hlyA +), 16 isolates (51/61%) aerolysine positive (aerA+) and 23 isolates (74/19%) for cytolytic enterotoxin gene (act+) were positive. The result of present study showed that most of the confirmed isolates genotype was hlyA+ act- with frequency equal to 51/61%. For investigating the protection effect of acut strain of bacteria, UV inactivated bacterin was used.

Perceptions and risky behaviors associated with Leptospirosis in an endemic area in a village of Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand.

Background: Leptospirosis, a disease caused by Leptospira species, a spirochaete bacterium that can develop in an appropriate environment and/or grow in human and/or animal hosts, is a serious problem for the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Objective: To investigate people’s perceptions and behavioral risks regarding leptospirosis infection. Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study collected data in May, 2013. Data on individuals’ perceptions and risky behaviors concerning leptospirosis were collected from 104 completed questionnaires. Results: Regarding perceptions of leptospirosis, we found them to be at a high level (97.1%) and risky behaviors regarding leptospirosis were reported at a moderate level (74.0%). The study found no correlation between perceptions and risky behaviors regarding leptospirosis (r 0.186, p-value 0.059). Conclusion: This study suggest that people in these areas have good knowledge about leptospirosis. However, some people have risky behavior associated with leptospirosis. Thus, a behavioral change campaign should be promoted to encourage people awareness of the dangers of such behavior.

Imitations Of East European Bronze Daggers In Lublin Province Flint Working

This publication constitutes the fruits of National Science Centre research projects (grant no 2011/01/M/HS3/02142 – 6 articles) and the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities (grant no 0108/NPH3/H12/82/2014 – 3 articles). We would like to acknowledge and at the same time express our sincere gratitude for the generosity shown by the following at the Adam Mickiewicz University in making this publication possible: the Dean of the Department of History, Institute of Pre-history and the Eastern Institute.

Comparing concentration Methods: parasitrap® versus Kato-Katz for studying the prevalence of Helminths in Bengo province, Angola.

Background: Helminth intestinal parasitoses are responsible for high levels of child mortality and morbidity. Hence, the capacity to diagnose these parasitoses and consequently ensure due treatment represents a factor of great importance. Objectives: The main objective of this study involves comparing two methods of concentration, parasitrap and Kato-Katz, for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses in faecal samples. Methods: Sample processing made recourse to two different concentration Methods: the commercial parasitrap® method and the Kato-Katz method. Results: We correspondingly collected a total of 610 stool samples from pre-school and school age children. The results demonstrate the incidence of helminth parasites in 32.8% or 32.3% of the sample collected depending on whether the concentration method applied was either the parasitrap method or the Kato-Katz method. We detected a relatively high percentage of samples testing positive for two or more species of helminth parasites. We would highlight that in searching for larvae the Kato-Katz method does not prove as appropriate as the parasitrap method. Conclusion: Both techniques prove easily applicable even in field working conditions and returning mutually agreeing results. This study concludes in favour of the need for deworming programs and greater public awareness among the rural populations of Angola.

The revolving door of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders re-hospitalization in rural KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.

Objective: Little is known about the extent of mental, neurological and substance-use (MNS) disorders re-hospitalization in South Africa. We examined the extent of one-year MNS re-hospitalization (MNS-R) in a rural South African primary health care facility (PHCF). Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of hospital administrative data from 10,525 adults discharged from a rural PHCF in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Chi-squared tests were utilized to describe MNS-R within one year of an index hospital admission in individuals with MNS, with a sub-analysis also being conducted to describe schizophrenia re-hospitalization (S-R). Results: The prevalence of MNS and schizophrenia recorded at an index hospitalization was 5% and 1%, respectively. A total of 44/67 (66%) individuals with a diagnosis of MNS at the index hospitalization were classified as having MNS-R during oneyear follow-up period. Half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia at the index hospitalization (6/12 patients) were classified as having S-R during one-year follow-up period. There was a significant association between re-hospitalization outcomes (MNS-R and S-R) and MNS (p<0.01) or schizophrenia diagnosis (p<0.01) at index baseline hospitalization. Conclusion: The extent of MNS-R and S-R remains relatively high in rural South Africa, and needs further health systems strengthening to prevent revolving door occurrences.

Etats Généraux de la Mer en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Auditorium de la Province Sud 5 et 6 juillet 2016. Déroulé, Participation, Enseignements

Ce texte de 76 pages, dont annexes, est le compte rendu du déroulé et des enseignements tirés des premiers Etats Généraux de la Mer qui se sont tenus les 5 et 6 juillet 2016 en Nouvelle-Calédonie (Auditorium de la Province Sud à Nouméa). Après un Préambule ce compte rendu explicite le déroulé, la participation, le cas des 6 tables rondes et de leur restitution, les discussions et enseignements. Ce texte fait également un point sur les éléments à améliorer et adresse des remerciements. 5 annexes complètent ce compte rendu. - Annexe 1 : Déroulé des Etats Généraux de la Mer - Annexe 2 : Diaporama de présentation du rapport de synthèse sur les enjeux maritimes de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. - Annexe 3 : Diaporama de présentation des activités et questions posées en Polynésie française - Annexe 4 : Diaporama de présentation des activités et questions posées au niveau national - Annexe 5 : Diaporamas de restitution des tables rondes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6

Spread of Phlebotominae in temperate climates: province of Córdoba, Argentina

We report the presence of the competent vector for Leishmania spp, Migonemyia migonei, and the Evandromyia cortelezzii-sallesi complex south of its known distribution in the central temperate region of Argentina, in the province of Córdoba. The persistence of this phlebotomine in the northern border of the province, its association with a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and the new record in the outskirts of the city of Córdoba, the second most populated in the country, strengthens the need for regular vector surveillance and a case detection-sensitive health system in vulnerable regions, even in temperate climates.

Gender-specific association of MSA2756G with hypertension in patients attending a health facility in Ningxia Province, China

Purpose: To investigate the distribution of methionine synthase A2756G (MSA2756G) in the hypertensive patients in northwest Chinese population. Methods: A total of 378 unrelated hypertensive patients attending Ningxia Peoples Hospital, Ningxia Province, China, were recruited for this study. We analyzed genotype by amplication - created restriction sites (ACRS) and polymerase chain reaction - restrict fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) in hypertensive patients, and inspected the relation of the genotype with hypertension by χ2 and t test. Results: The frequency of G allele was 10.25 % in the control group and 14.04 % in hypertension group; it was not statistically different (p > 0.05). In the male group, the frequency of allele G was 11.50 % in control group, and 8.79 % in hypertension group. There was no significant difference between control and hypertension groups (p > 0.05). In the female group, the frequency of allele G was 9.00 %, in control and 19.54 % in hypertension group (p < 0.05), while in the hypertension group, allele G was 8.79 % in males which is significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in females (19.54 %) . Conclusion: Allele G of MSA2756G is a risk factor for hypertension in female in this Chinese population of this study.

Mechanical properties of adobe blocks used in building construction in Huambo Province - Angola

Despite significant advances in building technologies with the use of conventional construction materials (as concrete and steel), which significantly have driven the construction industry, earth construction have demonstrated its importance and relevance, as well as it has matched in an efficient and eco-friendly manner the social housing concerns. The diversity of earth construction techniques allowed this material to adapt to different climatic, cultural and social contexts until the present time. However, in Angola, the construction with earth is still associated with population fringes of weak economic resources, for which, given the impossibility of being able to acquire modern construction materials (steel, cement, brick, among others), they resort to the use of available natural materials. Furthermore, the lack of scientific and technical knowledge justifies the negative appreciation of traditional building techniques, and the derogatory way how are considered the earth constructions in Angolan territory. Given the country's current development status, and taking into account the environmental requirements and the real socio-economic sustainability of Angola, it is considered that one of the viable and adequate options, could be the recovering and upgrading of the ancestral techniques of earth construction. The purpose of this research is to develop the technical and scientific knowledge in order to improve and optimize these construction solutions, responding to the real problems of housing quality as well as to the current social, economic and environmental sustainability requirements. In this paper, a description of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the adobes typically used in the construction of traditional houses in some localities of Huambo, province in Angola, is carried out. The methodology was based on mechanical in-situ testing in adobe blocks manufactured with traditional procedures: i) tensile strength evaluated with the bending test and compressive strength test on earth blocks specimens; and, ii) durability and erodibility test by Geelong method adopting the New Zealand standard (NZS) procedures (4297: 1998; 4297: 1998 and 4297: 1999). The results allow the characterization of the materials used in the construction of raw earth in the Huambo region, contributing to the development of knowledge of these sustainable and traditional housing constructive solutions with a strong presence in Angola [1, 2]. This study is part of a larger project in the area of Earth Construction [3], which aims to produce knowledge which can stimulate the use of environmental friendly construction materials and contribute to develop constructive solutions with improved performance, durability, comfort, safety and sustainability.

Methods of earth building in the Huila Province, Angola

In Angola, the construction made of raw earth is a cultural heritage widely used by low income households, representing over 80% of the population [1, 3]. In Huila province is evident construction in raw earth in a large scale, either in urban or in periurban and rural areas. The construction methods follow the ancestral standards, distributed throughout the region of Huila, being built by the several ethnic groups. Among the construction techniques in earth, stand out: the adobe, wattle-and-daub and more recently on CEB (Compressed Earth Block). The type of soil used to make the adobes is mainly silty-clayed sand [1]. The most applied materials are: rods, reeds, wood, grass, straw, soil and stone, almost with the same characteristics [2]. The manufacture of adobe, consists essentially in mixing clay and grass (plant fibers), then put the mixture inside a wooden mold, having a size of 42 cm long and 18 cm high and taking three to four days to dry and be applied in housing construction. The application of these materials makes the construction less expensive because they are collected, transformed and applied by the owner himself of housing without any project, based only on the result of the practice and experience acquired from their ancestors. They are simple constructions, presenting a typology of grouped and isolated single-family housing, ranging between 2 and 3 bedrooms [2]. The construction techniques used in such small housings have positive environmental aspects, both as regards the materials employed, such as the manner in which the constructions are raised, showing special concerns for the quality improvement of them, as regards the resistance, durability and comfort [4].

Heavy Metals distribution in drainage canals sediments of the Ravenna province

This work, in collaboration with the Romagna Reclamation Consortium, has the aim of studying the heavy metals concentration distribution in the drainage canals of the Ravenna coastal basins, Italy. Particular attention was given to the area of the V Fosso Ghiaia and VI Bevanella basins, where water and sediment samples were collected in the field and integrated with existing databases. The hydrological regime is controlled and managed by the Consortium, which has divided the territory into several mechanical drainage basins. XRF was performed on 21 sediment samples and pH, EC, T°, Fe2+ and Fetot were measured on 15 water samples by probes and spectrophotometer, respectively. Heavy metals concentrations exceeding legal limits of the D.LGS n ° 152/2006 were found for As, Co, Cr, Pb and Zn. These results were then integrated with canal sediment analyses provided by the Consortium to perform a Principal Component Analysis. PCA results show that the main variable affecting heavy metals distribution is the use of fertilizers, followed by distance from sea, and altimetry, which are directly linked to salinity. Heavy metals concentrations increase with increasing use of fertilizers, which are mainly due to the widespread agricultural practices and industrial land use in the area. High heavy metals concentrations are also found in the canals interested by higher salinity (especially Pinetale Ramazzotti). In fact, the area is affected by salinization caused by a water table below sea level and upward seepage of salty oxygen-poor saline water from the bottom of the aquifer. According to the literature, iron and manganese oxides were found to be an important factor in controlling the heavy metals distribution.

Transpressive dextral shear in the Italva-Itaperuna section, Northern State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Structural analysis carried out on a segment of the Neoproterozoic Ribeira Belt, southeastern Brazil, show that it represents part of the transpressive dextral orogen related to the Central Mantiqueira Province. NNE-trending and steeply dipping regional mylonitic belts form anastomosed geometry, and describe a map-scale, S-C-like structure that is characterized by their deflection towards NE near the Além Paraíba Lineament. Lithological and structural control related to deformation partition were responsible for the formation of felsic mylonitic granulites with S-type granites lenses developed in ductile shear zones, alternated with less deformed intermediate to basic granulites associated with charnockites. The dextral shear sense indicators are consistent with transpressive deformation in the region and are common especially at the border of the main shear zones. The presence of S-type leucogranite may lead to variations of linear and planar relationships, which result in local extension zones. These elements are consistent with oblique continental collision considering the São Francisco Craton as a stable block.

As técnicas NASVD e MNF e sua aplicação na redução de ruídos em dados gamaespectrométricos

A desintegração radioativa é um processo aleatório e a estimativa de todas as medidas associadas é governada por leis estatísticas. Os perfis de taxas de contagem são sempre "ruidosos" quando utilizados períodos curtos como um segundo para cada medida. Os filtros utilizados e posteriormente as correções feitas no processamento atual de dados gamaespectrométricos não são suficientes para remover ou diminuir, consideravelmente, o ruído oriundo do espectro. Dois métodos estatísticos que atuam diretamente nos dados coletados, isto é, nos espectros, vêm sendo sugeridos na literatura para remover e minimizar estes ruídos remanescentes o Noise-Adjusted Singular Value Decomposition - NASVD e Maximum Noise Fraction - MNF. Estes métodos produzem uma redução no ruído de forma significativa. Neste trabalho eles foram implementados dentro do ambiente de processamento do software Oasis Montaj e aplicados na área compreendida pelos blocos I e II do levantamento aerogeofísico que recobre a porção oeste da Província Mineral do Tapajós, entre os Estados do Pará e Amazonas. Os dados filtrados e não-filtrados com as técnicas de NASVD e MNF foram processados com os parâmetros e constantes fornecidos pela empresa Lasa Engenharia e Prospecções S.A., sendo estes comparados. Os resultados da comparação entre perfis e mapas apresentaram-se de forma promissora, pois houve um ganho na resolução dos produtos.

Flaubert e o crepúsculo do sujeito: uma análise do conto "Um coração simples"

A literatura francesa e mundial passaram por uma enorme transformação ao longo do século XIX. A primorosa escrita de Flaubert é, para além de sua importância estética, reveladora de um novo modo de se escrever, ler e representar o homem no mundo moderno. O cuidado na construção do texto, a utilização de imagens plásticas e figuras de linguagem, ao mesmo tempo em que o narrador torna-se invisível no emprego do discurso indireto livre são característicos da escrita flaubertiana. O autor apresenta-nos em "Um coração simples" um "retrato" de Félicité, mulher pobre do interior da França, modelo virtuoso de uma ética evanescente. Ao acompanhar, por meio do conto, os passos e desventuras de Felicité, sob as lentes deste novo narrador, buscamos evidenciar as condições que circundam o aparecimento de um olhar científico-objetivo para a subjetividade humana, logo transformada em objeto de uma nascente Psicologia.