Randomized trial of a computerized coronary heart disease risk assessment tool in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can lead to important metabolic changes and increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Computerized clinical decision support systems have been advocated to improve the management of patients at risk for CHD but it is unclear whether such systems reduce patients' risk for CHD. METHODS: We conducted a cluster trial within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) of HIV-infected patients, aged 18 years or older, not pregnant and receiving cART for >3 months. We randomized 165 physicians to either guidelines for CHD risk factor management alone or guidelines plus CHD risk profiles. Risk profiles included the Framingham risk score, CHD drug prescriptions and CHD events based on biannual assessments, and were continuously updated by the SHCS data centre and integrated into patient charts by study nurses. Outcome measures were total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and Framingham risk score. RESULTS: A total of 3,266 patients (80% of those eligible) had a final assessment of the primary outcome at least 12 months after the start of the trial. Mean (95% confidence interval) patient differences where physicians received CHD risk profiles and guidelines, rather than guidelines alone, were total cholesterol -0.02 mmol/l (-0.09-0.06), systolic blood pressure -0.4 mmHg (-1.6-0.8), diastolic blood pressure -0.4 mmHg (-1.5-0.7) and Framingham 10-year risk score -0.2% (-0.5-0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Systemic computerized routine provision of CHD risk profiles in addition to guidelines does not significantly improve risk factors for CHD in patients on cART.

Stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation of the practice in a surgical ward

Introduction The benefit of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in noncriticallyill patients has not been proved. Over-prescription of SUP isnot devoided of risks (i.e. drug-drug interactions, adverse events).This prospective study aimed to evaluate the use of proton pumpinhibitors (PPIs) for SUP in a visceral surgery ward.Materials & Methods Data collection was performed prospectivelyduring a 8-week period on patients hospitalized in a visceral surgeryward (58 beds). Patients with a PPI prescription for the treatment ofulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis or epigastralgiawere excluded as well as patients hospitalized twice during the studyperiod. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists guidelineson SUP were used to assess the appropriateness of de novo PPIprescriptions.Results Among 255 patients in the study, 138 (54.1%) received aprophylaxis with PPI, of which 86 (62.3%) were de novo PPI prescriptions.93.5% of patients received esomeprazole (according to thehospital drug formulary) mainly orally at 40 mg qd. 79.1% of patientshad no risk factors for SUP. 17.9% and 3.0% had one and two riskfactors, respectively. 95% of the patients with PPI were not hospitalizedin the intensive care unit (ICU) before their stay in the visceralsurgery ward. At discharge, PPI therapy was continued in 34.2% ofpatients with a de novo PPI prescription.Discussion & Conclusion This study highlights the over-utilizationof PPIs in non-ICU patients and the inappropriate continuation of PPIprescriptions at discharge. The PPI dosage prescribed for prophylaxiswas probably too high compared with the data of the literature.Treatment recommendations for SUP are needed to restrict PPIuse for justified indications.

The nine-year sustained cost-containment impact of swiss pilot physicians-pharmacists quality circles.

BACKGROUND: Six pioneer physicians-pharmacists quality circles (PPQCs) located in the Swiss canton of Fribourg (administratively corresponding to a state in the US) were under the responsibility of 6 trained community pharmacists moderating the prescribing process of 24 general practitioners (GPs). PPQCs are based on a multifaceted collaborative process mediated by community pharmacists for improving compliance with clinical guidelines within GPs' prescribing practices. OBJECTIVE: To assess, over a 9-year period (1999-2007), the cost-containment impact of the PPQCs. METHODS: The key elements of PPQCs are a structured continuous quality improvement and education process; local networking; feedback of comparative and detailed data regarding costs, drug choice, and frequency of prescribed drugs; and structured independent literature review for interdisciplinary continuing education. The data are issued from the community pharmacy invoices to the health insurance companies. The study analyzed the cost-containment impact of the PPQCs in comparison with GPs working in similar conditions of care without particular collaboration with pharmacists, the percentage of generic prescriptions for specific cardiovascular drug classes, and the percentage of drug costs or units prescribed for specific cardiovascular drugs. RESULTS: For the 9-year period, there was a 42% decrease in the drug costs in the PPQC group as compared to the control group, representing a $225,000 (USD) savings per GP only in 2007. These results are explained by better compliance with clinical and pharmacovigilance guidelines, larger distribution of generic drugs, a more balanced attitude toward marketing strategies, and interdisciplinary continuing education on the rational use of drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The PPQC work process has yielded sustainable results, such as significant cost savings, higher penetration of generics and reflection on patient safety, and the place of "new" drugs in therapy. The PPQCs may also constitute a solid basis for implementing more comprehensive collaborative programs, such as medication reviews, adherence-enhancing interventions, or disease management approaches.

Lignes ferroviaires régionales : ouvrir, fermer ou moderniser? : obstacles juridiques, techniques, géopolitiques ou absence de volonté politique? : études de quatre lignes ferroviaires franco-belges et franco-suisses

L'objectif de la présente étude est de cerner les facteurs de succès et d'échec des réouvertures et modernisations de lignes ferroviaires transfrontalières dans les zones limitrophes. L'enquête prend pour base deux lignes franco-belges (Mons-Valenciennes et Namur- Charleville-Mézières) et deux lignes franco-suisses (Delémont-Belfort et Neuchâtel- Besançon). Le problème public réside dans l'absence de moyens de transports publics exploitant le potentiel existant dans le bassin de vie concerné (sous-exploitation du marché des transports). Les obstacles à franchir dans le domaine des transports ferroviaires peuvent être de nature juridique. Ainsi, des prescriptions légales telles que certains standards d'interopérabilité, l'absence d'une définition de l'expression «train régional» au niveau européen, la sécurité (passages à niveau) ou des mesures en faveur des personnes à mobilité réduite, peuvent entraver, voire empêcher des réouvertures ou modernisations de lignes régionales, car ces standards ne sont pas adaptés à la réalité des lignes dont le potentiel est faible en termes de voyageurs et de fret. À un autre niveau, il est rare que les aspects techniques constituent des obstacles. C'est cependant le cas lorsque deux réseaux ferroviaires nourrissent des philosophies antagonistes (réseau cadencé et non cadencé). Pour la réouverture des lignes, on constate l'absence de définitions claires, au niveau politique, de la desserte de base et des seuils de fréquentation minimale. Il y a parfois un contraste marqué entre une infrastructure dégradée et un matériel roulant très moderne, signe d'absence de sensibilisation à l'entretien des infrastructures ferroviaires. Pourtant, ces infrastructures jouent un rôle important à l'échelon géopolitique. Correctement aménagées (offre, temps de parcours, correspondances), elles permettent le désenclavement de toute une région. La réouverture d'un chaînon manquant peut changer la position géopolitique d'une région, comme dans le cas de Mons-Valenciennes; mais en même temps, l'argument de l'impact géopolitique peut entraver une réouverture, même lorsqu'il n'est pas fondé, comme le montre le cas de Dinant-Givet qui semble concurrencer une autre ligne existante. L'impact des lignes à grande vitesse sur les régions limitrophes est souvent surestimé. En revanche, la praticabilité du concept des quatre capitaux (capital manufacturé, social, naturel et humain) est sous-estimée dans le domaine des transports publics. Les grilles d'analyse des quatre capitaux nous ont en effet permis de prouver l'applicabilité du concept aux lignes ferroviaires transfrontalières, en dépit du manque de me- surabilité de certains indicateurs. L'évaluation des lignes retenues à l'aide de notre grille d'analyse montre que les lignes régionales françaises accusent un lourd retard en termes de performance. Ce fait est confirmé dans les quatre capitaux. En appliquant notre méthode de planification à des lignes ferroviaires (transfrontalières), on observe que les lignes actuelles n'exploitent pas suffisamment leur potentiel. L'approche proposée se base sur le triangle «offre - infrastructure - matériel roulant» et s'articule autour des usagers. Avant toute planification, il faut développer une vision pour la région et la ligne concernée, dans laquelle la voie ferrée servira d'axe structurant. La vision se manifeste par un horaire qui traduit l'offre sou-haitée à long terme avec des temps de parcours idéaux, et des noeuds de correspondance avec d'autres moyens de transport. Alors, les lignes régionales peuvent contribuer à un changement de paradigme qui favorise un mode de vie axé davantage sur les services des transports publics que sur le transport individuel, également dans les régions limitrophes. - Het doel van deze Studie is het onderzocken von de redenen van het succès en van het falen van de heropening of modernisering van al of niet grensoverschrijdende spoorlijnen. Het on- derzoek is gebaseerd op twee Frans-Belgische lijnen (Bergen-Yalenciennes en Namen- Charleville-Mezières) en twee Frans-Zwitserse lijnen (Delémont-Belfort en Neuchâtel- Besançon). Het probleem is de afwezigheid van openbare transportmogelijkheden in de uitbating van de betrokken woongebieden (onderbenutting van de transportmarkt). De te overschrijden hindernissen op het gebied van spoorwegvervoer kunnen van juridische oorsprong zijn. Dat wil zeggen dat wettelijke vereisten zoals bepaalde standaarden voor inte- roperabiliteit, het ontbreken van een definitie van «regionale trein» op Europees niveau, de beveiliging (spoorwegovergangen) of maatregelen voor mensen met verminderde mobiliteit de heropening of modernisering van de regionale lijnen kunnen verhinderen, aangezien deze normen niet zijn aangepast aan de realiteit op aan de lijnen waarvan het potenti eel laag is, zowel voor reizigers als voor goederen. Op een ander niveau is het zeldzaam dat de technische as-pecten voor obstakels zorgen. Het is nochtans het geval wanneer twee spoorwegnetten zorgen voor tegenstrijdige ideeën (regelmatig of onregelmatig bezet net). Om de lijnen te he- ropenen, is er een gebrek aan duidelijke afspraken op politiek niveau, voor een minimale be- diening en een minimale opkomst. Soms is er een groot contrast tussen een verouderde infras- tructuur en een zeer modem rollend materieel, een teken van gebrek aan gezond verstand bij het onderhoud van de spoorweginfrastructuur. Deze infrastructuur speelt echter een belan- grijke roi in het geopolitieke niveau. Goed beheerd (aanbod, reistijd, verbindingen) zorgen ze voor een heropening van een hele regio. De heropening van een ontbrekende schakel kan de geopolitieke positie van een regio veranderen, zoals in het geval van Bergen-Valenciennes, maar terzelfder tijd kan het argument van de geopolitieke impact een heropening verhinderen, zelfs als het ongegrond is, zoals in het geval van Dinant-Givet dat blijkt te concurreren met een andere bestaande lijn. De impact van hogesnelheidslijnen op grensoverschrijdende regio's wordt vaak overschat. Daartegenover wordt de haalbaarheid van het concept van de vier kapi- taalvlakken (opbouwend, sociaal, natuurlijk en menselijk kapitaal) onderschat op het gebied van openbaar vervoer. De analyse van de vier kapitaalvlakken heeft ons toegelaten de toepas- baar-heid van het concept van de grensoverschrijdende spoorlijnen aan te tonen, ondanks het ge-brek aan meetbaarheid van bepaalde indicatoren. Evaluatie van de lijnen, geselecteerd met behulp van ons analysekader, heeft aangetoond dat Franse regionale lijnen achterblijven op het gebied van prestaties. Dit wordt bevestigd op de vier kapitaalvlakken. Door het toepassen van onze planningsmethode op spoorlijnen (in grenszones), zien we dat de huidige lijnen hun potentieel onvoldoende benutten. De voorgestelde aanpak is gebaseerd op de driehoek «aan- bieding - infrastructuur - rollend materieel» en rieht zieh op de gebruikers. Vooraleer een planning opgesteld kan worden, moeten we een visie ontwikkelen voor de betrokken lijn en de regio waarin de spoorweg zal dienen als structurele as. De visie baseert zieh op een diens- tregeling die uitgaat van een aanbod op lange termijn met ideale rijtijden en knooppunten met an-dere transportmiddelen. Zodoende kunnen regionale lijnen bijdragen aan een paradigma- vers-chuiving die een levensstijl promoot die meer gericht is op het openbaar vervoer dan op het individueel vervoer, ook in naburige regio's. - Das Ziel der Studie ist die Identifizierung von Erfolgs- und Misserfolgsfaktoren bei Wiedereröffnungen und Modernisierungen von (grenzüberschreitenden) Regionalverkehrslinien in Randregionen. Die Untersuchung stützt sich auf zwei belgisch-französische (Mons- Valenciennes und Namur-Charleville-Mézières) sowie zwei schweizerisch-französische Linien (Delémont-Belfort und Neuchâtel-Besançon). Das öffentliche Problem besteht im Fehlen eines öffentlichen Verkehrsmittels, welches das vorhandene Potential im Einzugsbereich der betrachteten Linien vollständig ausnützt (unvollständige Ausnützung des vorhandenen Transportmarktes). Die zu überwindenden Hindernisse auf dem Gebiet des Eisenbahnwesens können juristischer Natur sein. Es handelt sich dabei um gewisse juristische Vorschriften w. z. B. Interoperabili- tätsstandards, die Abwesenheit einer klaren Definition des Begriffes «Regionalverkehr» auf europäischer Ebene, Sicherheitsstandards (Bahnübergänge) oder Massnahmen zu Gunsten von Behinderten, die Wiedereröffnungen behindern können, weil diese Standards keine Rücksicht auf die Gegebenheiten von Regionallinien mit einem geringen Nachfragepotential nehmen. Technische Vorgaben stellen nur selten ein Hindernis bei Wiedereröffnungen dar. Dies kann dann der Fall sein, wenn zwei Eisenbahnnetze mit unterschiedlichen Betriebsphilosophien aufeinander treffen (Netz mit Taktverkehr und unvertaktete Netze). Bei Wiedereröffnung von Eisenbahnlinie ist festzustellen, dass auf politischer Ebene keine Definitionen in Bezug auf Basisangebot und der minimalen Nachfrage bestehen. Bisweilen ist ein starker Kontrast zwischen einem schlechten Infrastrukturzustand und einem darauf verkehrenden modernem Rollmaterial festzustellen. Gerade diese Infrastruktur spielt auf geopolitischer Ebene eine wichtige Rolle. Wird diese korrekt betrieben (attraktives Angebot, Fahrzeit, Umsteigeverbindungen), erlaubt sie einer ganzen Region eine Lösung aus der Isolation. Die Wiedereröffnung eines fehlenden Teilstücks kann die geopolitische Situation einer Region positiv verändern, wie das Beispiel der Linie Mons-Valenciennes zeigt. Gleichzeitig kann das Argument der geopolitischen Position eine Wiedereröffnung behindern, auch wenn die vorgebrachten Argumente nicht stichhaltig sind, wie das Beispiel der Linie Dinant-Givet beweist, die angeblich einen bestehenden Eisenbahgüterverkehrskorridor konkurrenzieren soll. Der Einfluss von Hochgeschwindigkeitsstrecken auf Randregionen wird oft überschätzt. Im Gegensatz dazu wird die Anwendbarkeit des Konzeptes der vier Kapitalien (konstruiertes, soziales, natürliches und Human-Kapital) bei der Anwendbarkeit im öffentlichen Verkehr unters-chätzt. Der verwendete Analyseraster der vier Kapitalien erlaubt die Anwendbarkeit dieses Ansatzes auf grenzüberschreitende Eisenbahnlinien, trotz des Fehlens von Daten für zahlreiche Indikatoren, zu untermauern. Die Evaluation der betrachteten Linien hat gezeigt, dass die französischen Schienenregionalverkehrslinien einen bedeutenden Rückstand in Bezug auf die Leistungsfähigkeit vorweisen. Dies wird durch die Anwendung des Analyseraster der vier Kapitalien bestätigt. Der Einsatz, der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Planungsmethode auf die vier grenzüberschreitenden Regionalverkehrslinien hat gezeigt, dass die heutige Betriebsweise von Regionalverkehrslinien das vorhandene Potential nicht ausschöpft. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz basiert auf dem Dreieck «Angebot - Infrastruktur - Rollmaterial» in dem die Benützerlnnen im Zentrum stehen. Jedoch steht die Entwicklung einer Vision für die betroffene Region und Linie vor dem Beginn jeder Planung im Zentrum, bei der die Eisenbahnlinie als strukturierende Achse benützt wird. Diese manifestiert sich in einer Fahrplanstruktur, die das langfristig gewünschte Angebot mit idealen Fahrzeiten und Umsteigeknoten mit anderen Verkehrsmitteln beinhaltet. In dieser Weise können die Regionalverkehrslinien einen Beitrag zu einem Paradigmawechsel beitragen, der auch in Randregionen einen Lebensstil fördert, der vermehrt auf den öffentlichen Verkehr als auf den motorisierten Individualverkehr setzt. - L'obiettivo di questo studio è quello di identificare i fattori di successo e di fallimento relativi alla riapertura e modernizzazione di linee ferroviarie transfrontaliere e non in aree limitrofe. L'indagine si basa su due linee franco-belghe (Mons-Valenciennes e Namur-Charleville- Mézières) e due linee franco-svizzere (Delémont-Belfort e Neuchâtel-Besançon). Il problema pubblico è la mancanza di mezzi di trasporto pubblico che sfruttino il potenziale esistente nel bacino d'utenza interessato (sottoutilizzazione del mercato dei trasporti). Gli ostacoli da superare nel settore del trasporto ferroviario possono essere di natura giuridica - vale a dire, requisiti legali come alcuni standard d'interoperabilità, l'assenza di una definizione del termine «treno regionale» a livello europeo, la sicurezza (passaggi a livello) o misure a favore di persone a mobilità ridotta, che possono ostacolare o impedire la riapertura o modernizzazione di linee regionali poiché queste norme non vengono adattate alla realtà delle linee il cui potenziale è basso in termini di viaggiatori e merci. A un altro livello è raro che aspetti tecnici costituiscano degli ostacoli. Tuttavia è il caso quando due reti ferroviarie perseguono filosofie antagoniste (rete cadenzata e non cadenzata). Per riaprire le linee si rileva una mancanza di definizioni chiare, a livello politico, del collegamento di base e delle soglie minime di frequentazione. A volte vi è un netto contrasto tra un'infrastruttura degradata e un modernissimo materiale rotabile, segno della mancanza di sensibilizzazione per la manutenzione delle infrastrutture ferroviarie. Eppure queste strutture svolgono un ruolo importante a livello geopolitico. Correttamente gestite (offerta, tempi di percorrenza, coincidenze), permettono l'apertura verso l'esterno di un'intera regione. La riapertura di un tassello mancante può cambiare la posizione geopolitica di una regione, come nel caso di Mons-Valenciennes. Allo stesso tempo, tuttavia, l'argomento dell'impatto geopolitico, anche se infondato, può ostacolare una riapertura - come nel caso di Dinant-Givet che sembra fare concorrenza a un'altra linea esistente. L'impatto delle linee ad alta velocità sulle regioni limitrofe è spesso sovrastimato. In compenso, l'attuabilità del concetto dei quattro capitali (capitale fabbricato, sociale, naturale e umano) è sottovalutata nel settore dei trasporti pubblici. Le griglie d'analisi dei quattro capitali ci hanno effettivamente permesso di dimostrare l'applicabilità del concetto alle linee ferroviarie transfrontaliere, nonostante la mancanza di misurabilità di alcuni indicatori. La valutazione delle linee selezionate in supporto alla nostra griglia d'analisi mostra che le linee regionali francesi accusano un pesante ritardo in termini di prestazioni. Questo dato di fatto è confermato nei quattro capitali. Applicando il nostro metodo di pianificazione alle linee ferroviarie (transfrontaliere), si osserva che le attuali linee non sfruttano a sufficienza il loro potenziale. L'approccio proposto è basato sul triangolo «offerta / infrastrutture / materiale rotabile» e si articola attorno agli utenti. Prima di qualsiasi pianificazione, è necessario sviluppare una visione per la regione e la linea coinvolta, in cui la ferrovia servirà come asse strutturale. La visione si manifesta attraverso un orario che rifletta l'offerta desiderata a lungo termine, con tempi di percorrenza ideali e nodi di coincidenza con altri mezzi di trasporto. In questo modo, le linee regionali possono contribuire a un cambiamento di paradigma che favorisca uno stile di vita più focalizzato sui servizi di trasporto pubblico che sul trasporto individuale - anche nelle regioni limitrofe.

Bayesian Networks and the Value of the Evidence for the Forensic Two-Trace Transfer Problem

Forensic scientists face increasingly complex inference problems for evaluating likelihood ratios (LRs) for an appropriate pair of propositions. Up to now, scientists and statisticians have derived LR formulae using an algebraic approach. However, this approach reaches its limits when addressing cases with an increasing number of variables and dependence relationships between these variables. In this study, we suggest using a graphical approach, based on the construction of Bayesian networks (BNs). We first construct a BN that captures the problem, and then deduce the expression for calculating the LR from this model to compare it with existing LR formulae. We illustrate this idea by applying it to the evaluation of an activity level LR in the context of the two-trace transfer problem. Our approach allows us to relax assumptions made in previous LR developments, produce a new LR formula for the two-trace transfer problem and generalize this scenario to n traces.

ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Intensive care.

Enteral nutrition (EN) via tube feeding is, today, the preferred way of feeding the critically ill patient and an important means of counteracting for the catabolic state induced by severe diseases. These guidelines are intended to give evidence-based recommendations for the use of EN in patients who have a complicated course during their ICU stay, focusing particularly on those who develop a severe inflammatory response, i.e. patients who have failure of at least one organ during their ICU stay. These guidelines were developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with officially accepted standards and are based on all relevant publications since 1985. They were discussed and accepted in a consensus conference. EN should be given to all ICU patients who are not expected to be taking a full oral diet within three days. It should have begun during the first 24h using a standard high-protein formula. During the acute and initial phases of critical illness an exogenous energy supply in excess of 20-25 kcal/kg BW/day should be avoided, whereas, during recovery, the aim should be to provide values of 25-30 total kcal/kg BW/day. Supplementary parenteral nutrition remains a reserve tool and should be given only to those patients who do not reach their target nutrient intake on EN alone. There is no general indication for immune-modulating formulae in patients with severe illness or sepsis and an APACHE II Score >15. Glutamine should be supplemented in patients suffering from burns or trauma.

Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2015 Enhanced 911 Annual Report, January 14, 2016

The Iowa Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (HSEMD) submits this enhanced 911 (E911) annual report to the Iowa General Assembly’s standing committees on government oversight pursuant to Iowa Code § 34A.7A (3) (a). This section of the Code requires the E911 program manager to advise the General Assembly of the status of E911 wireline and wireless implementation and operations, the distribution of surcharge receipts, and an accounting of revenue and expenses of the E911 program.

Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2014 Enhanced 911 Annual Report, January 15, 2015

The Iowa Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (HSEMD) submits this enhanced 911 (E911) annual report to the Iowa General Assembly’s standing committees on government oversight pursuant to Iowa Code § 34A.7A (3) (a). This section of the Code requires the E911 program manager to advise the General Assembly of the status of E911 wireline and wireless implementation and operations, the distribution of surcharge receipts, and an accounting of revenue and expenses of the E911 program.

Vocally disruptive behavior (VDB) in the institutionalized elderly: A naturalistic multiple case report.

Employing a naturalistic multiple case study approach, we investigated the current clinical practice in the treatment and care of VDB among a convenience sample of 85 patients cared for in specialized old age psychiatric clinics and nursing homes in French and German-speaking Switzerland. We wished to clinically characterize VDB patients, to identify common approaches used to treat VDB in everyday practice, and to explore how the efficiency of the interventions employed was judged by the responsible carers. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Most patients with VDB in this study had dementia, of whom 75% had at least one current or premorbid psychiatric disorder and 25% had premorbid personality disorder. A majority of patients received multiple psychosocial care interventions that were often judged to be effective, but the potential of psychosocial interventions is underused. Many patients did not receive psychotropic medication specifically targeted at VDB, but about 70% of all prescriptions were judged to have positive effects. Premorbid psychiatric and personality disorders or traits are likely candidates to be entered into the etiopathogenic equation of VDB and set a new frame for approaches used to treat these underlying disorders.

Drug utilisation in a neonatal intensive care unit of a swiss university hospital

Introduction Medication errors in hospitalsmay occur at any step of the medication process including prescription, transcription, preparation and administration, and may originate with any of the actors involved. Neonatal intensive care units (NICU) take care of extremely frail patients in whom errors could have dramatic consequences. Our objective was to assess the frequency and nature of medication errors in the NICU of a university hospital in order to propose measures for improvement.Materials & Methods The design was that of an observational prospective study over 4 consecutivemonths. All patients receiving C 3drugs were included. For each patient, observations during the different stages were compiled in a computer formulary and compared with the litterature. Setting: The 11-bed NICU of our university hospital.Main outcome measures:(a) Frequency and nature of medication errors in prescription,transcription, preparation and administration.(b) Drugs affected by errors.Results 83 patients were included. 505 prescriptions and transcriptions, 447 preparations and 464 administrations were analyzed. 220 medications errors were observed: 102 (46.4%) at prescription, 25 (11.4%) at transcription, 19 (8.6%) at preparation and 73 (33.2%) at administration. Uncomplete/ambiguous orders (24; 23.5%) were the most common errors observed at prescription, followed by wrong name (21; 20.6%), wrong dose (17; 16.7%) and omission (15; 14.7%). Wrong time (33; 45.2%) and wrong administration technique (31; 42.5%) were the most important medication errors during administration. According to the ATC classification, systemic antibacterials (53; 24.1%) were the most implicated, followed by perfusion solutions (40; 18.2%), respiratory system products (30; 13.6%), and mineral supplements and antithrombotic agents (20; 9.1%).Discussions, Conclusion Proposed recommendations: ? Better teaching of neonatal prescription to medical interns;? Improved prescription form to avoid omissions and ambiguities;? Development of a neonatal drug formulary, including prescription,preparation and administration modalities to reduce errors at different stages;? Presence of a clinical pharmacist in the NICU.Disclosure of Interest None Declared

A Shift From Oral to Intravenous Iron Supplementation Therapy Is Observed Over Time in a Large Swiss Cohort of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND:: In 2007, leading international experts in the field of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recommended intravenous (IV) iron supplements over oral (PO) ones because of superior effectiveness and better tolerance. We aimed to determine the percentage of patients with IBD undergoing iron therapy and to assess the dynamics of iron prescription habits (IV versus PO). METHODS:: We analyzed anonymized data on patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis extracted from the Helsana database. Helsana is a Swiss health insurance company providing coverage for 18% of the Swiss population (1.2 million individuals). RESULTS:: In total, 629 patients with Crohn's disease (61% female) and 398 patients with ulcerative colitis (57% female) were identified; mean observation time was 31.8 months for Crohn's disease and 31.0 months for ulcerative colitis patients. Of all patients with IBD, 27.1% were prescribed iron (21.1% in males; 31.1% in females). Patients treated with steroids, immunomodulators, and/or anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs were more frequently treated with iron supplements when compared with those not treated with any medications (35.0% versus 20.9%, odds ratio, 1.94; P < 0.001). The frequency of IV iron prescriptions increased significantly from 2006 to 2009 for both genders (males: from 2.6% to 10.1%, odds ratio = 3.84, P < 0.001; females: from 5.3% to 12.1%, odds ratio = 2.26, P = 0.002), whereas the percentage of PO iron prescriptions did not change. CONCLUSIONS:: Twenty-seven percent of patients with IBD were treated with iron supplements. Iron supplements administered IV were prescribed more frequently over time. These prescription habits are consistent with the implementation of guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in IBD.

Safety of a new algorithm for the management of childhood illness (Almanach) to improve quality of care and rational use of drugs

Introduction New evidence from randomized controlled and etiology of fever studies, the availability of reliable RDT for malaria, and novel technologies call for revision of the IMCI strategy. We developed a new algorithm based on (i) a systematic review of published studies assessing the safety and appropriateness of RDT and antibiotic prescription, (ii) results from a clinical and microbiological investigation of febrile children aged <5 years, (iii) international expert IMCI opinions. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of the new algorithm among patients in urban and rural areas of Tanzania.Materials and Methods The design was a controlled noninferiority study. Enrolled children aged 2-59 months with any illness were managed either by a study clinician using the new Almanach algorithm (two intervention health facilities), or clinicians using standard practice, including RDT (two control HF). At day 7 and day 14, all patients were reassessed. Patients who were ill in between or not cured at day 14 were followed until recovery or death. Primary outcome was rate of complications, secondary outcome rate of antibiotic prescriptions.Results 1062 children were recruited. Main diagnoses were URTI 26%, pneumonia 19% and gastroenteritis (9.4%). 98% (531/541) were cured at D14 in the Almanach arm and 99.6% (519/521) in controls. Rate of secondary hospitalization was 0.2% in each. One death occurred in controls. None of the complications was due to withdrawal of antibiotics or antimalarials at day 0. Rate of antibiotic use was 19% in the Almanach arm and 84% in controls.Conclusion Evidence suggests that the new algorithm, primarily aimed at the rational use of drugs, is as safe as standard practice and leads to a drastic reduction of antibiotic use. The Almanach is currently being tested for clinician adherence to proposed procedures when used on paper or a mobile phone

Stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation of current practice in a general surgery department.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: There is little evidence regarding the benefit of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) outside a critical care setting. Overprescription of SUP is not devoid of risks. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for SUP in a general surgery department. METHOD: Data collection was performed prospectively during an 8-week period on patients hospitalized in a general surgery department (58 beds) by pharmacists. Patients with a PPI prescription for the treatment of ulcers, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, oesophagitis or epigastric pain were excluded. Patients admitted twice during the study period were not reincluded. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists guidelines on SUP were used to assess the appropriateness of de novo PPI prescriptions. RESULTS: Among 255 patients in the study, 138 (54%) received a prophylaxis with PPI, of which 86 (62%) were de novo PPI prescriptions. A total of 129 patients (94%) received esomeprazole (according to the hospital drug policy). The most frequent dosage was at 40 mg once daily. Use of PPI for SUP was evaluated in 67 patients. A total of 53 patients (79%) had no risk factors for SUP. Twelve and two patients had one or two risk factors, respectively. At discharge, PPI prophylaxis was continued in 33% of patients with a de novo PPI prescription. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the overuse of PPIs in non-intensive care unit patients and the inappropriate continuation of PPI prescriptions at discharge. Treatment recommendations for SUP are needed to restrict PPI use for justified indications.

Sähköisten reseptien hallinta

Sähköinen reseptijärjestelmä nykyisessä muodossaan sai alkunsa Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön aloitteesta ja Kansaneläkelaitoksen toimesta vuoden 2001 aikana. Käytössä oleva kansallinen reseptipalvelin mahdollistaa potilaiden oikeudet muun muassa apteekin vapaaseen valintaan ja lääkkeiden suorakorvausmenetelmään. Sähköinen resepti pyritään integroimaan olemassa olevien potilasrekisterijärjestelmien yhteyteen, joten semanttisen webin tuomat teknologiat kuten Web-palvelut ja XML-pohjaiset kielet ovat tärkeässä asemassa reseptien hallinnassa. Tässä työssä pyritään esittämään sähköisen reseptijärjestelmän toimintaa ja sen mahdollistavia jo olemassa olevia tekniikoita. Esille tuodaan myös uusia lisäarvoa tuovia tekniikoita, kuten RDF(S)-kuvauskielet, jotka mahdollistavat muun muassa resepteihin kohdistuvat kyselyt ja täten uudet terveyspalvelut sekä potilaille että lääkäreille. Oleellista on tietenkin myös tietoturva, sillä organisaatioiden välillä resepteissä liikkuu arkaluontoisia tietoja. Turvallisuutta pyritään edistämään muun muassa sähköisillä allekirjoituksilla ja älykorttien avulla tapahtuvalla järjestelmään tunnistautumisella. Jotta sähköinen resepti toimisi tulevaisuudessakin halutulla tavalla ja mahdollistaisi lisäarvopalveluita, on siinä panostettava sisällön lisäksi senkuvaamiseen. Sisällön ja sen suhteiden tarkka määrittely auttaa muun muassa reseptikyselyjen tekemisessä, mikä onkin olennainen osa potilasturvallisuuden ylläpitoa. Kuvauskielien ja ontologioiden käyttö voi myös auttaa lääkehoidon määrittämisessä useiden erilaisten ja jatkuvasti lisääntyvien lääkkeiden viidakossa, kun lääkkeitä voidaan etsiä tietokannoista reseptin kirjoituksen yhteydessä.

Potential Accessibility of Web-based mathematical information resources

This paper presents a research concerning the conversion of non-accessible web pages containing mathematical formulae into accessible versions through an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) tool. The objective of this research is twofold. First, to establish criteria for evaluating the potential accessibility of mathematical web sites, i.e. the feasibility of converting non-accessible (non-MathML) math sites into accessible ones (Math-ML). Second, to propose a data model and a mechanism to publish evaluation results, making them available to the educational community who may use them as a quality measurement for selecting learning material.Results show that the conversion using OCR tools is not viable for math web pages mainly due to two reasons: many of these pages are designed to be interactive, making difficult, if not almost impossible, a correct conversion; formula (either images or text) have been written without taking into account standards of math writing, as a consequence OCR tools do not properly recognize math symbols and expressions. In spite of these results, we think the proposed methodology to create and publish evaluation reports may be rather useful in other accessibility assessment scenarios.