A Percepção do usuário de drogas sobre o mundo do trabalho: uma contribuição para a prática do enfermeiro

Estudo qualitativo, com base na Análise de Conteúdo, a partir da interrogação sobre como o usuário de drogas em situação de tratamento para a dependência química percebe-se como trabalhador, e qual sua relação com o mundo do trabalho. O referencial teórico apoiou-se nas definições de drogas psicotrópicas, dependência química e trabalho, das seguintes fontes, respectivamente, Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), Classificação Internacional das Doenças (CID-10) e Ministério do Trabalho (MT) e a teoria da Psicodinâmica do trabalho. A metodologia baseou-se na Análise de Conteúdo Temática. A coleta de dados desenvolveu-se por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, e pela obtenção de dados sociodemográficos e de trabalho a partir dos registros. Foram realizadas trinta e oitos entrevistas semi estruturadas com dez mulheres, quatorze homens usuários de múltiplas drogas e quatorze homens usuários somente de bebidas alcoólicas. Todos os sujeitos eram trabalhadores em tratamento no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial-álcool e drogas Centro Estadual de Tratamento e Reabilitação de Adictos (Caps-ad CENTRA-RIO). Foram organizadas e analisadas seis categorias: conciliação ente o trabalho e o consumo de drogas; trabalho e angústia; o mundo do trabalho favorecendo/estimulando o consumo; beneficio e UD; trabalho pleno; perspectivas de vida do UD. Discutiu-se a intensa relação de sofrimento que permeia o tempo todo o trabalhador usuário de drogas, as diversas alternativas experimentadas para conseguir conciliar o binômio trabalho e drogas, a submissão aos valores construídos no ambiente de trabalho, a função de integradora intragrupo dos trabalhadores e terapêutica das drogas para conseguir cumprir o trabalho real, sua função relaxante e domadora da angústia e do medo. Nas conclusões, discutem-se os limites do mundo do trabalho em acompanhar a evolução do campo da saúde mental e a Reforma Psiquiátrica, e a importância para a enfermagem do trabalho. O enfermeiro deve ser o articulador para que este trabalhador usuário de drogas atue como protagonista ativo da sua própria história, contribuindo com sua experiência, para que os profissionais de saúde, o trabalho e a sociedade em geral aperfeiçoem formas de cuidar integral.

Complexity of rupture propagation in large earthquakes in relation to tectonic environment

Complexity in the earthquake rupture process can result from many factors. This study investigates the origin of such complexity by examining several recent, large earthquakes in detail. In each case the local tectonic environment plays an important role in understanding the source of the complexity.

Several large shallow earthquakes (M_s > 7.0) along the Middle American Trench have similarities and differences between them that may lead to a better understanding of fracture and subduction processes. They are predominantly thrust events consistent with the known subduction of the Cocos plate beneath N. America. Two events occurring along this subduction zone close to triple junctions show considerable complexity. This may be attributable to a more heterogeneous stress environment in these regions and as such has implications for other subduction zone boundaries.

An event which looks complex but is actually rather simple is the 1978 Bermuda earthquake (M_s ~ 6). It is located predominantly in the mantle. Its mechanism is one of pure thrust faulting with a strike N 20°W and dip 42°NE. Its apparent complexity is caused by local crustal structure. This is an important event in terms of understanding and estimating seismic hazard on the eastern seaboard of N. America.

A study of several large strike-slip continental earthquakes identifies characteristics which are common to them and may be useful in determining what to expect from the next great earthquake on the San Andreas fault. The events are the 1976 Guatemala earthquake on the Motagua fault and two events on the Anatolian fault in Turkey (the 1967, Mudurnu Valley and 1976, E. Turkey events). An attempt to model the complex P-waveforms of these events results in good synthetic fits for the Guatemala and Mudurnu Valley events. However, the E. Turkey event proves to be too complex as it may have associated thrust or normal faulting. Several individual sources occurring at intervals of between 5 and 20 seconds characterize the Guatemala and Mudurnu Valley events. The maximum size of an individual source appears to be bounded at about 5 x 10²⁶ dyne-cm. A detailed source study including directivity is performed on the Guatemala event. The source time history of the Mudurnu Valley event illustrates its significance in modeling strong ground motion in the near field. The complex source time series of the 1967 event produces amplitudes greater by a factor of 2.5 than a uniform model scaled to the same size for a station 20 km from the fault.

Three large and important earthquakes demonstrate an important type of complexity --- multiple-fault complexity. The first, the 1976 Philippine earthquake, an oblique thrust event, represents the first seismological evidence for a northeast dipping subduction zone beneath the island of Mindanao. A large event, following the mainshock by 12 hours, occurred outside the aftershock area and apparently resulted from motion on a subsidiary fault since the event had a strike-slip mechanism.

An aftershock of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake on June 6, 1960, proved to be an interesting discovery. It appears to be a large strike-slip event at the main rupture's southern boundary. It most likely occurred on the landward extension of the Chile Rise transform fault, in the subducting plate. The results for this event suggest that a small event triggered a series of slow events; the duration of the whole sequence being longer than 1 hour. This is indeed a "slow earthquake".

Perhaps one of the most complex of events is the recent Tangshan, China event. It began as a large strike-slip event. Within several seconds of the mainshock it may have triggered thrust faulting to the south of the epicenter. There is no doubt, however, that it triggered a large oblique normal event to the northeast, 15 hours after the mainshock. This event certainly contributed to the great loss of life-sustained as a result of the Tangshan earthquake sequence.

What has been learned from these studies has been applied to predict what one might expect from the next great earthquake on the San Andreas. The expectation from this study is that such an event would be a large complex event, not unlike, but perhaps larger than, the Guatemala or Mudurnu Valley events. That is to say, it will most likely consist of a series of individual events in sequence. It is also quite possible that the event could trigger associated faulting on neighboring fault systems such as those occurring in the Transverse Ranges. This has important bearing on the earthquake hazard estimation for the region.

Life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland

Popular articles about the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) usually state that ‘the Atlantic salmon is an anadromous species’, e.g. publications by the Atlantic Salmon Federation (North America), Atlantic Salmon Trust (UK), and WWF (World Wildlife Fund), and the life history is depicted as migration of juveniles from fresh water to the marine environment, with a return to where the fish were born as spawning adults. This article reviews the life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland.

Application of diatom analysis for the study of the history of the lakes of north-west USSR. [Translation from: Istoriya Ozer; Trudy Vses.Simp.Vilnius p1-7. Vilnius, 1970.]

During late - and post-glacial times lakes played a leading role in the development of the landscape of the North-west European part of USSR. A variety of geographic circumstances created great variegation of natural conditions in lakes and determined the composition of their diatoms. The basic stages of the development of the diatom flora of lakes are linked with general climatic changes. The deepwater regions of large periglacial lakes of the North-west USSR are inhabited by plankton diatoms of the genera Melosira and Cyclotella. Diatom analysis is further applied for the study of the history of the lakes of north-west USSR.

Solar System Small-Body Demographics with the Palomar Transient Factory Survey

Observational studies of our solar system's small-body populations (asteroids and comets) offer insight into the history of our planetary system, as these minor planets represent the left-over building blocks from its formation. The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) survey began in 2009 as the latest wide-field sky-survey program to be conducted on the 1.2-meter Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory. Though its main science program has been the discovery of high-energy extragalactic sources (such as supernovae), during its first five years PTF has collected nearly five million observations of over half a million unique solar system small bodies. This thesis begins to analyze this vast data set to address key population-level science topics, including: the detection rates of rare main-belt comets and small near-Earth asteroids, the spin and shape properties of asteroids as inferred from their lightcurves, the applicability of this visible light data to the interpretation of ultraviolet asteroid observations, and a comparison of the physical properties of main-belt and Jovian Trojan asteroids. Future sky-surveys would benefit from application of the analytical techniques presented herein, which include novel modeling methods and unique applications of machine-learning classification. The PTF asteroid small-body data produced in the course of this thesis work should remain a fertile source of solar system science and discovery for years to come.

Quantifying Earthquake Collapse Risk of Tall Steel Moment Frame Buildings Using Rupture-to-Rafters Simulations

There is a sparse number of credible source models available from large-magnitude past earthquakes. A stochastic source model generation algorithm thus becomes necessary for robust risk quantification using scenario earthquakes. We present an algorithm that combines the physics of fault ruptures as imaged in laboratory earthquakes with stress estimates on the fault constrained by field observations to generate stochastic source models for large-magnitude (Mw 6.0-8.0) strike-slip earthquakes. The algorithm is validated through a statistical comparison of synthetic ground motion histories from a stochastically generated source model for a magnitude 7.90 earthquake and a kinematic finite-source inversion of an equivalent magnitude past earthquake on a geometrically similar fault. The synthetic dataset comprises of three-component ground motion waveforms, computed at 636 sites in southern California, for ten hypothetical rupture scenarios (five hypocenters, each with two rupture directions) on the southern San Andreas fault. A similar validation exercise is conducted for a magnitude 6.0 earthquake, the lower magnitude limit for the algorithm. Additionally, ground motions from the Mw7.9 earthquake simulations are compared against predictions by the Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA relation as well as the ShakeOut scenario earthquake. The algorithm is then applied to generate fifty source models for a hypothetical magnitude 7.9 earthquake originating at Parkfield, with rupture propagating from north to south (towards Wrightwood), similar to the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. Using the spectral element method, three-component ground motion waveforms are computed in the Los Angeles basin for each scenario earthquake and the sensitivity of ground shaking intensity to seismic source parameters (such as the percentage of asperity area relative to the fault area, rupture speed, and risetime) is studied.

Under plausible San Andreas fault earthquakes in the next 30 years, modeled using the stochastic source algorithm, the performance of two 18-story steel moment frame buildings (UBC 1982 and 1997 designs) in southern California is quantified. The approach integrates rupture-to-rafters simulations into the PEER performance based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework. Using stochastic sources and computational seismic wave propagation, three-component ground motion histories at 636 sites in southern California are generated for sixty scenario earthquakes on the San Andreas fault. The ruptures, with moment magnitudes in the range of 6.0-8.0, are assumed to occur at five locations on the southern section of the fault. Two unilateral rupture propagation directions are considered. The 30-year probabilities of all plausible ruptures in this magnitude range and in that section of the fault, as forecast by the United States Geological Survey, are distributed among these 60 earthquakes based on proximity and moment release. The response of the two 18-story buildings hypothetically located at each of the 636 sites under 3-component shaking from all 60 events is computed using 3-D nonlinear time-history analysis. Using these results, the probability of the structural response exceeding Immediate Occupancy (IO), Life-Safety (LS), and Collapse Prevention (CP) performance levels under San Andreas fault earthquakes over the next thirty years is evaluated.

Furthermore, the conditional and marginal probability distributions of peak ground velocity (PGV) and displacement (PGD) in Los Angeles and surrounding basins due to earthquakes occurring primarily on the mid-section of southern San Andreas fault are determined using Bayesian model class identification. Simulated ground motions at sites within 55-75km from the source from a suite of 60 earthquakes (Mw 6.0 − 8.0) primarily rupturing mid-section of San Andreas fault are considered for PGV and PGD data.

Teaching Students to Evaluate E-Reference Sources with Moodle Forums

This presentation will describe the use of online forums in Moodle, a course management system, to teach students to evaluate both print and electronic reference sources. For two semesters I have created an online forum called the Fishing Hole Scouting Report for an in-class exercise. Students are given 2-3 background questions and told to find the answers using both a library-approved reference source and Wikipedia. Students then evaluate the reference source for effectiveness and ease of use, compared to Wikipedia, and post their comments in the forum to share with the class. I will highlight the educational benefits of using Moodle forums for this purpose and discuss best practices for selecting the most effective sources and questions.

Tipperary, by Frank Delaney: a reading of the rewriting of history of Ireland

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é o de discutir a reescrita da história da Irlanda, mais especificamente aspectos relacionados à construção da identidade nacional e de marcas da tradição, a partir da leitura do romance Tipperary, de Frank Delaney. Publicada em 2007, essa obra aborda de forma singular as querelas sobre identidade nacional, nacionalismo, passado, memória, e seus personagens principais e a trama estão significativamente ligados ao contexto político-social da história da Irlanda. Nessa reconstrução da história, o passado é revisitado através de diferentes pontos de vista. Nossa atenção estará voltada para a seleção de elementos/momentos da história do país que ganham foco na narrativa, e as possíveis repercussões deste processo. Além disso, nos concentraremos na questão das tênues fronteiras entre história e ficção, ou seja, as fronteiras pouco delimitadas entre o discurso histórico e o discurso ficcional. Na escrita da história em Tipperary, Delaney aborda questões relativas a mitos, lendas e tradições como importantes fatores de identidade nacional em uma Irlanda que emerge como uma nação independente. No romance em questão, podemos observar como história e memória se unem na jornada do protagonista, em sua empreitada de narrar a história de sua vida e de seu país

Localization of sources of human evoked responses

The evoked response, a signal present in the electro-encephalogram when specific sense modalities are stimulated with brief sensory inputs, has not yet revealed as much about brain function as it apparently promised when first recorded in the late 1940's. One of the problems has been to record the responses at a large number of points on the surface of the head; thus in order to achieve greater spatial resolution than previously attained, a 50-channel recording system was designed to monitor experiments with human visually evoked responses.

Conventional voltage versus time plots of the responses were found inadequate as a means of making qualitative studies of such a large data space. This problem was solved by creating a graphical display of the responses in the form of equipotential maps of the activity at successive instants during the complete response. In order to ascertain the necessary complexity of any models of the responses, factor analytic procedures were used to show that models characterized by only five or six independent parameters could adequately represent the variability in all recording channels.

One type of equivalent source for the responses which meets these specifications is the electrostatic dipole. Two different dipole models were studied: the dipole in a homogeneous sphere and the dipole in a sphere comprised of two spherical shells (of different conductivities) concentric with and enclosing a homogeneous sphere of a third conductivity. These models were used to determine nonlinear least squares fits of dipole parameters to a given potential distribution on the surface of a spherical approximation to the head. Numerous tests of the procedures were conducted with problems having known solutions. After these theoretical studies demonstrated the applicability of the technique, the models were used to determine inverse solutions for the evoked response potentials at various times throughout the responses. It was found that reliable estimates of the location and strength of cortical activity were obtained, and that the two models differed only slightly in their inverse solutions. These techniques enabled information flow in the brain, as indicated by locations and strengths of active sites, to be followed throughout the evoked response.

From organism to population: the role of life-history theory

The role of life-history theory in population and evolutionary analyses is outlined. In both cases general life histories can be analysed, but simpler life histories need fewer parameters for their description. The simplest case, of semelparous (breed-once-then-die) organisms, needs only three parameters: somatic growth rate, mortality rate and fecundity. This case is analysed in detail. If fecundity is fixed, population growth rate can be calculated direct from mortality rate and somatic growth rate, and isoclines on which population growth rate is constant can be drawn in a ”state space” with axes for mortality rate and somatic growth rate. In this space density-dependence is likely to result in a population trajectory from low density, when mortality rate is low and somatic growth rate is high and the population increases (positive population growth rate) to high density, after which the process reverses to return to low density. Possible effects of pollution on this system are discussed. The state-space approach allows direct population analysis of the twin effects of pollution and density on population growth rate. Evolutionary analysis uses related methods to identify likely evolutionary outcomes when an organism's genetic options are subject to trade-offs. The trade-off considered here is between somatic growth rate and mortality rate. Such a trade-off could arise because of an energy allocation trade-off if resources spent on personal defence (reducing mortality rate) are not available for somatic growth rate. The evolutionary implications of pollution acting on such a trade-off are outlined.

Aprendendo o uso das ervas: a trajetória de terapeutas populares

A utilização de ervas e plantas para finalidades terapêuticas é bastante antiga e registrada em várias sociedades. Esta pesquisa procura investigar como se dá o processo de construção e reprodução do conhecimento em medicina popular (particularmente o cuidado com ervas e plantas medicinais) através da história de vida de terapeutas populares pessoas que se tornaram referências em suas comunidades por adquirir, praticar e transmitir esse conhecimento. Tem como objetivos conhecer e compreender o processo de construção do conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais por terapeutas populares do município do Rio de Janeiro; compreender as formas de reprodução deste conhecimento; entender o contexto de relações destes terapeutas com o saber científico. Utilizou-se como opção metodológica a história oral com ênfase na história de vida. Foram entrevistados sete terapeutas populares de diferentes bairros do município. Observou-se que o conhecimento em relação às ervas medicinais não está restrito a um pequeno grupo e limitado a uma forma de transmissão oral. O conhecimento tem se reproduzido, mas também tem se modificado, mesclando-se com outras formas de conhecimento e entremeado por diversas fontes de informação que vão desde a transmissão oral até informações disponíveis na mídia. A principal forma de reprodução do conhecimento parece ser a perpetuação do negócio, que evoca o discurso do tradicional, a natureza das ervas e suas propriedades benéficas e se sustenta por uma rede de informação que se utiliza dos diversos meios de comunicação e uma rede de produção e comércio que garante o sustento econômico dos terapeutas populares. A transformação das práticas de utilização de ervas medicinais em patrimônio cultural ou negócio de família além de garantir a perpetuação do conhecimento, garante um espaço diferente dentro das práticas de cuidado em saúde. As relações dos terapeutas com a medicina oficial não são relações de tensões, embora haja criticas, mas de interposição de sistemas terapêuticos.

Historia del cuidado y del papel de la enfermería durante la Guerra Civil Española: España y País Vasco : revisión Bibliográfica

[Es]La labor cuidadora es conocida desde la antigüedad y así lo demuestran los estudios realizados. En el transcurso de la historia ha existido una evolución en el concepto de la salud-enfermedad. Y a su vez la enfermería ha sufrido trasformaciones importantes, situándose hoy en día en la posición en la que se la conoce. Diferentes acontecimientos favorecieron ésta evolución, como los conflictos bélicos. Por ello se realiza un estudio durante la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939), para conocer la situación de la enfermería en la época, los cuidados que ofrecieron las/los enfermeras/os, la importancia de la colaboración social para la realización de estos cuidados y el consecuente beneficio de todo ello. Dedicando una sección al País vasco. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica recurriendo principalmente a fuentes primarias para la obtención de documentación. Dando como resultado, un estudio histórico de carácter analítico-sintético. Se obtiene como resultado una visión global de la labor cuidadora de enfermeras/os, del voluntariado y de la ayuda internacional en el transcurso del conflicto. Destaca la importancia de la formación, la disciplina, los reglamentos y guías. Resulta imprescindible señalar el importante papel que desarrolló la Cruz Roja durante todo el conflicto. El conocimiento sobre el importante papel de la enfermería y los cuidados aplicados durante la guerra, contribuye a una reflexión personal de la importancia que éstas tuvieron, y demuestra la necesidad de una indagación más profunda y amplia.