Produção e caracterização físico-mecânica de painel de compensado de Eucalyptus sp. e adesivo PVA

Studies on new adhesives and resins for bonding wood and wood products are being conducted with the intention of improving their properties, taking into account a lower environmental impact. For this reason new formulations of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesives have been developed, because they have no chemicals in its composition extremely polluting and harmful to health, as is the case of formaldehyde-based resins, which in turn are the most commonly used today for wood panels production. This study tested three different formulations of PVA adhesives, with different times and temperatures of pressing for the production of Eucalyptus sp. Plywood, coming up in satisfactory results with respect to shear strength at the bondline, which was higher for the PVA adhesives compared with urea-formaldehyde and phenol. The results of MOE and MOR were lower than those values of the panels produced with urea and phenol-formaldehyde, and the results of physical tests showed to be close to the panels produced with these same adhesives

Estudo da secagem natural e forçada das folhas de Corymbia Citriodora a partir da extração de óleos essenciais

Essential oils are products from plants and can be located in parts or in its entirety. There are several methods for its extraction, where the most suitable depends on the plant or the use of the essence. The main species cultivated in Brazil are the Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus staigeriana. The Corymbia citriodora is a species that was introduced in Brazil along with other species, with the initial objective of timber production. The yield of oil can range from 0.5 % to 3.0% according to the literature and this can be optimized by reducing the moisture content of the leaves. Studies show that the lower water content in the leaves allows the vapor stream generated in the extractor can drag, more efficiently, the volatiles stored in the cells as compared with the green material. The drying of the sheets is important for companies, so that there is transport of water, increasing the volume of the sheets to distillation and hence a greater volume of oil. The objective of this study was to compare the drying methods, analyzing the income of the essence and determine the best method to optimize the yield of essential oil. Experimental tests were performed natural drying 10, 15 and 20 days and fluidized with times of 60, 90 and 120 minutes and after drying were extractions of the oil. The results obtained for fresh leave yield was 1.20 % and the drying time which showed the highest yield was 15 and 20 days with 2.90 % and 2.70 % yield, respectively, with the lowest level humidity of 16%. The yields obtained in fluidized bed drying did not change as the natural drying to between 1.64% and 1.7%. It is concluded that the decreased level of the sheets increases the yield of oil and the temperature in the fluidized bed is essential for the removal of water from the leaves necessary to increase the yield

Caracterização da comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na Fazenda Nova América, Cabrália Paulista – SP

Após a expansão das fronteiras agrícola e pecuária e com o atual crescimento da indústria de papel e celulose, mosaicos compostos por remanescentes de floresta secundária intercalados com áreas de cultivo de eucalipto se tornaram uma paisagem freqüente no Estado de São Paulo. A queda na biodiversidade em qualquer monocultura é notável quando comparada aos fragmentos de florestas naturais, entretanto estudos sobre a dinâmica das espécies inseridas nesta nova condição ainda são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar a comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na Fazenda Nova América, localizada no município de Cabrália Paulista-SP, de forma a subsidiar ações voltadas ao manejo de habitat e conservação. O principal método de coleta foi o registro de pegadas em transectos lineares, para o estabelecimento da riqueza, abundância e estimativa da diversidade. Para isso, foram realizadas 4 campanhas de campo onde eram percorridos 5 trajetos de 2 km e largura variável, distando, no mínimo, 500 metros entre si. Foram realizadas três repetições em cada trajeto. Como metodologia complementar foram utilizadas parcelas de areia, observação direta de animais, de outros vestígios, entrevistas e captura fotográfica. Foram obtidos registros de 24 espécies de mamíferos, distribuídos em 12 famílias e 6 ordens. A observação de rastros em transectos lineares se mostrou eficiente, amostrando cerca de 80% das espécies presentes na área. A espécie mais encontrada foi o cachorro-domato (Cerdocyon thous), presente em todos os ambientes. As espécies com maior abundância na fazenda foram as generalistas. As áreas de Eucalipto apresentaram uma riqueza e uma abundância de espécies menor que os fragmentos de mata, visto que a monocultura acaba limitando os recursos disponíveis. Mas quando o cultivo ocorre de forma sustentável, pode-se formar um novo ambiente para a fauna e flora locais

Análise exergética e ecológica de um sistema compacto de cogeração operando com gás de síntese

The aim of this work is to make a qualitatively and ecologically evaluation of a compact cogeneration system that operates with synthesis gas obtained from a gasifier. Using the Eucalyptus Biomass as fuel, that passes through a wood gasifier (Drowndraft type) and supply the internal combustion engine. The compact cogeneration system is composed of two heat exchangers, an energy generator connected to an internal combustion engine and an absorption refrigeration system. The complete system is installed in the laboratory from the Energy Department at the University of Guaratinguetá. By the analysis related to the First and Second Thermodynamic Laws applied in this system, was possible to identify the mass flows in each point, energetic efficiency, irreversibility and exergetic efficiency. The components that have the biggest irreversibilities are the gasifier, followed by the internal combustion engine, which should be focused in future improvements. The system efficiency in energetic basis is 51,84% and in exergetic basis is 22,78%. Using the ecologic efficiency methodology was possible to identify the emissions rates, the pollution indicator associated to the combustion of the synthesis gas in the internal combustion engine. The ecologic efficiency considering the energectic analysis is 91,73%, while considering the exergetic analysis, 83,65%. It is concluded that the use of the synthesis gas in a compact cogeneration system is viable from the technical and ecological point of view, making possible to generate energy for isolated communities and promoting the decentralized electricity generation

Homogeneização da biodiversidade?: a importância de se distinguir diferentes tipos de impacto ao analisar metacomunidades aquáticas

O processo de homogeneização da biodiversidade tem chamado a atenção de pesquisadores porque integra três principais processos que estão relacionados com a crise moderna da biodiversidade – a introdução de espécies exóticas, extinção de espécies nativas e modificações do habitat – e por dar maior ênfase à composição de espécies ao invés do número de espécies das comunidades. Neste sentido, o conceito de diversidade beta – variação espacial e temporal na composição das espécies – apresenta-se central para a compreensão do processo de homogeneização da biota; principalmente porque a heterogeneidade do habitat é a maior causa da diversidade beta, e segundo, por que algumas métricas de diversidade beta fornecem um meio de estimar e comparar estatisticamente a homogeneização taxonômica. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos se a modificação do habitat está relacionada com a homogeneização taxonômica de macroinvertebrados em 32 riachos da Mata Atlântica. Nós testamos se esta modificação, associada com diferentes usos do solo (e.g., cana-de-açúcar, eucalipto, pasto, banana e floresta), está relacionada com o declínio na diversidade beta, e se a diversidade beta é afetada pela escala espacial utilizada nas análises. Nós estimamos e comparamos diversidade beta através do procedimento de homogeneidade de dispersões multivariadas. Quando agrupamos os diferentes tipos de uso do solo em uma escala maior, i.e., áreas impactadas vs. áreas florestadas, nós encontramos que os riachos impactados tinham diversidade beta mais alta. Ou seja, riachos mais preservados foram, surpreendentemente, mais homogêneos biologicamente. Porém, na escala espacial mais fina, distinguindo os diferentes tipos de uso do solo, nós observamos maior diversidade beta e maior heterogeneidade ambiental entre riachos florestados. Estes resultados indicam que se agruparmos diferentes tipos de impacto como áreas impactadas, nós...

Efeitos da variação do teor de umidade da madeira no processo de lixamento

The process of sanding wood is little known and industries use it in a practical way without having studied their best conditions before. There are few studies involving this type of machining. On this basis, this paper studied the effects of varying moisture content of the wood surface quality after the sanding process. It was used a sanding machine with flat horizontal cut parallel to the fibers, using: 02 different species (Pinus elliottii and Corymbia citriodora); 01 sanding abrasive (aluminum oxide) and 03 different particle size abrasives ( P80 , P100 and P120 ) . Initially, the pieces were acclimatized ( 2 ± 7% , 12% and 17% ± 2 ± 2 ) and subsequently passed by the sanding process, and therefore, the surface roughness was analyzed. For each condition, were performed 06 repetitions totaling 54 trials for each species. We analyzed the effects of wood moisture by capturing the power sanding, rougheness, acoustic emission and maximum temperature during the sanding process. The variation of moisture content produced changes in the surface quality of the finished parts, and these changes were more marked in Pinus than Corymbia. During the sanding process of the specimens with 7 % and 12 % humidity, there was a lower noise emission, power consumption and heating surface. When checking the roughness of these parts after this process, it was observed that the surface quality of them were superior in the parts sanded containing 17 % moisture

Composição e distribuição florística em corredores ecológicos em regeneração natural

The interventions in the environment performed by humans in recent decades have changed the landscape and the natural ecosystems were reduced to fragments, which are now considered to be a shelter for the biodiversity that still exists. The present work behind the data obtained from a study conducted in four corridors located in the municipality of Paulista, SP, which connect different forest fragments amidst an eucalyptus matrix. These corridors are linear strips of land that were part of the eucalyptus plantation, where since 2002, a natural regeneration process is in course. We conducted a rapid ecological survey in the central corridors, and individuals exhibiting height ≥ 1.30 m were sampled in 268 plots of 20 x 25 m, covering an area of 13.4 ha. In total 11,111 individuals were recorded, distributed in 154 species, 100 genera and 47 families. Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the richest families. The proximity of forest remnants affected the composition, density and richness of the natural regenerated areas. There was mostly greater similarity inside each corridor, and the observed variations in similarity were gradual among contiguous plots

Produção de cerveja, utilizando méis de diferentes origens botânicas como adjuntos

This study aimed to produce beer, using different botanical origins of honeys (orange, eucalyptus and wild), as malt adjuncts, and their Physical-chemical and sensorial characterizations. The production was made with malt, water, hops and honey. All musts were adjusted to 12 Brix, and the concentration of honey in the formulation was 45% (based on the extract), except for the control (0%). The physical and chemical analysis were performed on malt (extract content), honey (pH, free acidity, lactonic acidity, total acidity, color, turbidity, extract content, moisture content, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar and sucrose) in wort (content extract, pH, color, turbidity, fermentability ,bitterness and total acidity) and beer apparent extract, apparent fermentability, real extract, real fermentability, alcohol content, pH, total acidity, total foam, foam density , bitterness, carbon dioxide, color and turbidity). Sensory analysis was performed by nine-points hedonic scale testing. The attributes evaluated were appearance, aroma, flavor and overall. The results were submitted to ANOVA and means compared by Tukey testing at a 5% of probability. Beer with honey as adjuncts’ had high fermentability and low content of fat, compared to the pure malt beer. The addition of honey as an adjunct did not affect the majority of the physical-chemical parameters, except for turbidity, whereas beer with honey showed the highest value for this feature, in addition, it has also presented their biterness differences the values for beer with honey were lower. The different types of honeys did not affect the acceptability of beer, however, the beer with honey showed greater acceptance between beer with malt and honey

Estudo comparativo de dois tipos de painéis de MDP: com adição de papel impregnado e lâminas de bambu

This work is the production of two types of particle boards reconstructed MDP (Medium Density Particleboard), the first with the addition, in the inner layer of particles of impregnated paper, the ratios of 0%, 1%, 5% and 20 %. In the second type of panel MDP was inserted with blades of bamboo species Dendrocalumus giganteus as coatings and structural reinforcement. The MDP panel, used as a basis for both cases has the composition of three layers, two external particles with smaller particle size and an inner layer composed of particles of larger particle sizes. Assays were performed based on physical and mechanical NBR 14.810/2006 for the determination of the board density, thickness swelling, water absorption, moisture content, bending, tension parallel and perpendicular, and testing of particle sizes of the particles did not exists in standard references. The results were analyzed and compared the results of the commercial boards made from 100% eucalyptus, based on the limits specified by the ABNT NBR 14.810/2006. The values of the tests showed similar results indicating normative specifications in a positive way, the possibility of production of MDP with the use of waste paper impregnated. As for the panel with bamboo blades, the tests showed a mechanical performance far superior to MDP market, explaining the study and possible implementation of the bamboo for use where the MDP will suffer greater mechanical stress, such as doors, tops and benches tables

Amostragem de poluentes particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa em correntes confinadas

It is clear today the ever-accelerating search for new fuels that will eventually replace those that will survive in our society, which are fossil fuels. For this reason, a fuel used since the dawn of humanity and much studied since then, considered the generator of clean, renewable energy, can earn more and more space in the power generation sector, which is biomass. We performed two experiments with two different types of biomass, one from the Amazon rainforest and other pine and eucalyptus as waste from the sawmill UNESP Itapeva. In the first experiment, conducted at the Laboratory of Combustion and Propulsion INPE Cachoeira Paulista were conducted three tests in a chimney with a fan creating forced ventilation, where the biomass was burned and deposited on a support beneath the hood. In the second experiment was conducted to analyze the emission of particulate matter using biomass (waste) from the sawmill on the campus of UNESP experimental Itapeva the burning of it in a burner for heating water for a wood oven. In these experiments we used a particle called DATARAM4 sampler that is capable of sampling both outdoors and inside of pipelines, which is the focus of this work. With this equipment it was possible to measure the concentration of particulate matter in all the firings as above, and compare them to levels acceptable in the current law, always trying to analyze the so-called fine particles, which are those with diameters less than 2.5 μm. Using data obtained from the equipment was also possible to evaluate the diametral distribution of particulate matter in question, and verify which phases of the flares in the concentration and the diameters of the particles are the most critical. In this work we concluded that in all firings conducted concentrations of particulate matter were higher than that allowed by the law, and the diameters were found that are more harmful to human health

Estrutura populacional de Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. (Orchidaceae), em um mosaico vegetacional (FEENA) da Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Rio Claro, São Paulo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a estrutura de população de O. maculata, através de sua distribuição espacial e estrutura de habitat, comparando características físicas e biológicas em diferentes fisionomias de Pinus spp. e Eucalyptus spp.. Foram montadas 86 parcelas de 5m por 10m, distribuídas uniformemente entre 4 áreas pré-estabelecidas de fisionomias distintas. Os indivíduos levantados foram separados em duas classes etárias, jovens e adultos, e contabilizou-se a taxa de predação, número de pseudobulbos e número de folhas. Os parâmetros ambientais avaliados foram cobertura herbácea, densidade de dossel, luminosidade e umidade de serrapilheira. A espécie apresentou densidades bastante elevadas nas áreas de plantios de eucalipto (1224 e 1733 indivíduos por hectare) e baixas nos plantios de pinus (88 e 26 individuos por hectare) o que levou as análises a se concentrarem nas fisionomias compostas por eucaliptos. O padrão de distribuição da espécie foi o agregado em todos os ambientes. Indivíduos adultos apresentaram significativamente um número médio de pseudobulbos maior que indivíduos jovens (Mann-Whitney; U = 24248.500; p<0,001), porém a diferença no número de folhas não foi significativa. A taxa de predação foliar em O. maculata entre as áreas de eucaliptos apresentou variação significativa. A variação do total de folhas predadas foi confirmada pelo teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (X²=115.487; gl=1; p<0.001). A comparação de médias, com base no teste de Kruskal-Wallis, para cobertura de dossel (H(3,N=102)=28,534 p<0,001) e cobertura herbácea H(3,N=94)=28,246, p<0,001, mostrou taxas menores nas áreas de eucalipto. A umidade da serrapilheira foi menor (36,5%) nos locais onde a espécie apresentou agrupamentos, quando comparada aos locais de ausência (47,5%). Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. possui grande capacidade para colonizar ambientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Otimização da extração alcalina com peróxido de hidrogênio em seqüência de branqueamento com aplicação de baixo fator kappa

The new market, focused on sustainability and other environmental concerns, refers to innovations that seek alternative forms of production. In pulp and paper bleaching alternative reagents are studied, for example, hydrogen peroxide, in partial substitution of chlorine dioxide in order to reduce the formation of organochlorines. In this context, this study examined the burden of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on alkaline extraction stage (stage Ep) required for the bleaching of pulp with eucalyptus kraft pulp, pre-oxygen delignified to obtain equivalent brightness at 90 ± 0.5% ISO, as well as its effect on quality of pulp produced. The pulp was bleached by the sequence D(Ep)DP, with the application of factor kappa of 0.14 and varying the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in Ep stage three, five, seven and nine kilograms of reagent per ton of pulp absolutely drought. The final P stage was optimized with the use of six, nine and twelve pounds of hydrogen peroxide per ton of absolutely dry pulp to achieve the required brightness. The quality of the pulp produced was analyzed based on the kappa number, the brightness and the viscosity. The methods were performed according to standards set by the standard TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry). The best result was obtained using the following D0Ep(7)D1P(6), which showed a viscosity of 19.9 cP, 89.6% ISO brightness, consumption of 94.9 kg / t of reagents and reagent costs of US$ 28.15, because it showed better pulp quality for a lower cost compared to the others. It was found that the greater the amount of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline extraction, the lower the kappa number and increased the amount of residual hydrogen peroxide. The higher the charge of hydrogen peroxide in Ep stage, the lower the need for hydrogen peroxide in the final P stage, reducing the cost of bleaching

Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes por anta (Tapirus terrestris) em uma área de plantio florestal no cerrado, MS

A anta brasileira Tapirus terrestris é o maior mamífero terrestre neotropical, sendo encontrada em todos os biomas brasileiros, com exceção da Caatinga, onde foi extinta. É capaz de carregar sementes de tamanhos variados por longas distâncias e em grandes quantidades, e depositá-las em locais distantes da plantamãe. Porém, seu potencial como dispersora é questionado, uma vez que o transporte para latrinas pode dificultar o estabelecimento pela grande quantidade de sementes. Os objetivos desse projeto foram (1) investigar a dieta da anta em um ambiente de Cerrado e (2) verificar, através de testes de germinação, se a passagem pelo seu trato digestivo modifica a taxa de germinação de araçá-docampo (Psidium guineense) e mutambo (Guazuma ulmifolia). O estudo foi realizado na fazenda Barra do Moeda, Três Lagoas/MS, onde a matriz é composta por talhões de eucalipto e cerrado em diversos estágios sucessionais. Os bolos fecais foram coletados em viagens trimestrais e, na triagem, tiveram as sementes separadas e contabilizadas. Foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado e o de Mann-Whitney para as análises estatísticas. A triagem dos bolos fecais registrou 53 espécies vegetais, sendo 31 identificadas. As famílias com maior proporção foram Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae e Rubiaceae, sendo verificada diferença significativa na dieta entre as duas estações. O fruto de Araçá-do-Campo (Psidium guineense) foi o mais consumido nos dois períodos, o que indica a importância desse item alimentar para a anta. Além disso, foi verificada uma redução significativa no sucesso germinativo do araçá-do-campo após a passagem pelo trato digestivo desse mamífero, sugerindo que apesar da grande quantidade de sementes, parte é inviabilizada. Foram também registradas sete espécies e dois gêneros novos, o que indica a importância da realização de novas pesquisas, com o intuito... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Caracterização morfológica e fenotípica de leveduras do gênero Cryptococcus com ênfase na pesquisa de Cryptococcus neoormans isoladas de amostras de água de mar e areia de três ambientes costeiros do estado de São Paulo: Canal de São Sebastião, Baixada Santista e Ubatuba

The yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is the etiologic agent of cryptococcosis, an infectious cosmopolitan disease that affects humans. Although rare, this disease is potentially fatal, especially for immunocompromised hosts. This pathogen is frequently isolated from excrements of pigeons and parrots, with many environmental sources such as birds, pigeon droppings, eucalyptus leaves, decaying trees, towers, churches and places of storage of grain (the port area). The isolation of this microorganism has been obtained also from the aquatic environment. The identification of environmental sources is needed to protect human health, especially susceptible populations such as immunocompromised. Therefore, this study investigated the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans in yeast isolates obtained from samples of sea water and sand from three regions of São Paulo: São Sebastião Channel, Santos and Ubatuba. Isolates were analyzed according to micro-and macroscopic characteristics and biochemical tests: microculture, urease, ink nankin, auxanograma, zymogram and phenol. We analyzed 199 isolates, 175 of which had features suggestive for Cryptococcus spp. in microculture. All these 175 isolates were sown in the Christensen urea middle to verify the production of urease and submitted to the technique nankin ink to visualize the capsule. Of these, only 24 were selected for the next test that was the auxanograma (assimilation of carbohydrate and nitrogen). Of the 24, 10 were tested in zymograms (fermented sugar), from which 5 were selected for the phenoloxidase test in medium containing dopamine. None of the 5 isolates tested had black or brown color characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans. According to these tests, we arrived at 5 isolates identified to the genus Cryptococcus, but not the neoformans specie

Mapeamento geoestatístico da permeabilidade superficial no entorno do Ribeirão Claro: e simulação da possibilidade de sua contaminação

The evaluation of soil permeability throughout the weathering profile is one of the most important features to be considered in environmental studies. This study, developed from field testing and analysis of data obtained by geostatistical methods, aims at mapping the permeability around the Ribeirão Claro river. The intent is to simulate an accident with toxic liquids where soil permeability is of fundamental importance. Another purpose of the research was to determine the minimum time that, in the event of an accident, a possible contaminant to reach the water table level and be routed to the nearest drain, in this case, the Ribeirao V Claro river constitutes fundamental information. The studied area of approximately 4 km² is located within the UNESP-Rio Claro campus, consisting of colluvial soil from Fm. Rio Claro superimposed on residual soil of Fm. Corumbataí. The method used to determine the permeability is the concentric cylinders performed on a sampling grid with 64 points containing spacing of 5 meters EW and 10 meters NS. In the places of permeability tests were collected samples for laboratory determination of the percentage of fines. From particle size analysis was performed and analysis statistical and geostatistical on this data. The histogram was based on the statistical studies, and the semivariograms were based on geostatistical estimation methods. Based on the comparison between the maps and the data obtained, it was determined that the percentage of fines in colluvial surface soil has little influence on permeability, which the proximity to the Ribeirao Claro river, the eastern portion, a factor that influences the distribution of permeability values