Essential fatty acids for dry eye:a review

Purpose Dry eye is a common complaint often encountered in optometric practice. However, it is a difficult condition to treat as clinical signs do not always correlate with patient symptoms. Essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly omega-3 EFA, may be effective in dealing with the underlying causes. Methods A literature review was carried out on the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Ovid databases. Searches included keywords such as ‘dry eye’, ‘essential fatty acids’ and ‘nutrition’ to find articles relating to the treatment of dry eye syndrome (DES) with omega-3 EFAs. Results Omega-3 and -6 EFAs need to be consumed together within a reasonable ratio to be effective. Currently, typical diets in developed countries lack omega-3 EFA and this results in an overexposure to omega-6. Omega-3 supplementation has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting creation of omega-6 prostaglandin precursors. Omega-3 EFAs also demonstrate anti-inflammatory action in the lacrimal gland preventing apoptosis of the secretory epithelial cells. Supplementation clears meibomitis, allowing a thinner, more elastic lipid layer to protect the tear film and cornea. Conclusion Dietary supplementation of omega-3 EFA has already proven to be effective in coronary heart disease and arthritis. Safety is not a concern as it works synergistically with omega-6 in the body. Evidence suggests that supplementation with omega-3 EFA may be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of DES.

Essential mathematics:a refresher course for business and social studies

Many students starting courses in business, accounting and similar areas want to update their mathematical skills, and are seeking a suitable text; this book addresses their needs. Written in an informal style, emphasising understanding and application of techniques rather than formal proofs, it covers all the mathematics needed by entrants to BTEC, undergraduate, MBA and related professional courses. Plentiful worked examples and exercises with solutions make the book a practical self-study aid for those wishing to revise before starting their course.

Essential maths:for business and management

Assuming no prior mathematical knowledge, this approachable and straightforward text covers the essential mathematical skills needed by business and management students at undergraduate and MBA level. Clare Morris uses a clear and informal narrative style with examples, painlessly leading the reader through fundamental mathematical principles. "Essential Maths" spans basic arithmetic and algebra, and introduces readers to calculus and simple statistics, employing exercises and activities throughout to enable students to check their learning and reflect on their progress and understanding. Also available is a companion website with extra features to accompany the text, please take a look on http://www.palgrave.com/business/morris/index.html

Translation elongation factor 1A is essential for regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell morphology

The binding of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) to actin is a noncanonical function that may link two distinct cellular processes, cytoskeleton organization and gene expression. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have established an in vivo assay that directly identifies specific regions and residues of eEF1A responsible for actin interactions and bundling. Using a unique genetic screen, we isolated a series of eEF1A mutants with reduced actin bundling activity. These mutations alter actin cytoskeleton organization but not translation, indicating that these are separate functions of eEF1A. This demonstrates for the first time a direct consequence of eEF1A on cytoskeletal organization in vivo and the physiological significance of this interaction.

Essential ingredients of imaging: The fMRI Experience II, 11–12 May 2000, Weston Education Centre, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK

Conference review

A quick guide to surviving redundancy:your essential legal guide

What do you do if your boss calls you in to talk about job cuts? What are your rights? What are his or her rights? Do you know the procedures that should be followed? If redundancy looms, or you just want to be prepared for the worst,you need to know where you stand.Author Kathy Daniels is well placed to help. She writes and lectures extensively on human resources and employee rights, and as a member of the Employment Tribunal she regularly comes face-to-face with redundancy claims. In this easy-to-understand guide she answers all the important questions on redundancy and its aftermath, including: How are staff selected for redundancy? What is voluntary redundancy? Are full-time,part-time and agency staff treated differently? What is the consultation process bosses must adhere to? How much redundancy pay can you expect? How do you take a claim to the Employment Tribunal? As well as covering all the legal dos and don'ts, helpful guidance is provided on: Budgets and personal finances after redundancy Benefits you may be able to claim Coping with stress and strain Finding a new job or changing career The Quick Guide to Surviving Redundancy is full of real-life case studies and top tips on your employment rights. It also includes template letters for a range of redundancy situations.

Basisdiskothek Rock und Pop:Essential collection rock and pop

Was darf in einem gutsortierten Plattenschrank aus den Bereichen Rock und Pop nicht fehlen? Uwe Schütte beantwortet diese drängende Frage. Inzwischen hat er seine erfolgreiche Empfehlungsliste überarbeitet und den Band um fünf Klassiker sowie Entdeckungen in neuen Einzelartikeln ergänzt: von Abba über Burial, Death Cab For Cutie und Tocotronic bis hin zu Wilco. Register der Platten und Gruppen erleichtern die Orientierung in diesem für den Musikfan unentbehrlichen Band. What may be missing in a well-stocked record collection from the fields of rock and pop not? Uwe Schütte answers this pressing question. Since then he has revised his successful referral list and the band around five classics and new discoveries, supplemented in individual articles: Abba on Burial, Death Cab For Cutie and Plumb to Wilco. Register of the panels and groups to facilitate the orientation in this indispensable volume for the music lover.

Essential BIM input data study for housing refurbishment:homeowners’ preferences in the UK

Construction customers are persistently seeking to achieve sustainability and maximize value as sustainability has become a major consideration in the construction industry. In particular, it is essential to refurbish a whole house to achieve the sustainability agenda of 80% CO2 reduction by 2050 as the housing sector accounts for 28% of the total UK CO2 emission. However, whole house refurbishment seems to be challenging due to the highly fragmented nature of construction practice, which makes the integration of diverse information throughout the project lifecycle difficult. Consequently, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore in order to manage construction projects in a collaborative manner, although the current uptake of the housing sector is low at 25%. This research aims to investigate homeowners’ decision making factors for housing refurbishment projects and to provide a valuable dataset as an essential input to BIM for such projects. One-hundred and twelve homeowners and 39 construction professionals involved in UK housing refurbishment were surveyed. It was revealed that homeowners value initial cost more while construction professionals value thermal performance. The results supported that homeowners and professionals both considered the first priority to be roof refurbishment. This research revealed that BIM requires a proper BIM dataset and objects for housing refurbishment.

Essential Arity Gap of Boolean Functions

In this paper we investigate the Boolean functions with maximum essential arity gap. Additionally we propose a simpler proof of an important theorem proved by M. Couceiro and E. Lehtonen in [3]. They use Zhegalkin’s polynomials as normal forms for Boolean functions and describe the functions with essential arity gap equals 2. We use to instead Full Conjunctive Normal Forms of these polynomials which allows us to simplify the proofs and to obtain several combinatorial results concerning the Boolean functions with a given arity gap. The Full Conjunctive Normal Forms are also sum of conjunctions, in which all variables occur.