La frontera global. Análisis de los flujos de narcotráfico en la frontera norte ecuatoriana

El texto trata la situación de la zona de frontera norte ecuatoriana, identificando que históricamente Ecuador es el único país que ha desempeñado un papel diferencial en la economía política del narcotráfico en los países andino-amazónicos; esto en el contexto de las guerras globales contra el narcotráfico y el terrorismo relacionadas directamente con los flujos transnacionales de narcotráfico. Desde esta perspectiva se presenta una propuesta analítica e interpretativa sobre la economía política del narcotráfico, haciendo referencia a los flujos transfronterizos de narcotráfico, manifestación mediante la cual, la compleja frontera norte-ecuatoriana se relaciona con el sistema industrial de droga que se desarrolla en los países andinoamazónicos insertándose a los circuitos y redes ilegales de la economía política internacional del narcotráfico. El establecimiento de una red de flujos transfronterizos de narcotráfico en la frontera norte ecuatoriana, constituyen la agudización de la consecución y la expansión del mercado de producción y tránsito de droga en la zona de frontera colombo-ecuatoriana. Con consecuencias problemáticas que agravan las condiciones sociales y de seguridad ciudadana de las poblaciones transfronterizas, las condiciones de corrupción y desintegración política, institucional y social.

Genetic evidence for a predominant role of PI3Kβ catalytic activity in ITAM- and integrin-mediated signaling in platelets.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms PI3Kbeta and PI3Kgamma are implicated in platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, but their relative contribution is still unclear or controversial. Here, we report the first comparative functional analysis of platelets from mice expressing a catalytically inactive form of PI3Kbeta or PI3Kgamma. We demonstrate that both isoforms were similarly required for maximal activation of the small GTPase Rap1b and for complete platelet aggregation upon stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors for adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) or U46619. Their contribution to these events, however, was largely redundant and dispensable. However, PI3Kbeta, but not PI3Kgamma, enzymatic activity was absolutely required for Akt phosphorylation, Rap1 activation, and platelet aggregation downstream of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Moreover, PI3Kbeta was a major essential regulator of platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3)-mediated spreading. These results provide genetic evidence for a crucial and selective role of PI3Kbeta in signaling through GPVI and integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3).

Intramolecular Diels-Alder furan-mediated synthesis of 8-aryl-3, 4-di-hydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones, convenient precursors of indeno[1,2,3-ij]isoquinolines

We describe herein preliminary studies on the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Furan-Mediated Synthesis of 8-Aryl-3, 4-di-hydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones that constitutes a new, formal synthesis of Indeno[1,2,3-ij]isoquinolines.

Polymer brushes under shear: molecular dynamics simulations compared to experiments

Surfaces coated with polymer brushes in a good solvent are known to exhibit excellent tribological properties. We have performed coarse-grained equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate dextran polymer brushes in an aqueous environment in molecular detail. In a first step, we determined simulation parameters and units by matching experimental results for a single dextran chain. Analyzing this model when applied to a multichain system, density profiles of end-tethered polymer brushes obtained from equilibrium MD simulations compare very well with expectations based on self-consistent field theory. Simulation results were further validated against and correlated with available experimental results. The simulated compression curves (normal force as a function of surface separation) compare successfully with results obtained with a surface forces apparatus. Shear stress (friction) obtained via nonequilibrium MD is contrasted with nanoscale friction studies employing colloidal-probe lateral force microscopy. We find good agreement in the hydrodynamic regime and explain the observed leveling-off of the friction forces in the boundary regime by means of an effective polymer–wall attraction.

Growth rate differences between four Chilean populations of edible seaweed Chondracanthus chamissoi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales)

The effects of temperature, photon flux density and photoperiod on the growth rate of female gametophytic and tetrasporophytic thalli of Chondracanthus chamissoi from four populations along the Chilean coast were studied in vitro. Both reproductive phases survived and grew under all the conditions tested, with growth rates varying between 0.1 and 7.5% day(-1). The results showed higher growth rates with increases in temperature and photon flux density levels. The growth rate was higher in female gametophytic thalli in almost all treatments. The photoperiod did not cause significant differences in the growth rate for either reproductive phases in any of the populations studied. Temperature was the principal factor affecting the growth rate of C. chamissoi.

Germination and survival of tetraspores of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) introduced in subtropical waters of Brazil

The carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii was introduced in 1995 and vegetatively propagated in Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, for the purpose of commercial cultivation. This species produces tetraspores mainly in the austral summer and fall. Tetraspore germination and survival were studied under different conditions of temperature, photon flux density, and photoperiod in the laboratory. Field experiments were also carried out. Although tetraspores of K. alvarezii germinated, they had low survival rates, most dying after 20 days. Recruitment of K. alvarezii tetraspores did not occur in experiments conducted in the field. The results indicated that the establishment of K. alvarezii via spore production in the natural environment of the south-east coast of Brazil is rather remote.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Latin America: Proceedings of the Second Latin American Society for Immunodeficiencies (LASID) Advisory Board

Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy are essential for the best prognosis and quality of life in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs). Experts from several Latin American countries have been meeting on a regular basis as part of an ongoing effort to improve the diagnosis and treatment of PIDD in this region. Three programmes are in development that will expand education and training and improve access to testing facilities throughout Latin America. These programmes are: an educational outreach programme (The L-Project); an immunology fellowship programme; and the establishment of a laboratory network to expand access to testing facilities. This report provides the status of these programmes based on the most recent discussions and describes the next steps toward full implementation of these programmes. (C) 2010 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.

Critical, issues and needs in management of primary immunodeficiency diseases in Latin America

Experts from six Latin American countries met to discuss critical issues and needs in the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDD). The diagnosis of PIDD is generally made following referral to an immunology centre located in a major city, but many paediatricians and general practitioners are not sufficiently trained to suspect PIDD in the first place. Access to laboratory testing is generally limited, and only some screening tests are typically covered by government health programmes. Specialised diagnostic tests are generally not reimbursed. Access to treatment varies by country reflecting differences in healthcare systems and reimbursement policies. An online PIDD Registry Programme for Latin America has been available since 2009, which will provide information about PIDD epidemiology in the region. Additional collaboration across countries appears feasible in at least two areas: a laboratory network to facilitate the diagnosis of PIDD, and educational programmes to improve PIDD awareness. In total, these collaborations should make it possible to advance the diagnosis and management of PIDD in Latin America. (C) 2010 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.

Interactions of Electrons and Rydberg Atoms in Ultra-Cold Plasmas

This thesis discusses an experimental technique for investigating electron temperature control by Rydberg atoms in ultra-cold plasmas. The objective we set ourselves was twofold. Firstly, we sought to gain an insight into the processes whereby the creation of Rydberg atoms within the plasma lengthens the lifetime of the plasma. To this end, we created the plasma using a Littman dye laser and subsequently, at a variable time delay, we excited neutral atoms in the plasma to specific Rydberg states using a narrow bandwidth pulsed dye laser. Secondly, we employed radio-frequency (rf) electric fields to excite electron oscillations within the plasma in order to infer such information as plasma density and electron temperature. Although we found that the introduction of high angular momentum Rydberg states did lengthen the plasma lifetime we were not able to differentiate between the temperature moderation effect due to the Rydberg atoms cooling the plasma, and the binding effect due to an increased positive space charge within the plasma.

Benefícios da utilização de embalagens ativas e inteligentes no lugar das comuns

A segurança alimentar é um dos principais fatores a ser considerado na área de alimentação e nutrição, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) registrou 351 casos de morte por contaminação alimentar no ano de 2010 e estima que cerca 582 milhões dos casos de contaminação global foram causados por consumo de alimentos estragados ou contaminados. Diante deste cenário, a indústria de alimentos vem desenvolvendo técnicas e processos para tornar o alimento cada vez mais seguro para o consumidor e ao mesmo tempo adequar seus processos, estruturas e capacitação de pessoas para atender a legislação vigente. Alimentos industriais geralmente são produzidos em grande escala para atender à demanda, exigindo assim processos automatizados e também um certo número de funcionários que manipulem este alimento, aumentando o risco de contaminação por conta dos manipuladores. A indústria de embalagens vem se desenvolvendo no sentido de reduzir a atividade microbiana no interior da embalagem, por meio de embalagens ativa ou de modificação atmosférica, ou embalagens que possam transmitir ao consumidor mais confiabilidade, indicando o que acontece no interior das embalagens. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar junto a literatura quais os tipos de embalagens existentes nos dias de hoje, e demonstrar sua eficácia no controle e inibição do crescimento microbiano e melhoria da qualidade organoléptica. Por meio de pesquisas as principais bibliotecas digitais como LILACS, BIREME, além de fonte de livrose defesa de mestrado, obteve-se como resultado um grande acervo a respeito de embalagens ativas e inteligentes. Conclui-se, portanto, que esta revisão tem potencial para se tornar fonte de pesquisa para industrias que procuram inovações no setor de embalagem. O termo embalagem ativa e embalagem inteligente ainda é pouco conhecido pelos consumidores e mesmo os que já conhecem os termos, acabam concluindo que ambas embalagens são ativas, sendo que embalagens ativas tem a função de interagir com o alimento para melhorar seus aspectos sensoriais e as embalagens ativas monitoram e transmitem em tempo real a situação do produto armazenado em diversos aspectos.

"O que o guarani vende?" um estudo sobre sitema econômico e pessoa mbyá-guarani num contexto de relações interétnicas em São Miguel das Missões-RS

Este trabalho, realizado entre agosto de dois mil e quatro e março de dois mil e cinco, trata de compreender a partir das análises da historiografia, da noção de pessoa e do sistema econômico - nas formas de produção, distribuição e consumo - o processo de integração dos Mbyá-Guarani, de São Miguel das Missões, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, à sociedade nacional envolvente, dentro de um contexto de contato interétnico. Com isso, demonstra algumas transformações e tensões, advindas da situação colonial de contato, dentro do sistema cultural tradicional mbyá-guarani.