Chronic illness, life style and emotional health in adolescence: results of a cross-sectional survey on the health of 15-20-year-olds in Switzerland.

The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of chronic conditions (CC) in adolescents in Switzerland; to describe their behaviour (leisure, sexuality, risk taking behaviour) and to compare them to those in adolescents who do not have CC in order to evaluate the impact of those conditions on their well-being. The data were obtained from the Swiss Multicentre Adolescent Survey on Health, targeting a sample of 9268 in-school adolescents aged 15 to 20 years, who answered a self-administered questionnaire. Some 11.4% of girls and 9.6% of boys declared themselves carriers of a CC. Of girls suffering from a CC, 25% (versus 13% of non carriers; P=0.007) and 38% of boys (versus 25%; P=0.002) proclaimed not to wear a seatbelt whilst driving. Of CC girls, 6.3% (versus 2.7%; P=0.000) reported within the last 12 months to have driven whilst drunk. Of the girls, 43% (versus 36%; P=0.004) and 47% (versus 39%; P=0.001) were cigarette smokers. Over 32% of boys (versus 27%; P=0.02) reported having ever used cannabis and 17% of girls (versus 13%; P=0.013) and 43% of boys (versus 36%; P=0.002) admitted drinking alcohol. The burden of their illness had important psychological consequences: 7.7% of girls (versus 3.4%; P=0.000) and 4.9% of boys (versus 2.0%; P=0.000) had attempted suicide during the previous 12 months. CONCLUSION: experimental behaviours are not rarer in adolescents with a chronic condition and might be explained by a need to test their limits both in terms of consumption and behaviour. Prevention and specific attention from the health caring team is necessary.

Housewife or working mum--each to her own? The relevance of societal factors in the association between social roles and alcohol use among mothers in 16 industrialized countries.

Aims To investigate whether differences in gender-income equity at country level explain national differences in the links between alcohol use, and the combination of motherhood and paid labour. Design Cross-sectional data in 16 established market economies participating in the Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study (GenACIS) study. Setting Population surveys. Participants A total of 12 454 mothers (aged 25-49 years). Measurements Alcohol use was assessed as the quantity per drinking day. Paid labour, having a partner, gender-income ratio at country level and the interaction between individual and country characteristics were regressed on alcohol consumed per drinking day using multi-level modelling. Findings Mothers with a partner who were in paid labour reported consuming more alcohol on drinking days than partnered housewives. In countries with high gender-income equity, mothers with a partner who were in paid labour drank less alcohol per occasion, while alcohol use was higher among working partnered mothers living in countries with lower income equity. Conclusion In countries which facilitate working mothers, daily alcohol use decreases as female social roles increase; in contrast, in countries where there are fewer incentives for mothers to remain in work, the protective effect of being a working mother (with partner) on alcohol use is weaker. These data suggest that a country's investment in measures to improve the compatibility of motherhood and paid labour may reduce women's alcohol use.

Role of high normal gamma-glutamyltransferase level in identifying heavy alcohol use in young men.

The objective of the current study was to determine the predictive value of high normal gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level as an indication of heavy drinking in young men. In a sample of 577 men attending a one-day army recruitment process mandatory for all Swiss men at age 19 years, GGT level was evaluated as the dependent variable for each of eight dichotomous classifications of individuals on the basis of meeting cut-off criteria for five indexes of alcohol use, two indexes of alcohol-related problems, and one index of body mass. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of GGT level in identifying subjects as either heavy drinkers or being overweight were determined. Compared with findings for their counterparts, GGT level was higher in subjects reporting consumption of more than 14 drinks per week (20.5 +/- 7.81 vs. 18.9 +/- 7.60, P <.05), in those reporting being drunk at least once during the past 30 days (20.3 +/- 7.80 vs. 18.3 +/- 7.43, P <.001), and in individuals with body mass indexes >or=25 kg/m(2) (25.8 +/- 10.84 vs. 18.3 +/- 6.59, P <.001). At a GGT level cut-off of 20 U/l, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of either being a heavy drinker or overweight were 48.2%, 70.2%, 67.7%, and 51.2%, respectively. Exclusion of subjects with body mass indexes of >or=25 kg/m(2) revealed similar results. High normal GGT level in young men is indicative of heavy alcohol use or being overweight; when present, subjects should be screened further for potential concomitant drinking problems.

Impact d'une alcoolisation précoce sur le rat juvénile et conséquences sur la consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte.

Contexte : l'adolescence est une période de transition au cours de laquelle l'enfant développe les capacités physiques et cognitives qui lui permettent de s'intégrer au monde adulte et qui se caractérise notamment par une prise de risque, une grande impulsivité et une constante recherche de sensations. Bien que des déterminants sociaux et familiaux entrent en jeu dans ce domaine, il y a également une composante neurobiologique importante. Les avancées techniques dans le domaine de l'imagerie ont permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs changements structurels à l'adolescence tels qu'un remodelage de la matière grise avec une perte de synapses plus ou moins importante selon la région observée et une augmentation de la myélinisation. En outre, le développement cérébral n'est pas uniforme dans le temps. En effet, la maturation du cortex préfrontal est ultérieure au développement du système limbique. Cet asynchronisme pourrait expliquer l'impulsivité des adolescents (consécutive à l'immaturité du cortex préfrontal) et leur comportement de recherche de sensation et/ou de prise de risque (consécutif au développement précoce du noyau accumbens notamment). Ces régions font également partie intégrante du système de récompense et modulent la motivation pour des récompenses naturelles et non-­‐naturelles, comme l'alcool et d'autres drogues. L'émergence d'une consommation d'alcool excessive est justement préoccupante chez les adolescents. En 2007, l'étude ESPAD (The European School Survey Project On Alcohol and Other Drugs) menée auprès de jeunes de 15 à 16 ans relève que 41% des jeunes questionnées ont régulièrement bu jusqu'à l'ivresse dans les 12 mois précédant l'entretien. Les conséquences neuropsychologiques à long terme de ce comportement de « binge-­‐drinking » commencent à alarmer le corps médical, mais l'interrogation demeure sur les risques de ce type de comportement vis-­‐à-­‐vis du développement d'un alcoolisme chronique à l'âge adulte. Objectifs du travail : en s'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature, ce travail a pour objectif d'expliquer les comportements qui émergent à l'adolescence à la lumière des modifications neurobiologiques qui s'opèrent durant cette période critique. Au niveau expérimental, nous proposons d'évaluer la propension de rats juvéniles exposés précocement à de l'alcool à développer un comportement d'abus de consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte en comparaison avec un groupe contrôle. Dans un deuxième temps nous souhaitons déterminer la propension des rats exposés précocement à de l'alcool à montrer une préférence pour l'alcool par rapport à la saccharine, puis par rapport à de l'eau en comparaison au groupe contrôle. Méthode : nous comparons deux groupes de rongeurs adolescents (âgés de 32 jours à 67 jours). Le groupe test (groupe E, n=8), qui est exposé par un accès ad libitum à une solution d'éthanol 10 % contenant de la saccharine 0.2%, ceci afin de limiter l'aspect gustatif aversif de l'éthanol. Et le groupe témoin (groupe S, n=8), qui est exposé par un accès ad libitum à une solution de saccharine 0.2%. Ce conditionnement se fait sur 13 semaines. Une fois atteinte l'âge adulte, les animaux sont ensuite entraînés à appuyer sur un levier afin de recevoir de l'éthanol (0,1 ml d'une solution à 10%). Nous nous proposons d'évaluer la quantité d'alcool ainsi consommée, puis la motivation des animaux pour obtenir de l'éthanol et enfin leur capacité de résistance à un choc électrique non douloureux mais aversif, lorsque celui-­‐ci est associé à l'éthanol. Enfin, nous évaluerons, via un paradigme de choix à deux leviers, la propension des animaux à choisir de consommer volontairement de l'éthanol quand ils ont le choix entre de l'éthanol 10% et une solution de saccharine à différentes concentrations, puis entre de l'éthanol 10% et de l'eau. Résultats : la phase de tests de comportements à risque d'abus ne permet pas de mettre en évidence une différence significative entre les deux groupes. La phase de test de choix montre une diminution significative du pourcentage d'appuis sur le levier associé à la saccharine avec la diminution de la concentration de saccharine pour les deux groupes. Le groupe S a un pourcentage d'appuis sur le levier associé à l'éthanol significativement plus important que les rats du groupe E et a tendance à préférer l'éthanol pour une concentration de saccharine plus grande que le groupe E. Le groupe S montre également une préférence significative pour l'éthanol quand il n'a plus que le choix avec l'eau alors que le groupe E ne montre pas de préférence. Conclusions : chez des rats élevés dans les mêmes conditons, la consommation précoce d'éthanol n'est pas un facteur de risque de comportements d'abus de consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte. Cependant un phénomène dit de « sensiblisation croisée » entre le goût sucrée et l'éthanol a été soulevé au cours de cette étude permettant de se questionner sur l'impact d'une consommation intermittente de substances au goût sucré à l'adolescence sur la consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte.

Booze + Cruise = Loose, July 2009

This brochure is all about what happens if a person is pulling over by the police when drinking and driving.

Choice of outcome measures in postprandial trials

Comment on: Heinrich H, Goetze O, Menne D, Iten PX, Fruehauf H, Vavricka SR, Schwizer W, Fried M, Fox M. Effect on gastric function and symptoms of drinking wine, black tea, or schnapps with a Swiss cheese fondue: randomised controlled crossover trial. BMJ. 2010 Dec 14;341:c6731. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6731. PMID 21156747.

Changes in the enterocyte cytoskeleton in newborn rats exposed to ethanol in utero

BACKGROUND: Cytoskeletal changes after longterm exposure to ethanol have been described in a number of cell types in adult rat and humans. These changes can play a key part in the impairment of nutrient assimilation and postnatal growth retardation after prenatal damage of the intestinal epithelium produced by ethanol intake. AIMS: To determine, in the newborn rat, which cytoskeletal proteins are affected by longterm ethanol exposure in utero and to what extent. ANIMALS: The offspring of two experimental groups of female Wistar rats: ethanol treated group receiving up to 25% (w/v) of ethanol in the drinking fluid and control group receiving water as drinking fluid. METHODS: Single and double electron microscopy immunolocalisation and label density estimation of cytoskeletal proteins on sections of proximal small intestine incubated with monoclonal antibodies against actin, alpha-tubulin, cytokeratin (polypeptides 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 18), and with a polyclonal antibody anti-beta 1,4-galactosyl transferase as trans golgi (TG) or trans golgi network (TGN) marker, or both. SDS-PAGE technique was also performed on cytoskeletal enriched fractions from small intestine. Western blotting analysis was carried out by incubation with the same antibodies used for immunolocalisation. RESULTS: Intestinal epithelium of newborn rats from the ethanol treated group showed an overexpression of cytoskeletal polypeptides ranging from 39 to 54 kDa, affecting actin and some cytokeratins, but not tubulin. Furthermore, a cytokeratin related polypeptide of 28-29 kDa was identified together with an increase in free ubiquitin in the same group. It was noteworthy that actin and cytokeratin were abnormally located in the TG or the TGN, or both. CONCLUSIONS: Longterm exposure to ethanol in utero causes severe dysfunction in the cytoskeleton of the developing intestinal epithelium. Actin and cytokeratins, which are involved in cytoskeleton anchoring to plasma membrane and cell adhesion, are particularly affected, showing overexpression, impaired proteolysis, and mislocalisation.

Counselor motivational interviewing skills and young adult change talk articulation during brief motivational interventions.

The process of eliciting client language toward change (change talk [CT]) is implicated as a causal mechanism in motivational interviewing (MI) and brief motivational interventions (BMI). We investigated the articulation of counselor behaviors and CT during BMI with young men. We coded 149 sessions using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code and summarized these codes into three counselor categories (MI-consistent [MICO], MI-inconsistent [MIIN], other) and three client categories (CT, counter CT [CCT], follow/neutral [F/N]). We then computed immediate transition frequencies and odds ratios using sequential analysis software. CT was significantly more likely following MICO behaviors, whereas MIIN behaviors only led to CCT and F/N. This strongly supports the use of MI skills to elicit CT during BMI with young men, whose speech also predicted counselor behaviors (particularly CT to MICO and CCT to MIIN). Additional analyses showed that among MICO behaviors, reflective listening may be a particularly powerful technique to elicit CT.

Changes in the enterocyte cytoskeleton in newborn rats exposed to ethanol in utero

BACKGROUND: Cytoskeletal changes after longterm exposure to ethanol have been described in a number of cell types in adult rat and humans. These changes can play a key part in the impairment of nutrient assimilation and postnatal growth retardation after prenatal damage of the intestinal epithelium produced by ethanol intake. AIMS: To determine, in the newborn rat, which cytoskeletal proteins are affected by longterm ethanol exposure in utero and to what extent. ANIMALS: The offspring of two experimental groups of female Wistar rats: ethanol treated group receiving up to 25% (w/v) of ethanol in the drinking fluid and control group receiving water as drinking fluid. METHODS: Single and double electron microscopy immunolocalisation and label density estimation of cytoskeletal proteins on sections of proximal small intestine incubated with monoclonal antibodies against actin, alpha-tubulin, cytokeratin (polypeptides 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 18), and with a polyclonal antibody anti-beta 1,4-galactosyl transferase as trans golgi (TG) or trans golgi network (TGN) marker, or both. SDS-PAGE technique was also performed on cytoskeletal enriched fractions from small intestine. Western blotting analysis was carried out by incubation with the same antibodies used for immunolocalisation. RESULTS: Intestinal epithelium of newborn rats from the ethanol treated group showed an overexpression of cytoskeletal polypeptides ranging from 39 to 54 kDa, affecting actin and some cytokeratins, but not tubulin. Furthermore, a cytokeratin related polypeptide of 28-29 kDa was identified together with an increase in free ubiquitin in the same group. It was noteworthy that actin and cytokeratin were abnormally located in the TG or the TGN, or both. CONCLUSIONS: Longterm exposure to ethanol in utero causes severe dysfunction in the cytoskeleton of the developing intestinal epithelium. Actin and cytokeratins, which are involved in cytoskeleton anchoring to plasma membrane and cell adhesion, are particularly affected, showing overexpression, impaired proteolysis, and mislocalisation.