A NEW DC UPS FOR DC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN DATA CENTER

In recent years, the 380V DC and 48V DC distribution systems have been extensively studied for the latest data centers. It is widely believed that the 380V DC system is a very promising candidate because of its lower cable cost compared to the 48V DC system. However, previous studies have not adequately addressed the low reliability issue with the 380V DC systems due to large amount of series connected batteries. In this thesis, a quantitative comparison for the two systems has been presented in terms of efficiency, reliability and cost. A new multi-port DC UPS with both high voltage output and low voltage output is proposed. When utility ac is available, it delivers power to the load through its high voltage output and charges the battery through its low voltage output. When utility ac is off, it boosts the low battery voltage and delivers power to the load form the battery. Thus, the advantages of both systems are combined and the disadvantages of them are avoided. High efficiency is also achieved as only one converter is working in either situation. Details about the design and analysis of the new UPS are presented. For the main AC-DC part of the new UPS, a novel bridgeless three-level single-stage AC-DC converter is proposed. It eliminates the auxiliary circuit for balancing the capacitor voltages and the two bridge rectifier diodes in previous topology. Zero voltage switching, high power factor, and low component stresses are achieved with this topology. Compared to previous topologies, the proposed converter has a lower cost, higher reliability, and higher efficiency. The steady state operation of the converter is analyzed and a decoupled model is proposed for the converter. For the battery side converter as a part of the new UPS, a ZVS bidirectional DC-DC converter based on self-sustained oscillation control is proposed. Frequency control is used to ensure the ZVS operation of all four switches and phase shift control is employed to regulate the converter output power. Detailed analysis of the steady state operation and design of the converter are presented. Theoretical, simulation, and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed concepts.

27th International Police Executive Symposium, Washington DC, USA, Urban Security: Challenges for 21st Century Global Cities

Goncalo de Melo Bandeira Counter-Terrorism, State of Emergency and Human Rights. In the global cities, the fight against terrorism is a way forward. Prevention of terrorism is another possible way. There are legal systems where the prevailing idea is combating terrorism. Fight, because is possible: life imprisonment or informal death penalty or even torture. While other jurisdictions only follow the prevention of terrorist crime: the retribution and positive general prevention and the resocialization. There may be extreme cases also in restorative justice. The recent terrorist attacks in Paris on 11.13.2015 have shown to the different types of police several problems. Some of those are: the declaration of State of emergency and the consequent restriction of human rights as the privacy of human communication or the liberty of travel by local city citizens or foreign citizens or the public entertainment shows, the problem of money laundering and the restriction of the business as usual, the vicious circle of more isolation from some urban communities, v.g. muslims, and other citizens also; and, brevitatis causa, the criminological problem of the causes and consequences of terrorism.

Crisis afásica simulando un ataque cerebrovascular isquémico agudo en el Servicio de Neurología del Hospital de San José de Bogotá DC

Se ha demostrado que la afasia como fenómeno ictal o postictal, se observa en cerca del 17% de los pacientes. Los casos en que es el único síntoma ictal, como en el estado epiléptico afásico, podría presentar un reto diagnóstico, y dependen de la sospecha diagnóstica del clínico. Presentamos el caso de un adulto mayor, que llega a urgencias por una alteración del lenguaje. Fue enfocado como un ataque cerebrovascular isquémico, pero después de evaluar la imagen de resonancia magnética cerebral simple se solicitó videotelemetría, que mostró descargas epileptiformes lateralizadas en región temporal izquierda, por lo que el paciente fue manejado como un estatus de afasia, con mejoría.

Simulation by discrete mass modeling of offshore wind turbine system with DC link

This paper presents an integrated model for an offshore wind turbine taking into consideration a contribution for the marine wave and wind speed with perturbations influences on the power quality of current injected into the electric grid. The paper deals with the simulation of one floating offshore wind turbine equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator, and a two-level converter connected to an onshore electric grid. The use of discrete mass modeling is accessed in order to reveal by computing the total harmonic distortion on how the perturbations of the captured energy are attenuated at the electric grid injection point. Two torque actions are considered for the three-mass modeling, the aerodynamic on the flexible part and on the rigid part of the blades. Also, a torque due to the influence of marine waves in deep water is considered. Proportional integral fractional-order control supports the control strategy. A comparison between the drive train models is presented.

Offshore Wind Energy System with DC Transmission Discrete Mass: Modeling and Simulation

This paper presents an integrated model for an offshore wind energy system taking into consideration a contribution for the marine wave and wind speed with perturbations influences on the power quality of current injected into the electric grid. The paper deals with the simulation of one floating offshore wind turbine equipped with a PMSG and a two-level converter connected to an onshore electric grid. The use of discrete mass modeling is accessed in order to reveal by computing the THD on how the perturbations of the captured energy are attenuated at the electric grid injection point. Two torque actions are considered for the three-mass modeling, the aerodynamic on the flexible part and on the rigid part of the blades. Also, a torque due to the influence of marine waves in deep water is considered. PI fractional-order control supports the control strategy. A comparison between the drive train models is presented.

Enraizamento de estacas de seis espécies nativas de mata de galeria: Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud., Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd., Piper arboreum Aubl. e Tibouchina stenocarpa (DC.) Cogn.

Tecnicas de propagacao por meio de enraizamento de estacas tem sido amplamente empregadas na fruticultura, floricultura e silvicultura. No entanto, no Brasil, poucos estudos tem sido feitos com especies nativas. Neste estudo foi testado o enraizamento de estacas caulinares de seis especies nativas de Mata de Galeria do bioma Cerrado: Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (copaiba), Tibouchina stenocarpa (DC.) Cogn. (quaresmeira), Piper arboreum Aubl. (pimenta-de-macaco), Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. (inga), Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (landim) e Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud. (unha-de-vaca). Foi estudada a influencia de diferentes concentracoes de acido indolbutirico, AIB (0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 ppm), em talco, e tratamento com agua sob gotejamento no enraizamento de estacas basais e/ou apicais, conforme a especie, em duas epocas do ano, final das chuvas (marco-maio/98) e inicio da seca (junho/98). Com P. arboreum tambem foi feito um tratamento onde as estacas foram enraizadas usando agua como substrato. Os resultados mostraram que as especies apresentaram diferentes habilidades para formar raizes adventicias em estacas. As estacas de C. langsdorffii e T. stenocarpa nao formaram raizes em qualquer das epocas realizadas, enquanto P. arboreum e I. laurina formaram raizes nas estacas apicais coletadas nas duas epocas (chuvosa e seca). Porem, as estacas basais de P. arboreum formaram menos raizes do que as apicais e as estacas basais de I. laurina nao enraizaram. Ja em C. brasiliense observaram-se altas taxas de sobrevivencia das estacas coletadas nas duas epocas (final das chuvas e inicio da seca), mas nao houve enraizamento. Por ultimo, as estacas de B. rufa enraizaram somente nas coletas realizadas na estacao chuvosa. Os tratamentos auxinicos (AIB) nao tiveram efeitos sobre a percentagem final de enraizamento das estacas de P. arboreum (apicais e basais), de I. laurina (apicais) e de B. rufa, bem como sobre a porcentagem final de sobrevivencia das estacas de C. brasiliense. Entre as especies estudadas, as estacas apicais de P. arboreum apresentaram os percentuais de enraizamento mais elevados: de 63% a 83% no periodo chuvoso e de 63% a 90% no periodo seco. Nas estacas basais o enraizamento foi menor, variando de 7% a 20%, no periodo chuvoso, e de 0 a 13%, no periodo seco. A epoca de coleta afetou a sobrevivencia e o peso seco das estacas apicais de P. arboreum, mas nao o numero de estacas enraizadas. Ja nas estacas basais, onde a capacidade de enraizamento foi menor, a epoca de coleta afetou o enraizamento das estacas, mas nao a sobrevivencia. Nas estacas basais houve uma grande mortalidade das estacas nas duas epocas estudadas (chuva e seca). Em geral, os melhores resultados de enraizamento ocorreram na epoca seca para as estacas apicais e na epoca chuvosa para as estacas basais. A utilizacao de agua de torneira como substrato proporcionou resultados satisfatorios no enraizamento das estacas basais de P. arboreum tanto em copos (200 ml) com agua colocados na casa de vegetacao (87%) quanto no tanque com agua corrente (77%). Em I. laurina a epoca de coleta influenciou a sobrevivencia das estacas apicais. As estacas coletadas na estacao chuvosa apresentaram melhores resultados sobrevivencia do que aquelas coletadas na estacao seca. Nas coletas feitas no final da epoca chuvosa obteve-se uma media de 15% de enraizamento e uma variacao de 3 a 23% de estacas enraizadas conforme os tratamentos. Na seca a media foi de 7% e a variacao foi de 0 a 13%. No periodo seco as medidas de peso seco das raizes foram mais inferiores do que na epoca chuvosa. A maioria das estacas vivas de I. laurina que nao enraizaram formaram calos, sugerindo que um periodo maior de observacao pode levar a maiores percentuais de enraizamento. Em C. brasiliense a epoca de coleta influenciou a sobrevivencia das estacas, de forma que no periodo chuvoso a porcentagem media de sobrevivencia (81%) foi maior do que na epoca seca (71%). Bauhinia rufa teve uma baixa capacidade de enraizamento por meio de estacas coletadas nas duas epocas do ano: apenas 3% das estacas enraizaram quando tratadas com 1000 e 4000 ppm de AIB; nos outros tratamentos nao ocorreu enraizamento. Pelos resultados, sugere-se que P. arboreum e uma especie de facil enraizamento por meio de estacas apicais, nas duas datas estudadas (no final das chuvas e inicio da seca), mas o uso de estacas basais nestas datas e inviavel. Sugere-se tambem que, devido aos baixos percentuais de enraizamento, nas duas epocas (chuva e seca), I. laurina e B. rufa sao especies de dificil enraizamento por meio de estacas apicais e basais com folhas. Ja C. Brasiliense, C. langsdorffii e T. stenocarpa nao enraizaram e podem ser consideradas especies de dificil enraizamento, nestas duas epocas estudadas (chuvosa e seca).

Design e simulazione di un convertitore DC-DC per applicazioni automotive implementato mediante tecnologia GaN

L’obiettivo dell’elaborato è quello di presentare una soluzione di collegamento ed interfacciamento tra il supercondensatore (SC) dell’HESS (sistema ibrido di accumulo dell’energia situato all’interno di un veicolo elettrico) e il DC-link (bus che fornisce la potenza necessaria all’inverter che pilota il motore elettrico) attraverso un convertitore DC-DC ad alta efficienza che utilizzi tecnologie di potenza al nitruro di gallio (GaN). Il convertitore presentato è un convertitore DC-DC bidirezionale in configurazione Half-Bridge, esso dovrà funzionare in modalità Boost, ogni qualvolta il motore richieda energia extra dal SC, in modalità Buck per ricaricare il SC durante la frenata rigenerativa. In seguito ad un’introduzione ai veicoli elettrici, alla loro architettura e al perché il SC è così fondamentale, verrà presentata una breve introduzione ai convertitori di potenza (Capitolo 1). Si passerà poi alla presentazione delle tecnologie GaN mostrando come esse rappresentino il futuro dell’elettronica di potenza grazie ai loro numerosi vantaggi (Capitolo 2). Nel capitolo 3 si entrerà nel vivo della progettazione, è qui che sarà progettata ed implementata la soluzione proposta. Verrà effettuata una prima simulazione del circuito, tenendo conto degli effetti parassiti dei soli componenti, attraverso l’ausilio del software LTSpice. Il Capitolo 4 prevede una breve introduzione alle tecniche di layout, utili nella costruzione del circuito stampato presentata all’interno del medesimo capitolo. Il PCB sarà modellato mediante un secondo software denominato KiCAD. Infine, nel Capitolo 5, si procederà con la simulazione elettromagnetica del circuito stampato, essa permetterà di individuare gli effetti parassiti dovuti alle non idealità del layout e di mostrare l’effettiva differenza di efficienza tra un caso semi-ideale e un caso semi-reale.

Implementazione di un sistema di controllo atto a ottimizzare l’efficienza di convertitori DC-DC impiegati in ambito Automotive e realizzati con tecnologia GaN

Lo scopo del presente progetto di ricerca è quello di dimostrare quelli che potrebbero essere i miglioramenti nell’adottare tecnologie GaN nei convertitori di potenza, soffermandosi sull’ambito Automotive. Si è dunque progettato, simulato ed infine analizzato un sistema di conversione bidirezionale DC-DC. Le prestazioni ottime sono state poi raggiunte attraverso l’introduzione di un sistema di controllo in grado di garantire, in ogni condizione, il miglior funzionamento possibile che garantisca il soddisfacimento delle richieste da parte del veicolo. Questo consentirà quindi di gestire il funzionamento del convertitore sia nelle fasi di scarica che in quelle di rigenerazione (regenerative braking). Al convertitore, è stato introdotto anche un controllo adattivo per la ricerca del dead-time ottimo dei segnali di pilotaggio dei transistor.

Analisi e ottimizzazione di un convertitore DC-DC impiegato come circuito di interfaccia per un carico rigenerativo

Questa tesi è stata svolta in collaborazione con un’azienda di Cesena che si occupa della progettazione e costruzione di caricabatterie e saldatrici e si pone come scopo di analizzare quello che viene chiamato carico "rigenerativo" un dispositivo che permette di testare e collaudare questo tipo di macchine consumando la minor energia elettrica possibile. In particolare si discuterà come avviene il funzionamento del circuito di interfaccia e la sua resa energetica attraverso alcune simulazioni con vari tipi di carichi. Verrà anche presa in esame una prova con il circuito realizzato e confrontata con quella analoga svolta al simulatore.

Modeling and Design of Phase Shifted Full Bridge Isolated DC-DC ZVS Converter with Peak Current Mode Control

Nowadays, there is a boom in the use of electrification. Electric vehicles are gaining interest worldwide due to various factors, including climate and environmental awareness. In this thesis, a step-down isolated power supply for electric tractors is investigated, specifically the phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) DC-DC with synchronous rectification and zero-voltage switching (ZVS). This converter was selected for its high-power capacity with high efficiency. A 3500 W PSFB converter with peak current control (PCCM) is designed and modeled in MATLAB. The input voltage range is from 550 V to 820 V and the output voltage range is limited to 9 V to 16 V with a maximum output current of 250 A. All components were commercially designed and selected, including magnetics for the high-frequency transformer and inductors, taking into account loss calculations. Zero voltage switching for the lagging leg is achieved at 13% to 100% load. The proven efficiency of the converter is around 90

Modellazione, controllo e sviluppo sperimentale di un azionamento con convertitore boost integrato per DC fast charge

La presente trattazione propone un metodo innovativo per la fast DC charge, che permette di collegare le colonnine di ricarica a 400 V ai veicoli con batteria ad 800 V. Il collegamento avviene tramite l’azionamento elettrico di propulsione, che deve dunque essere riconfigurato durante la ricarica sotto forma di “integrated boost DC/DC converter”. L'elaborato illustra il modello matematico del sistema, lo schema di controllo in ambiente Simulink ed i risultati delle simulazioni. Infine, sono illustrate le prove a banco effettuate sul sistema in esame, la strumentazione utilizzata ed i risultati ottenuti per le configurazioni confrontate. Tuttavia, si dimostra che il metodo di ricarica richiede un’ulteriore induttanza per il collegamento al motore per evitare gli elevati ripple delle correnti di fase ed il conseguente surriscaldamento dei magneti rinvenuto durante le prove sperimentali.

Analisi fem, simulazione e sperimentazione di un azionamento brushless con convertitore boost integrato per DC fast charge

L'elaborato analizza il funzionamento di un integrated boost converter, operante come sistema di interfaccia per la ricarica di un veicolo elettrico operante a 800V con la colonnina di ricarica a 400V. Il convertitore utilizza le fasi dell'azionamento di trazione come induttanze di filtro. Mediante un’analisi agli elementi finiti sono stati estratti i parametri del motore elettrico di un veicolo stradale operante a 800V. Il funzionamento del convertitore è studiato in ciascuna delle configurazioni proposte in ambiente Simulink. Poi, sono state individuate le posizioni che permettono il funzionamento ottimale del sistema ed infine sono state eseguite le prove a banco per verificare le previsioni dei modelli matematici dell'integrated boost converter. Si è quindi ottenuta una configurazione dell'azionamento a bordo del veicolo che permette il trasferimento di energia tra batteria e colonnina di ricarica a tensione inferiore, seppur siano richiesti sviluppi futuri per poter avere una ricarica completa della batteria.

Evaluation Of The Radiopacity Of Esthetic Root Canal Posts.

The radiopacity of esthetic root canal posts may impair the assessment of their fit to the root canal when using radiographic images. This study determined in vitro the radiographic density of esthetic root canal posts using digital images. Thirty-six roots of human maxillary canines were assigned to six groups (N=6 per group): Reforpost (RP); Aestheti-Plus (AP); Reforpost MIX (RPM); D.T. Light Post (LP); Reforpost Radiopaque (RPR); and White Post DC (WP). Standardized digital images of the posts were obtained in different conditions: outside the root canal, inside the canal before and after cementation using luting material, and with a tissue simulator. Analysis of variance was used to compare the radiopacity mean values among the posts outside the root canal and among the posts under the other conditions, and the t unpaired test to compare the radiopacity between the posts and the dentin, and between the posts and the root canal space. There was no statistically significant difference in radiopacity between RP and RPM, and LP and WP. AP posts showed radiopacity values significantly lower than those for dentin. No statistically significant difference was found between posts (RP and AP) and the root canal space. A statistically significant difference was observed between the luted and non-luted posts; additionally, luted posts with and without tissue simulator showed no significant differences. Most of the cement-luted posts analyzed in this study were distinguishable from the density of adjacent dentin surfaces, allowing radiographic confirmation of the fit of the post in the canal. The success of using esthetic root canal posts depends mainly on the fit of the post within the canal.[1] The radiopacity of a post allows for radiographic imaging to be used to determine the fit, an important factor in a clinical perspective.

Development And Characterization Of Microsatellite Loci For Tabebuia Cassinoides (bignoniaceae).

Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC., popularly known as caxeta, is a tree species that belongs to the plant family Bignoniaceae. This species is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and is widely exploited commercially. To date, little is known about its genetic structure, preventing the establishment of adequate management plans for this taxon. The objective of this study was to construct a microsatellite-enriched genomic library for T. cassinoides to select polymorphic loci, and standardize polymerase chain reaction amplification conditions. Of the 15 loci examined, 5 were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 4.4. The microsatellite loci described here represent the basis for detailed population genetic studies of this species, which will greatly contribute for the development of better conservation strategies for this taxon.

Effect Of 4-(n,n-dimethylamino)phenethyl Alcohol On Degree Of Conversion And Cytotoxicity Of Photo-polymerized Cq-based Resin Composites.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and the cytotoxicity of photo-cured experimental resin composites containing 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenethyl alcohol (DMPOH) combined to the camphorquinone (CQ) compared with ethylamine benzoate (EDAB). The resin composites were mechanically blended using 35 wt% of an organic matrix and 65 wt% of filler loading. To this matrix was added 0.2 wt% of CQ and 0.2 wt% of one of the reducing agents tested. 5x1 mm samples (n=5) were previously submitted to DC measurement and then pre-immersed in complete culture medium without 10% (v/v) bovine serum for 1 h or 24 h at 37 °C in a humidifier incubator with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of experimental resin composites using the MTT assay on immortalized human keratinocytes cells. As a result of absence of normal distribution, the statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis to evaluate the cytotoxicity and one-way analysis of variance to evaluate the DC. For multiple comparisons, cytotoxicity statistical analyses were submitted to Student-Newman-Keuls and DC analysis to Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (=0.05). No significant differences were found between the DC of DMPOH (49.9%) and EDAB (50.7%). 1 h outcomes showed no significant difference of the cell viability between EDAB (99.26%), DMPOH (94.85%) and the control group (100%). After 24 h no significant difference were found between EDAB (48.44%) and DMPOH (38.06%), but significant difference was found compared with the control group (p>0.05). DMPOH presented similar DC and cytotoxicity compared with EDAB when associated with CQ.