931 resultados para Chloride of sodium
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Foi realizado um experimento para avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de dietas e o metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo bentonita sódica submetidos a diferentes programas alimentares. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados, meio irmãos paternos, com peso vivo médio inicial de 42,2kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com três níveis de bentonita sódica (0,0; 0,3 e 0,5%) e dois programas alimentares (restrito e à vontade), com oito repetições cada. A adição de bentonita sódica não alterou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração e os balanços da energia e do nitrogênio. O consumo de ração diferiu (P<0,01) entre a alimentação restrita e à vontade (1,17 vs. 2,19kg d-1). O programa alimentar alterou (P<0,05) o balanço do N, mas não afetou (P>0,05) a retenção de N pelos animais. A alimentação à vontade alterou (P<0,05) o balanço da energia, sobretudo a energia retida (3.825 vs. 3.013kcal d-1). A adição de 0,5% de bentonita sódica nas dietas reduziu em 9% (P<0,01) a excreção fecal de fósforo. A adição de bentonita sódica nas dietas de suínos não altera os balanços da energia e do N nem as digestibilidades aparentes do Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu e Mn. A adição de bentonita sódica reduz a excreção fecal de fósforo. Não há interação entre o programa alimentar e a adição de bentonita sódica nas dietas.
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Com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas em silagem de capim-marandu produzidas com aditivos foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. No experimento 1, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil de fermentação e a estabilidade aeróbia de quatro silagens: 1) forragem não tratada (Controle); 2) tratada com Lactobacillus plantarum e Propionibacterium; 3) tratada com Lactobacillus buchneri; e 4) tratada com 0,1% de benzoato de sódio. No experimento 2, foram utilizados nove novilhos castrados Nelore (PC de 350 ± 38,9 kg), alocados em três quadrados latinos 3 x 3 para avaliação do consumo e da digestibilidade das rações contendo 85,4% das seguintes silagens de capim-marandu: 1) controle; 2) controle com L. plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici + enzimas fibrolíticas; e 3) tratamento 2 + L. buchneri. No experimento 1, as silagens apresentaram baixas recuperações de MS durante a fermentação (média de 86%) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca reduziram de 65,5% (momento da ensilagem) para 50,0% no 60º dia após o fechamento dos silos. No experimento 2, o valor médio de consumo das rações foi de 5,7 kg MS/dia (1,6% PC) e a digestibilidade de 51,6% e não diferiram entre as rações. As silagens apresentaram perdas acentuadas na fase fermentativa e o uso de aditivos não alterou essas perdas. A inoculação com bactérias não influenciou o consumo ou a digestibilidade das rações.
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Dois condicionadores químicos, a carboximetilcelulose, nas dosagens de 0,1% e 0,25% em relação ao peso do solo seco, e o silicato de sódio, de relação sílica-álcali igual a 3,2, a 0,6% e 1,2% em peso, foram pesquisados quanto aos seus efeitos sobre os índices físicos dos solos argiloso e barro arenoso empregados neste trabalho. Os dados obtidos foram estatisticamente analisados e os resultados permitiram que se chegassem a algumas conclusões. O tratamento 0,25% de carboximetilcelulose diminuiu o peso específico aparente seco e aumentou, consequentemente, o índice de vazios e porosidade dos solos estudados. O efeito dos tratamentos 1,2% de silicato de sódio e 0,1% de carboximetilcelulose sobre o peso específico aparente seco dos solos argilosos e barro arenoso, respectivamente, foi semelhante ao do tratamento 0,25% de carboximetilcelulose.
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With the objective to promote sustainable development, the fibres found in nature in abundance, which are biodegradable, of low cost in comparison to synthetic fibres are being used in the manufacture of composites. The mechanical behavior of the curauá and pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) composites in different proportions, 25% x 75% (P1), 50% x 50% (P2) e 75% x 25% (P3) were respectively studied, being initially treated with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Mechanical analyses indicated that with respect to studies of traction, for the combination of P1 and P3, better results of 22.17 MPa and 16.98 MPa, were obtained respectively, which are higher than that of the combination P2. The results of the same pattern were obtained for analysis of bending resistance where P1 is 1.21% and P3 represents 0.96%. In the case of resistance to bending, best results were obtained for the combination P1 at 49.07 MPa. However, when Young's modulus values were calculated, the values were different to the pattern of the results of other tests, where the combination P2 with the value of 4.06 GPa is greater than the other combinations. This shows that the PALF had a greater influence in relation to curauá fibre. The analysis of the results generally shows that in combinations of two vegetable fibers of cellulosic origin, the fiber which shows higher percentage (75%) is the best option than to the composition of 50%/50%. In the meantime, according to the results obtained in this study, in the case where the application should withstand bending loads, the better composition would be 50%/50%
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The Sustainability has been evidence in the world today; organizations have sought to be more and more into this philosophy in their processes, whether products or attendance. In the present work were manufactured eco-composites with animal fiber (dog wool) that is currently discarded into the environment without any use. The fibers were characterized and made matting (non-woven). The phases of the project were consisted to develop methods and to convert these fibers (booster) blended with polyester resin (matrix) in different proportions (10%, 20% and 30%) at the composite. Were studied fiber characteristics, mechanical properties of the composites, water absorption and scanning electron microscopy. Initially, the fibers were treated with solution of sodium hydroxide of 0.05 mols, and then taken to matting preparing at the textile engineering laboratory - UFRN. The composites were made by compression molding, using an orthophthalic polyester resin as matrix and 1% MEK (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) as initiator (catalyst). To evaluate the mechanical tests (tensile and flexural) and water absorption were made twelve specimens with dimensions 150x25x3 mm were cut randomly. According to the standard method, tensile tests (ASTM 3039) bending tests (ASTM D790) were performed at the mechanical testing of metals at laboratory UFRN. The results of these tests showed that the composite reinforced with 30% had a better behavior when exposed to tension charge; while on the three points bending test showed that the composite reinforced with 10% had a better behavior. In the water absorption test it was possible to see that the highest absorption happened on the composite reinforced with 30%. In the micrographs, it was possible to see the regions of rupture and behavior of the composite (booster / matrix)
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The shrimp farming is a process of creation of shrimp that has been growing rapidly in the country, occupying a meaningful space in the Brazilian exporting. In 2003, this activity presented a volume of 60 millions of tons and 220 millions of dollars, being the main generator of employment and income of the primary sector of the northeast economy. However, it is a new activity with c.a. five years in the Rio Grande do Norte State and therefore needs investment in the technological area. Among the wastewaters of this activity, the sulphite solution is being usually applied in the process of fishing, i.e. retrieval of the shrimps from the farming. The aim of this work is to present the oxidation experimental results of the sulphite that may be and to determine what it s the most efficient method, trough laboratory experiments. The measurements were carried out in a mixing reactor inserting air and with hydrogen peroxide addition with and without UV light. The solutions were prepared synthetically with concentrations found in the wastewater of fishing and also collected in locu. The oxidation process using air was monitorated by iodometric analysis for the sulphite and the oxidation using hydrogen peroxide was evaluated with turbidimetric analysis for sulphate, by spectrophotometer. The sulphite was totally oxidized in both processes. The experimental results permit to conclude that the oxidation by hydrogen peroxide is more efficient and allowed to determine the optimum operational conditions in terms of concentration and time of treatment
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No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da dessecação e identificar lesões por predação por insetos, em diásporos de canela-batalha (Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez.), utilizando-se testes de raios X. Os danos provocados pela dessecação foram dimensionados nas imagens e associados à formação de plântulas. Diásporos recém-beneficiados (45 % de umidade e 37 % de germinação) foram colocados para secar em sala climatizada (20 ºC e 60 % UR), dentro de bandejas plásticas em camada única. Posteriormente, com o intuito de acelerar o processo de secagem, foram colocados em caixas de secagem com solução saturada de hidróxido de sódio (28 % UR) e amostrados com 45, 37, 35, 31 e 26 % de umidade. Para as radiografias, utilizou-se a intensidade de radiação de 40 kVp e tempo de exposição de 1,5 minutos. Posteriormente, as radiografias foram fotografadas e as imagens analisadas em computador, sendo medido o afastamento entre o endocarpo e a semente. As sementes foram classificadas em sementes intactas, sementes com afastamento parcial, sementes com afastamento total e sementes predadas. Os testes de germinação foram realizados sobre areia, em germinadores tipo Mangelsdorf a 25 ºC e luz branca constante. Pelos resultados, observa-se que a germinação é comprometida quando o teor de água das sementes fica abaixo de 26 %. Nesse ponto, o afastamento entre o endocarpo e a semente é de 0,65 mm. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a viabilidade das sementes, avaliada pelo teste de germinação, e o afastamento entre o endocarpo e a semente observado nas radiografias. A análise radiográfica possibilita identificar danos provocados por predação após infestação por insetos.
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The objective of this scientific article is to introduce the opportunities of implementation of cleaner production (CP) in a shrimp culture farm. The methodology used for this was exploratory research implemented in a production unit located in the Northeast Brazil. The scientific article approaches since generic aspects of the technique about the management to use water, energy and the effluent characterization of this productive activity. It discusses quantitative aspects, environmental questions and chances of P+L during the productive process phases. The results points to input economy in the form of feed, soil correctives, medicines, and energy applied to the process, which range from 4% to 27%, emphasizing the small profit should be viewed as a source of considerable environment return. The authors conclude for the adoption property of this technique in this agribusiness segment, point out to the management importance of the input dosage in the quality of the final effluent, besides the adoption of a physical-chemistry remediation mechanism to the residual of Sodium metabissulphite used in the process of shrimp caught
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the sodium hypochlorite application in different levels in the fresh and dry biomass and in the uptake of macronutrients and micronutrients in plants of soybean and bean. The experiments were carried at the greenhouse of the "Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu/SP", in columns of rigid PVC with capacity to 1.0 liter of soil. The experimental design used in each experiment was entirely randomized, with 4 replications. The treatments in each experiment were constituted of 5 doses of sodium hypochlorite (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 L ha(-1)). The following parameters were evaluated: fresh and dry biomass, macro and micronutrients contents in the plants leaves. The levels of sodium hypochlorite did not reflect significantly on the fresh and dry biomass of soybean and bean. The soybean dry biomass presented significant difference among the level of sodium hypochlorite. Average contents of macro and micronutrients obtained in bean leaves were not affected by the levels of sodium hypochlorite. The sulphur contents in soybean leaves presented significant difference. The sodium hypochlorite did not affect negatively the macro and micronutrients contents in leaves of soybean and bean.
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The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use
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FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial é uma desordem caracterizada por alterações relevantes no tecido ósseo. O alendronato sódico tem indicação no tratamento de doenças ósseas, por causa de sua afinidade pela hidroxiapatita, inibindo as reabsorções ósseas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ação local do alendronato sódico na reparação óssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). MÉTODOS: Um defeito ósseo foi criado no fêmur esquerdo de 80 ratos. de acordo com o material utilizado no local, criaram-se quatro grupos: controle (C), amido (Am), alendronato 1 mol (A1) e alendronato 2 mol (A2). Após 7 e 21 dias, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram realizadas análises histológicas e histomorfométricas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). RESULTADOS: Aos 7 dias, observou-se, na área do defeito, tecido conjuntivo com hemorragia e inflamação em todos os grupos. Alguns apresentavam matriz osteóide. Os grupos A1 e A2 apresentaram, ainda, uma rede de fibrina. Aos 21 dias, as trabéculas ósseas fechavam praticamente a extensão do defeito nos grupos C e Am. No grupo A1 de animais machos, observaram-se trabéculas que se irradiavam do canal medular até a área do defeito. Nos grupos A1 e A2, constatou-se apenas a presença de tecido conjuntivo com mínima deposição de osteóide. Um achado histológico marcante foi a formação de tecido ósseo extracortical subperiosteal nos animais dos grupos A1 e A2. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a administração do alendronato sódico não contribuiu para o reparo ósseo nos ratos SHR, mas possivelmente tenha sido responsável pelas formações ósseas extracorticais observadas.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O lactofen é um herbicida difeniléter recomendado para controlar plantas daninhas de folhas largas em campos de soja (Glycine max) e seu mecanismo de ação é a inibição da protoporfirinogênio-IX oxidase (Protox), que atua na biossíntese de clorofilas. Essa inibição resulta em um acúmulo de protoporfirina-IX, o que leva à produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), causando estresse oxidativo. Conseqüentemente, podem ocorrer manchas, enrugamento e queima das folhas, o que leva à paralisação temporária do crescimento da cultura. Porém, o óxido nítrico (NO) atua como um antioxidante na eliminação direta das ROS. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, por meio de avaliações fitométricas e bioquímicas, o efeito protetor do NO em plantas de soja tratadas com o herbicida lactofen. Plantas de soja foram pré-tratadas com diferentes doses de Nitroprussiato de Sódio (SNP), substância doadora de NO, e então pulverizadas com 168 g a.i. ha-1 lactofen. O pré-tratamento com SNP foi benéfico, pois o NO reduziu os sintomas de injúria causados pelo lactofen nos folíolos jovens e manteve baixos teores de açúcares solúveis. Porém, o NO proporcionou crescimento mais lento das plantas. Desta forma, posteriores estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos de ação do NO na sinalização do estresse promovido pelo lactofen na cultura da soja.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the buffering effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), used in the levels of: 0, 0.7, 1.4 and 2.1% of dry matter, on the in situ degradation of corn and cottonseed meal. A diet with 60% autohidrolised sugar bagasse (BAH) and 40% of concentrate was used, plus urea, minerals and limestone. The rations was calculated to allow 300g of daily gain. After 20 days of adaptation to the treatment (levels of NaHCO3), 5g of each feed was incubated in the rumen of four bovines for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, using naylon bag with size of 7,5 x 17,5 cm with pores of 36 micras. A randomized blocks design with four treatment (levels of NaHCO3) were used. The buffer affected the in situ dry matter degradation, whose means were 49.68; 63,10; 67,71; and 60,85% and 25.89; 30.88; 33.48 and; 31.02% for the corn and cottonseed meal, respectively. The level of 1.4% of NaHCO3 provided the highest value of degradability, which did not differ from the 0.7% and 2.1% levels, for the corn. The degradability of protein was not affected by the treatments.
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This study evaluates the inclusion of quaternary ammonium salt, bromide hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium (HDTMA-Br) on sodium bentonite to evaluate their performance on the adsorption of phenol present in produced water. It was observed an increase in d001 samples modified with HDTMA-Br by diffraction of X-rays, showing the intercalation of quaternary ammonium cations in the interlamellar layers of clay. Through the adsorption isotherms could be abserver adsorption behavior of sodium bentonite and organophilic bentonite produced in three different concentrations of HDTMA-Br for adsorption of phenol, which is the main phenolic compound found in the product water. Different concentrations of synthetic solutions of phenol were placed in contact with these adsorbents under the same conditions of agitation and temperature. The adsorbent showed adsorptive favorable, especially the clay modified with the highest concentration of HDTMA-Br, 150% CEC of clay, BEN30-14, with higher amounts of phenol adsorbed per gram of adsorbent (mg.g-1)