Violences sexuelles envers les femmes : émergence et construction d’une problématique sociale en France

Ce projet de recherche est consacré à l’analyse des politiques sociales qui entourent les violences sexuelles envers les femmes. La visibilité de la violence sexuelle est récente. En dénonçant à la fin des années 1960, les violences sexuelles comme symbole de l'oppression des femmes, le mouvement féministe a été à l'origine de la reconnaissance par les politiques de ce « phénomène » comme une problématique sociale importante et d’intérêt public. L'étude est centrée sur le cas de la France depuis les années 1960 ; de l’émergence du problème social de la violence sexuelle à la formulation des plans gouvernementaux depuis 2005. Il s'agit d'analyser l'évolution du discours public sur les violences sexuelles au fil du temps et les réponses sociales offertes. Cette étude s’articule autour de deux préoccupations : la première est de comprendre comment s’est construite la question de la violence sexuelle, la seconde concerne l’analyse des politiques actuelles qui émanent de cette évolution. Pour comprendre ces questionnements, nous avons utilisé une méthode qualitative s’inspirant principalement de la méthode d’analyse documentaire. Nous avons procédé à l’analyse des différents plans d’actions gouvernementaux mis en place depuis 2005 et des écrits ministériels et scientifiques portant sur la problématique des violences sexuelles. Partant de ce matériel, d’autres documents sont utilisés afin de cerner le contexte historique et actuel. On retrouve par exemple les auteurs qui ont retracés l’histoire de cette problématique à travers les siècles mais aussi les enquêtes sociologiques, qui ont contribué à évaluer l’ampleur du phénomène, ou la revue de presse, qui aide à mieux comprendre les enjeux d’aujourd’hui. Cette recherche s’inscrit principalement dans le courant théorique constructiviste développé par Spector et Kitsuse (1977), repris et explicité par Loseke dans son livre Thinking about social problem (2003). Enfin, un recours à la comparaison internationale par l’exemple du Québec nous a permis d’éclairer certaines particularités françaises.

Études des notions de compétition et de coopération dans l'oeuvre de Charles Darwin

Dans le domaine de la biologie contemporaine, une attention grandissante est portée aux associations biologiques positives, telles que la symbiose, ce qui vient nuancer la perception traditionnellement « compétitive » de l’évolution. Parallèlement à l’engouement actuel que manifestent les chercheurs pour la coopération biologique, ce mémoire vise à pousser plus avant les recherches historiques concernant l’intégration de tels phénomènes dans l’œuvre de Charles Darwin. Plus spécifiquement, nous souhaitons examiner comment Darwin est parvenu à articuler l’aspect compétitif de l’évolution par sélection naturelle avec l’existence de phénomènes coopératifs. En ce sens, la première partie de ce mémoire aura pour objet le concept darwinien de compétition, et son lien théorique avec la sélection naturelle. La seconde partie concernera l’intégration de la coopération biologique à la théorie de l’évolution par sélection naturelle. Par ces deux moments, nous espérons montrer que Darwin parvient à concilier l’existence d’interactions compétitives et coopératives sans contredire les principes théoriques à la base de l’évolution.

It will be succesful to have a commercial relation between France and Colombia focus on the milk sector ?

Globalization has led to a drastic change on the international trade, this has caused that many countries such as France and Colombia find new business partners. This is the raison because I develop the investigation about How these countries can be integrated commercially in the dairy sector? Colombia and France had active trade relations for more than 8 years, but this has been declining for several factors. In the case of France, it has found that Germany is an excellent producer of raw milk, which can supply domestic demand and can export large quantities with a low price to European countries because of its proximity. For this reason, Colombia is a country that can not compete with Germany directly in raw milk, but I concluded that Colombia could become a major competitor with organic milk. This is the result of a research of the way they raise and feed the cows in the two countries, Colombia is generally on open country and Germany is on cow housing. In Colombia, the country found that Venezuela could offer many benefits in the processing of raw milk, and other processes that require high technology. But today Colombia has had several disputes with Venezuela and many Colombian companies are affected in this sector. Additionally, France is one of the largest producers and distributors of processed milk and its derivatives; it launches annually many manufactured products with high technology. At this point, Colombia can take out the best advantage because it can create an strategic alliance with French companies to bring most innovative and processed products such as cheese and yoghurts. The theoretical framework of this thesis consists on the analysis of competitiveness, because it is relevant to see if these two countries are competitive or if one has the comparative advantage over the other. The related authors are: Michael Porter, Adam Smith and David Ricardo. To complete the theoretical part, we found that France has a comparative advantage over Colombia in this sector thanks to its high technology, and Colombia is not currently competitive in the area of raw milk because the milk price is higher and the distance is a barrier, and it has no technology. But this research indicates that Colombia could become a competitive country selling organic milk.

Análisis de la instrumentalización de las organizaciones internacionales por parte de los estados para construir su identidad de rol. Un estudio a partir de la experiencia de Francia entre 1940 y 1946 en el marco de los primeros años de la ONU

Analisis de la transformación de la identidad de rol francesa durante la segunda guerra mundial y la importancia de la fundación de la onu para la reconstrucción de dicha identidad.

The French Constitutional Council as the Rottweiler of the Republican Ideal in the Language Field: Does Jurisprudence Really Reflect Reality? EDAP 03/2012, 2012

France is known for being a champion of individual rights as well as for its overt hostility to any form of group rights. Linguistic pluralism in the public sphere is rejected for fear of babelization and Balkanization of the country. Over recent decades the Conseil Constitutionnel (CC) has, together with the Conseil d’État, remained arguably the strongest defender of this Jacobin ideal in France. In this article, I will discuss the role of France’s restrictive language policy through the prism of the CC’s jurisprudence. Overall, I will argue that the CC made reference to the (Jacobin) state-nation concept, a concept that is discussed in the first part of the paper, in order to fight the revival of regional languages in France over recent decades. The clause making French the official language in 1992 was functional to this policy. The intriguing aspect is that in France the CC managed to standardise France’s policy vis-à-vis regional and minority languages through its jurisprudence; an issue discussed in the second part of the paper. But in those regions with a stronger tradition of identity, particularly in the French overseas territories, the third part of the paper argues, normative reality has increasingly become under pressure. Therefore, a discrepancy between the ‘law in courts’ and the compliance with these decisions (‘law in action’) has been emerging over recent years. Amid some signs of opening of France to minorities, this contradiction delineates a trend that might well continue in future.

Evaluating the Potential Impact of a Gas Pipeline on Whimbrel Breeding Habitat in the Outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories

We used ground surveys to identify breeding habitat for Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) in the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, and to test the value of high-resolution IKONOS imagery for mapping additional breeding habitat in the Delta. During ground surveys, we found Whimbrel nests (n = 28) in extensive areas of wet-sedge low-centered polygon (LCP) habitat on two islands in the Delta (Taglu and Fish islands) in 2006 and 2007. Supervised classification using spectral analysis of IKONOS imagery successfully identified additional areas of wet-sedge habitat in the region. However, ground surveys to test this classification found that many areas of wet-sedge habitat had dense shrubs, no standing water, and/or lacked polygon structure and did not support breeding Whimbrel. Visual examination of the IKONOS imagery was necessary to determine which areas exhibited LCP structure. Much lower densities of nesting Whimbrel were also found in upland habitats near wetlands. We used habitat maps developed from a combination of methods, to perform scenario analyses to estimate the potential effects of the Mackenzie Gas Project on Whimbrel habitat. Assuming effective complete habitat loss within 20 m, 50 m, or 250 m of any infrastructure or pipeline, the currently proposed pipeline development would result in loss of 8%, 12%, or 30% of existing Whimbrel habitat. If subsidence were to occur, most Whimbrel habitat could become unsuitable. If the facility is developed, follow-up surveys will be required to test these models.

Horseflies and athericids (Diptera: Tabanidae, Athericidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Transbaikalia

New taxa of tabanids and athericids are described from the Lower Cretaceous deposits of England and Transbaikalia. The relationships of new genera to the Recent Athericidae and Recent and fossil Rhagionidae are discussed. Atherix sauneri Theobald, 1937 from the Oligocene of France is removed from the family Athericidae.

The Spanish Ambassador and Samuel Daniel's Vision of the Twelve Goddesses: A New Document [with text]

The performance of Samuel Daniel's masque The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses at court on January 8, 1604 took place in the midst of the preliminary negotiations that would lead to the signing of the Anglo-Spanish peace at Somerset House the following August. Philip III sent a special ambassador to England to congratulate James on his accession, and a series of tussles between Juan de Tassis and his French counterpart ensued. As a recently-discovered document in the Archivo General de Simancas reveals, Anna of Denmark intervened personally to insure that de Tassis, and not the Frenchman, attended the masque. This was a clear signal of James and Anna's peace aims, which de Tassis conveyed to the King of Spain; moreover, he enclosed in his dispatch a text of Daniel's masque which he clearly considered both political intelligence and of interest to the theater-loving Hapsburg monarch. The Simancas text of the Daniel masque is a new version, hitherto unknown, which adds to our knowledge of the circumstances in which the first Stuart masque was performed. Here we present a transcription and annotated translation of both de Tassis' letter and the text of the masque he had compiled for Philip III. (B. C.-E. and M. H.)

The accuracy of valuations: expectation and reality

The relationship between valuations and the subsequent sale price continues to be a matter of both theoretical and practical interest. This paper reports the analysis of over 700 property sales made during the 1974/90 period. Initial results imply an average under-valuation of 7% and a standard error of 18% across the sample. A number of techniques are applied to the data set using other variables such as the region, the type of property and the return from the market to explain the difference between the valuation and the subsequent sale price. The analysis reduces the unexplained error; the bias is fully accounted for and the standard error is reduced to 15.3%. This model finds that about 6% of valuations over-estimated the sale price by more than 20% and about 9% of the valuations under-estimated the sale prices by more than 20%. The results suggest that valuations are marginally more accurate than might be expected, both from consideration of theoretical considerations and from comparison with the equivalent valuation in equity markets.

How many Frenchmen did you kill? British bombing policy towards France (1940-1945)

The Allied bombing of France between 1940 and 1945 has received comparatively little attention from historians, although the civilian death toll, at about 60,000, was comparable to that of German raids on the UK. This article considers how Allied, and particularly British, bombing policy towards France was developed, what its objectives were and how French concerns about attacks on their territory were (or were not) addressed. It argues that while British policymakers were sensitive to the delicate political implications of attacking France, perceived military necessities tended to trump political misgivings; that Vichy, before November 1942, was a stronger constraint on Allied bombing than the Free French at any time and that the bombing programme largely escaped political control from May 1944.

Euthydemoss of Bactria

Euthydemos I (ca. 260–200 bce) was king of Bactria from around 230. He founded a dynasty which, most notably under his son Demetrios I, extended the control of the Greco-Bactrian kings south of the Hindu Kush into Arachosia and India.

The President above parties: a founding illusion of the Fifth Republic

De Gaulle, founder of the Fifth French Republic, cherished the notion that the president of the Republic could somehow stand above party politics. In many ways this belief shaped the early institutional configuration of the new Republic. Party politics, however, rapidly reached the presidency, especially with the move, under the constitutional reform of 1962, to direct election of the president. This article charts the development of France's 'political constitution' and the relationship between president and parties over the first decade of the Fifth Republic. It finds that although the presidency became the prime goal of party political competition, the (often dysfunctional) illusion of a head of state above politics continues to shape the behaviour and perceptions of French presidents.

The credit relationship between Henry III and merchants of Douai and Ypres, 1247-70

This article looks at an important but neglected aspect of medieval sovereign debt, namely ‘accounts payable’ owed by the Crown to merchants and employees. It focuses on the unusually well-documented relationship between Henry III, King of England between 1216 and 1272, and Flemish merchants from the towns of Douai and Ypres, who provided cloth on credit to the royal wardrobe. From the surviving royal documents, we reconstruct the credit advanced to the royal wardrobe by the merchants of Ypres and Douai for each year between 1247 and 1270, together with the king's repayment history. The interactions between the king and the merchants are then analysed. The insights from this analysis are applied to the historical data to explain the trading decisions made by the merchants during this period, as well as why the strategies of the Yprois sometimes differed from those of the Douaissiens.