颗粒有机质的来源、测定及其影响因素

土壤活性有机质及其组分作为土壤质量的重要指标在土壤化学、物理和生物性质方面起着重要作用。颗粒有机质能够有效地反映有机质的特性,与微生物生长、营养供给及C、N的生物学调节密切相关。作为活性有机质的一个量度指标,颗粒有机质越来越受到人们的重视。本文综述了土壤颗粒有机质的来源及其在土壤有机质转化过程中的作用,对其测定方法作了系统的描述,阐明了土壤理化性质、农业措施(施肥与耕作)及土地利用类型对土壤颗粒有机质在土壤形成及维持其稳定性方面的影响。

辽河三角洲农业生态环境建设对策——综合防护林体系建设研究(Ⅱ)

<正> 3 综合防护林体系布局与配置 辽河三角洲综合防护林体系建设是调整该区农业生态结构的一项重大战略措施,将保证三角洲高效开发能力,杜绝或减轻开发活动对环境要素各种不良影响。防护林体系

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及表面活性剂稳定性研究

大庆油田油泥样品经富集培养,平板分离,获得52株菌。排油性实验和表面张力测定表明,菌株B22、B24、B25产生的表面活性剂表面活性稳定,表面张力较低。温度、pH和NaCl浓度实验证实,细菌B22产生的生物表面活性剂可耐受120℃高温,另2种生物表面活性剂可耐受80℃;3种细菌生物表面活性剂对pH有广泛适应性,B22pH适应范围为4·0~13·0,B24、B25的pH适应范围为2·0~13·0;Na-Cl浓度对表面活性剂的生物活性影响不大。将3株菌的生物表面活性剂用于室内油泥处理实验,72h石油去除率达70%以上。

乙草胺、甲胺磷及其复合对土壤真菌种群的毒性效应

农药的施用会对土壤非靶向微生物的数量、种群结构产生影响,目前关于这方面的研究主要集中在土壤细菌,而真菌的较少。以从中科院海伦生态站采集的农田黑土作为实验土壤,采用室内模拟和PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)的方法,考察北方常用的除草剂乙草胺和杀虫剂甲胺磷对真菌多样性和种群结构的影响。设定对照,乙草胺3个浓度单独处理(50、150、250mg·kg-1),甲胺磷3个浓度单独处理(50、150、250mg·kg-1)和它们复合的9个处理,共16个处理。结果表明,乙草胺单独作用时,增加了土壤真菌的多样性,并且对真菌多样性和种群结构的影响在第1周尤为显著,处理8周后呈恢复的趋势。甲胺磷单独作用时对土壤真菌多样性起抑制作用,使真菌种群结构发生了改变,随着培养时间的延长,其对真菌影响也逐渐减弱,真菌种群多样性和结构在处理8周后可部分恢复。乙草胺与甲胺磷相复合时,土壤真菌多样性的变化因两种农药浓度组合的不同而不同。在培养初期多数复合处理降低了土壤真菌的多样性,至末期时多数处理可增加真菌的多样性。对种群结构的影响在第1周时,中、高浓度甲胺磷与乙草胺的复合以甲胺磷为主导因子,第8周时乙草胺与低、中浓度甲胺磷复合时起到主导作用,经8周培养后,各复合处理土壤真菌种群结构并未恢复到对照水平,复合处理比单因子的生态效应要强,作用方式更复杂。

Extraction and separation of rare earths from chloride medium with mixtures of 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-(2-ethylhexyl) ester and sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid

BACKGROUND: 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-(2-ethylhexyl) ester (HEHEHP, H(2)A(2)) has been applied extensively to the extraction of rare earths. However, there are some limitations to its further utilization and the synergistic extraction of rare earths with mixtures of HEHEHP and another extractant has attracted much attention. Organic carboxylic acids are also a type of extractant employed for the extraction of rare earths, e.g. naphthenic acid has been widely used to separate yttrium from rare earths. Compared with naphthenic acid, sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid (CA100, H2B2) has many advantages such as stable composition, low solubility, and strong acidity in the aqueous phase. In the present study, the extraction of rare earths with mixtures of HEHEHP and CA100 has been investigated. The separation of the rare earth elements is also studied.

Studies on the roles of different components in Cyanex 302 for rare earth ions extraction and separation

In this paper, the extractabilities of Cyanex 302 and purified Cyanex 302 (hereafter HBTMPTP or HA) in heptane have been compared by extracting the scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and gadolinium from hydrochloric acid solutions. The roles of the different components in Cyanex 302 on lanthanum extraction have been analyzed. The result demonstrates that the Cyanex 302 has a higher extractability than HBTMPTP, which perhaps originates from the interaction among the components in Cyanex 302. Especially for R3PO, obviously synergistic effect can be observed in the lower pH range and extraction mechanism of lanthanum using the mixture of HBTMPTP and TOPO has been deduced to be:where (HA)(2) and B denote the dimeric form of HBTMPTP and TOPO, respectively. At the same time, the separation abilities of Cyanex 302 and HBTMPTP on the rare earth elements have been compared. Also, the effect of temperature on the extraction with Cyaenx 302, HBTMPTP and the mixture of HBTMPTP and TOPO has also been discussed with thermodynamic functions Delta H, Delta S, and Delta G calculated.

毛细管电泳电化学发光检测体系中正高压进样条件下正负离子电场放大进样效应

毛细管电泳 (CE)正向着实际体系分析和微型化分析的方向发展[1,2 ] .为提高分离效率 ,CE的进样量一般很小 (1 0 - 12 ～ 1 0 - 9L ) ,因此常采用在线样品富集方式以提高检测灵敏度 .电场放大进样 (FASI)是 CE中实现在线样品富集的简便方式[3] ,随着 CE和检测技术的发展 ,其应用范围和研究体系不断扩大[4 ] .三联吡啶钌 [Ru(bpy) 2 + 3]电化学发光 (ECL )作为一种高灵敏、高选择性的检测方法被逐渐应用于 CE分析 (CE-ECL) .我们对这种技术进行了研究 ,并将其应用于临床分析[5～ 7] .实验中发现 ,在施加正高压的条件下 ,不同进样条件和样品基底对正、负离子的电场放大进样具有不同效应 . TPA采用水溶液电场放大进样方式 ,灵敏度提高约 1 0 0倍 ,而负离子 Pro电解质溶液采用预先进水柱 ,正高压电场电动进样也获得显著的电场放大进样效应 ,灵敏度和分离效率分别提高 1 0和 46倍 .本文以三丙胺 (TPA)和脯氨酸 (Pro)为被测物讨论了该现象 .1　实验部分分析纯 TPA(Acros公司 ) ,层析纯 Pro(中国科学院上海生物化...

Novel poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing various pendant groups .2. Gas-transport properties

The gas transport of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane gases in a series of poly(aryl ether ketone)s was examined. These polymer membranes have a wide range of permeability coefficients and permselectivity coefficients, showing excellent gas-transport properties. The enhanced interchain interaction in the polymers due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds results in a considerable increase in permselectivity but a decrease in permeability. On the contrary, the polymers with bulky arkyl substituents show significantly increased permeability. The causes of this trend are interpreted in terms of the free volume, interchain distance, and glass transition temperature together with the respective contribution of gas solubility and diffusivity to the overall permeability. Of interest is the observation that the ionomer IMPEK-K+, which simultaneously contains bulky isopropyl substituents and pendant carboxylate groups, exhibits over twice higher CO2 permeability and 15% higher CO2/CH4 permselectivity than those of bisphenol-A p'olysulfone (PSF). The possibility of using the new synthesized poly(aryl ether ketone)s in gas separation membrane application is also discussed. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

(C_5H_9C_5H_4)_2 LnCl·nTHF的合成及[(C_5H_9C_5H_4)_2SmCl(THF)]_2和[(C_5H_9C_5H_4)_2ErCl]_2的晶体结构

1980年以来,取代环戊二烯基稀土配合物化学取得了较快的发展,合成了许多取代环戊二烯基稀土氧化物。这些大体积的配体如—C_5Me_5—(Me_3Si)_2C_5H_5-t-BuCp等,可以稳定低配位数的络合物,特别是单或双取代的环戊二烯基稀土氯化物。我们用环