Wortlautgrenze und Wörterbuch

Kriterien für die Angemessenheit einer Interpretation gibt es in vielen textbezogenen Wissenschaften. Die Juristen sind auf eine angemessene Interpretation des Gesetzes sogar von der Verfassung her verpflichtet. Die Gesetzesbindung soll eingelöst werden mit dem Kriterium der Wortlautgrenze. Wenn man diese Grenze im Wörterbuch finden will, überschätzt man seine Leistung. Wenn man sie ohne Wörterbuch finden will, unterschätzt man diese. Erst wenn man sich klar macht, dass die Wortlautgrenze nicht im Buch steht, sondern im Streit, kann man die Leistung der Wörterbücher richtig schätzen.

The Life and Times of Bills

Time is one of the scarcest resources in modern parliaments. In parliamentary systems of government the control of time in the chamber is a significant power resource enjoyed – to varying degrees – by parliamentary majorities and the governments they support. Minorities may not be able to muster enough votes to stop bills, but they may have – varying degrees of – delaying powers enabling them to extract concessions from majorities attempting to get on with their overall legislative programme. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the legislative process in 17 West European parliaments from the formal initiation of bills to their promulgation. The ‘biographies’ of a sample of bills are examined using techniques of event-history analysis (a) charting the dynamics of the legislative process both across the life-times of individual bills and different political systems and (b) examining whether, and to what extent, parliamentary rules and some general regime attributes influence the dynamics of this process, speeding up or delaying the passage of legislation. Using a veto-points framework and transaction cost politics as a theoretical framework, the quantitative analyses suggest a number of counter-intuitive findings (e.g., the efficiency of powerful committees) and cast doubt on some of the claims made by Tsebelis in his veto-player model.

Adaptation to Changes in the Coffee Value Chain and the Price of Coiffee among Coffee Producers in Two Villages in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Market liberalization in Tanzania has eroded the monopoly of the cooperative unions by allowing private coffee buyers (PCBs) to compete with them on equal footing. Similarly, farmers groups and primary societies are now allowed to sell coffee at auction. Thus, farmers have various options for selling their coffee. Similarly, the coffee industry has experienced large fluctuations in prices and stagnation in production. How do farmers react to these changes? Can and do farmers profit from different market conditions and sell to different traders at the lower end of the value chain, or do they remain with cooperatives or farmers groups? This study was conducted in Mruwia and Mshiri villages in Moshi Rural district. Whereas Mshiri village remains attached to the Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU), Mruwia has detached from this organization and sells coffee independently. The sample (103) was randomly selected from the coffee farmers in the two villages. Data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and socio-anthropological methods (participant-observation, biographies, and thematic interviews). Results indicate that the selection of whom to sell coffee depends largely on farmers’ dependence on coffee and prices, other benefits accrued, and whether the initial costs are covered by buyers. Additionally, most respondents did not sell coffee to PCBs. Thus, prices, the institutional infrastructure, and the structure of local communities were important when making decisions about how and with whom to trade.

Retirement as a “language related major life event” and its consequences on the multilingualism of migrants

The present study investigates life stories of established Italian workforce migrants living in the city of Berne, Switzerland, in regard to “language related major life events” (De Bot, 2007). These events are important in terms of changes happening in the linguistic setting during the life span and influence language development. In this sense, during the process of retirement, a new phase of life begins, which, amongst other things, has to be reorganized in relation to social contact and language use. One of my main questions is how the subjects handle the changes happening within and after the process of retirement in respect to the use of different languages and how this “language related major life event” is constructed and described by the migrants. One of these changes happens due to the fact that, after retirement, the social network at the workplace (the primary source of language input) can get (partially) lost and with it, the use of the local language. The fact that migrants living in Berne are confronted with diglossia (Standard German and Swissgerman), that the Canton of Berne is bilingual (German and French) and that the migrants' mother tongue (Italian) is one of the Swiss national languages, makes this question even more interesting. A second question will consider the influence of the fact that most of the subjects in question lived with the idea of return migration, but as shown in a previous study (Alter/Vieillesse/Anziani, NFP 32, 1999), only a third returned back while another third remained in the host country and the final third chose the commuting option. I will first examine these processes, changes and influences by using quantitative questionnaires in order to obtain general information on demographic data, the social situation, and a self-assessment of linguistic skills. Secondly, I will use qualitative interviews to get in-depth information of the subjects’ life stories and language biographies. The results of this project are meant to deliver insight into different aspects that have not been looked at in detail to this point: which factors of the life stories of Italian workforce migrants, who decided to remain in Switzerland after retirement, influence the linguistic changes in general and the ones happening around retirement in particular.

“Jo wunderbar so im apriu kann man nicht mehr erwarten, capisci?” Multilingualism in a German language class for retired Italian migrants in Berne

Our proposal presents some aspects and results of a project of the University of Bern dealing with the consequences of retirement on multilingual competences. Referring to De Bot (2007), who defined "language related major life events" as moments in life relevant for changes in multilingual competences, we assume that retirement can be a turning point in a language biography. Firstly, there are phenomena, such as the cessation of the use of a foreign language, which was formerly related to work. Secondly, retirement might elicit the improvement of foreign language skills as a way to spend excess time after retirement or as a “cognitive exercise”. Many language schools have identified the people of advanced age as a group of major interest and increasingly offer so-called 50+ (fifty plus) courses in their curriculum. Furthermore, the concept of lifelong learning is increasingly gaining importance, as the reference by the European commission (LLP) indicates. However, most of the programs are intended for educated middle-class people and there are considerably fewer offers for people who are less familiar with learning environments in general. The present paper aims at investigating the multilingual setting of an offer of the second kind: a German language course designed for retired, established Italian workforce migrants living in the city of Berne, Switzerland. The multilingual setting is given by the facts that migrants living in Berne are confronted with diglossia (Standard German and Swissgerman dialects), that the Canton of Berne is bilingual (German and French) and that the migrants' mother tongue, Italian, is one of the Swiss national languages. As previous studies have shown, most of the Italian migrants have difficulties with the acquisition of Standard German due to the diglossic situation (Werlen, 2007) or never even learnt any of the German varieties. Another outcome of the linguistic situation the migrants are confronted with in Berne, is the usage of a continuum of varieties between Swissgerman dialect and Standard German (Zanovello-Müller, 1998). Therefore, in the classroom we find several varieties of German, as well as the Italian language and its varieties. In the present paper we will investigate the use of multilingual competences within the classroom and the dynamics of second language acquisition in a setting of older adults (>60 years old), learning their host country’s language after 40 years or more of living in it. The methods applied are an ethnographic observation of the language class, combined with qualitative interviews to gain in-depth information of the subjects’ life stories and language biographies.

Wetland-Archaeology in the Alpine Space. Overview and actual research issues.

First indications of prehistoric sites in lakes of Switzerland go back more than 200 years and in 1854 Ferdinand Keller (1800-1881) published his famous book The Celtic Pile Dwellings in Swiss Lakes. Since these times, large-scale rescue excavations as well as survey and research projects have extended our knowledge about Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements in lakes, bogs and rivers around the European Alps. In 2011 a representative choice of 111 sites out of nearly 1000 in six countries around the Alps (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland) were recognized by the UNESCO World Heritage committee as serial World Heritage. The lecture will give a general overview on prehistoric lake dwellings around the Alps (distribution, types of lakes/bogs and environment of sites, chronology/cultural units in the time scale 5300 to 800 BC) and present examples of well-documented settlement structures. The intense use of dendrochronological dating allowed the building up of a well-fixed chronological framework. In some cases dendrochronology is the basis for year-by-year reconstructions of prehistoric village biographies and detailed insights in the life cycle of early agrarian settlements. Beside these local events the grouped repartition of lake dwelling remains on the time scale makes a more global correlation between Holocene lake levels and the preservation of archaeological layers likely.

Camille Saint-Sae͏̈ns, Brustbild

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G04368

MEDICINE MAN IN TEXAS

The author George (Georgia?) Plunkett Red was the wife of Samuel Clark Red (1861-1940). Dr. Red was the son of Texas pioneer physician Dr. George Clark Red. Dr. Samuel Clark Red was “the county physician of Harris County, one of the organizers of the Harris County Medical Society, a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, and president of the Texas Medical Association.” Not much is known about the author, but given her husband’s position and family history, it can be surmised that she was interested in history and had access to some of the children of other pioneer medical families. There is a brief bibliography for each of the chapters. Part Two of the book consists of biographies of physicians from Texas Counties. Merle Weir, "RED, SAMUEL CLARK," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fre09), accessed December 10, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

Sarmiento o la imperiosa necesidad de la escritura

Se refiere la ubicación temporal de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento en la generación de 1837, llamada también por Ricardo Rojas “generación de los proscriptos". Momento en el que Sarmiento adoptó las célebres categorías de “civilización" y “barbarie". La importancia de la escritura adquirió entonces una decisiva función civilizadora, que en su caso tuvo las características de una imperiosa necesidad proyectada en piezas autobiográficas, folletos, folletines, narraciones, libros, anticipos de novelas, biografías, ensayos, cartas y ejercicios periodísticos. La Argentina tuvo en él al gran polemista que creía en la eficacia de la palabra escrita como praxis social. Dentro de este marco se ubica la significación concedida al periodismo para la formación de los ciudadanos, la responsabilidad de su ejercicio y la ética que le cabe, según se refleja en su artículo “El diarismo", de 1841, aunque a veces ese ejercicio incurriera en los modos que criticaba.

Eduarda Mansilla y Victoria Ocampo : escritoras y personajes de novela

A partir de la investigación crítica sobre la vida y las obras de estas dos representativas escritoras argentinas, surgen también dos novelas de María Rosa Lojo: “Una mujer de fin de siglo" (1999, 3ª ed. 2007) y “Las libres del Sur" (2004), sobre Eduarda Mansilla y Victoria Ocampo, respectivamente. Se expone aquí sobre: 1) representaciones de Ocampo y Mansilla en el imaginario social; 2) sus afinidades y diferencias, como personajes humanos y como literatas, en la toma de posición frente al género y frente a la situación geopolítica y cultural del país periférico en el que nacieron; 3) por qué estas obras son novelas y se despegan de un género historiográfico fronterizo: la biografía; 4) por qué estas novelas se desvían también de ciertas expectativas creadas acerca de la reciente novela histórica, la proyección simbólica de estos dos personajes y la creación femenina como una cuestión social problemática, aún hoy; 5) la construcción novelesca: la búsqueda de documentos y su uso, los huecos del material biográfico, la representación de la voz y la escritura — entre la estilización paródica, el collage y la innovación poética–, personajes de ficción y “parejas protagónicas", tensiones entre “escritoras" y “secretarias" y 6) conclusiones: hacia una metaliteratura y una (re)construcción teórica del género literario y el género sexual, una diferencia que no está en conflicto con la universalidad.

Santas patronas de los bibliotecarios : amor a Dios y a los libros

Este trabajo aborda un tema casi desconocido (o ignorado) en el ámbito bibliotecario. Presenta una síntesis de las biografías de dos santas consideradas Patronas de los Bibliotecarios, las cuales por su amor y dedicación a los libros y a las bibliotecas fueron honradas como tales. Ellas son: Santa Catalina de Alejandría y Santa Wiborada.

La ciudad de Alejandría y los héroes que leen en las Vidas de Alejandro y César de Plutarco

Las Vidas de Alejandro y César de Plutarco contienen una comparación agonal entre ambos hegemónes a partir de los relatos heroicos que éstos consideran paradigmáticos y que justifican sus acciones: Alejandro lee las hazañas de Aquiles (Alex. 8; 26) y César lee las hazañas del propio Alejandro (Caes. 11). Esta cualidad lectora de los héroes toma un sesgo marcadamente libresco en dos pasajes de sus biografías, ligados a la ciudad de Alejandría. El primero es la fundación de la capital helenística por Alejandro (Alex. 26). El segundo es el sitio de César a esta ciudad, cuando ocurre el incendio que consume la Gran Biblioteca (Caes. 49). Este trabajo analiza cómo, en las Vidas, la ciudad egipcia concentra un legado del libro paideia, que conduce de Homero a Alejandro y de éste a César como un bastión de integración cultural, no exento de tensiones, en el sincrético y agonal mundo grecorromano

Biografías del Chacho. Génesis de una interacción polémica entre José Hernández y Domingo F. Sarmiento

La investigación se inició a partir de la formulación de las siguientes hipótesis de trabajo: 1. El Chacho, último caudillo de la montonera de los Llanos de Domingo F. Sarmiento [1868] interactúa polémicamente con Rasgos biográficos del General D. Angel V. Peñaloza de José Hernández [1863], aunque su autor no haya avalado con su firma ningún testimonio acerca de lecturas de la obra periodística ni literaria de quien escribiría el Martín Fierro. 2. Esa interacción textual se enmarca en 'la gran polémica nacional': la que inició Sarmiento con la publicación de Campaña en el Ejército Grande [1852], provocó la respuesta de Juan Bautista Alberdi en sus Cartas sobre la prensa y la política militante en la República Argentina [1853] y no concluyó con la publicación de Las ciento y una de su adversario ni con los otros intercambios polémicos textuales entre ambos autores en ese mismo año 1853. 3. La antinomia irreductible 'civilización versus barbarie', como modelo de identidad nacional y como base para el diseño de una programática para la organización estable del país, es el eje de esa interacción polémica [un bando pretende afianzarla y sus oponentes resquebrajarla]. 4. Vida del Chacho [la reescritura de su primera biografía de Peñaloza emprendida por Hernández en 1875] se reinscribe en 'la gran polémica nacional' en otra coyuntura política. Con el fin de validar estas hipótesis, se profundizó el conocimiento del contexto histórico [1852-1875] y se reunió toda la documentación que fue posible rastrear [en particular, material inédito que en algunos casos no había sido estudiado antes o había sido considerado desde otros enfoques] para reconstruir los avatares y el intertexto de esa prolongada interacción polémica. Durante ese recorrido, se hicieron hallazgos documentales y se descubrieron problemáticas no entrevistas en el punto de partida. Finalmente, un último hallazgo permitió cerrar la secuencia de interacción polémica acotada con el análisis de un enfrentamiento público iniciado por un redactor anónimo que en 1875, desde La Tribuna de Buenos Aires, analiza la génesis de Vida del Chacho y por ese medio ataca a su autor. Hernández reconoce en el redactor anónimo 'la voz de Sarmiento' y dirigiéndose a él responde con una serie de cartas abiertas. La persistencia de la polémica entre Sarmiento y Alberdi en la política nacional no sólo enmarca las primeras biografías del Chacho, que se analizan en el primer apartado ['La gran polémica nacional del siglo XIX como intertexto de las biografías del Chacho'], sino también los temas de los restantes: 'El alineamiento de los adversarios de Sarmiento' [apartado 2], la biografía del Chacho del propio Sarmiento ['Sarmiento contraataca con su biografía del Chacho', apartado 3], la reformulación de la primera versión de la suya que emprenderá Hernández en 1875 -mientras que reescribe el sociolecto de El gaucho Martín Fierro al prepar la 9ª edición- ['Vida del Chacho y El gaucho Martín Fierro: reescrituras de Hernández en 1875', apartado 4] y la última manifestación de la polémica que estos dos autores entablaron a través de su práctica del género biográfico ['El último eslabón de una polémica: Sarmiento vs. Hernández', apartado 5]

The attention/support to students in the socio-labor transition

In the present paper I intend to put forward some inquiries regarding the socio-labor guidance and transition of the young people in the co-ordinates of contemporary society. The outstanding paradox in which some young people are immersed when trying to get a first, second, third employment is also analyzed: "The job of looking for a job". This is a common experience shared by many young people when they try to find a place in the complex labor panorama. Looking for a job is a recurrent situation in contemporary society, given the high dose of precarious employment in which the productive world moves. Life-long jobs belong to the past and what is normal is that people strive to enter the competitive labor market repeatedly. Moreover, the paper offers the partial results of a larger research project that approaches tutorship, decision taking and expectations before the academic-labor future of the studentship in the last years of secondary school. Finally, I suggest some insights in the line that it is not longer feasible to work with old-fashioned guidance, trying to channel people's vocation and offering them information so that they get a job that provides them with the happiness of "doing what you like". Behind these ideas lay the normal biographies, the predictable itineraries. Labor market complexity makes the transition to working life very difficult. Once immersed in it, biographies and labor itineraries are constructed and reconstructed at the rhythm of the changing fortunes of times.